Amaryllidaceae alkaloids are a diverse group of biologically active compounds produced mainly by Amaryllidaceae plants. Several of these alkaloids have pharmaceutical applications, such as using galanthamine to treat Alzheimer's disease. Despite their effects being well studied, less is known about their biosynthesis. Amaryllidaceae alkaloids share a common origin from the condensation of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and tyramine to form norbelladine. Norbelladine then serves as a central precursor in the biosynthesis of various structural classes of these alkaloids. Understanding the biochemical pathways and genes involved in alkaloid biosynthesis is still incomplete but is an important area of research.
This presentation is about alkaloids in plants ...it includes introduction about alkaloids ,types of alkaloids,structure ,classification and therapeutic uses of alkaloids
Biosynthesis and pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids [autosaved]JasmineJuliet
Alkaloids definition, History of Biosynthesis of alkaloids, Alkaloids application in pharmaceutical field, Biological activity of alkaloids, Alkaloids have different pharmaceutical property their names and their uses in pharmaceutical field.
This presentation is about alkaloids in plants ...it includes introduction about alkaloids ,types of alkaloids,structure ,classification and therapeutic uses of alkaloids
Biosynthesis and pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids [autosaved]JasmineJuliet
Alkaloids definition, History of Biosynthesis of alkaloids, Alkaloids application in pharmaceutical field, Biological activity of alkaloids, Alkaloids have different pharmaceutical property their names and their uses in pharmaceutical field.
Alkaloids are basic (alkali-like), nitrogen-containing organic constituents found in some plants.Alkaloids are normally classified according to the heterocyclic ring system they possess, but some authors prefer a classification based on their biosynthetic origins from amino acids, e.g. phenylalanine, tyrosine or tryptophan. (Justin et al.) Many individual names are formed by adding the suffix "-ine" to the species or generic alkaloids. For example, atropine is isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna, strychnine is obtained from the seed of Strychnine tree. Alkaloids are important chemical compounds that serve as a rich reservoir for drug discovery. Several alkaloids isolated from natural herbs exhibit antiproliferation and antimetastasis effects on various types of cancers both in vitro and in vivo. Alkaloids, such as camptothecin and vinblastine, have already been successfully developed into anticancer drugs.
Occurrence and classification and function of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloids introduction, Alkaloids classification, Alkaloids function, pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids, Examples of alkaloids, Some review questions related to alkaloids.
Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms.
The term alkaloid was coined by Meissner, a German pharmacist, in 1819.
Alkaloids are cyclic organic compounds containing nitrogen in a negative state of oxidation with limited distribution among living organisms.
Most alkaloids contain oxygen in their molecular structure; those compounds are usually colorless crystals at ambient conditions.
Some alkaloids are colored, like berberine (yellow) and sanguinarine (orange).
Most alkaloids are weak bases, but some, such as theobromine and theophylline, are amphoteric.
Many alkaloids dissolve poorly in water but readily dissolve in organic solvents.
Most alkaloids have a bitter taste or are poisonous when ingested.
This presentation is about Alkaloids present in plants. It is about its types, properties, tests, extraction as well as there uses. Other than general introduction on alkaloids we have explained about three plant examples which contain alkaloids.
Alkaloids are basic (alkali-like), nitrogen-containing organic constituents found in some plants.Alkaloids are normally classified according to the heterocyclic ring system they possess, but some authors prefer a classification based on their biosynthetic origins from amino acids, e.g. phenylalanine, tyrosine or tryptophan. (Justin et al.) Many individual names are formed by adding the suffix "-ine" to the species or generic alkaloids. For example, atropine is isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna, strychnine is obtained from the seed of Strychnine tree. Alkaloids are important chemical compounds that serve as a rich reservoir for drug discovery. Several alkaloids isolated from natural herbs exhibit antiproliferation and antimetastasis effects on various types of cancers both in vitro and in vivo. Alkaloids, such as camptothecin and vinblastine, have already been successfully developed into anticancer drugs.
Occurrence and classification and function of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloids introduction, Alkaloids classification, Alkaloids function, pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids, Examples of alkaloids, Some review questions related to alkaloids.
Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms.
The term alkaloid was coined by Meissner, a German pharmacist, in 1819.
Alkaloids are cyclic organic compounds containing nitrogen in a negative state of oxidation with limited distribution among living organisms.
Most alkaloids contain oxygen in their molecular structure; those compounds are usually colorless crystals at ambient conditions.
Some alkaloids are colored, like berberine (yellow) and sanguinarine (orange).
Most alkaloids are weak bases, but some, such as theobromine and theophylline, are amphoteric.
Many alkaloids dissolve poorly in water but readily dissolve in organic solvents.
Most alkaloids have a bitter taste or are poisonous when ingested.
This presentation is about Alkaloids present in plants. It is about its types, properties, tests, extraction as well as there uses. Other than general introduction on alkaloids we have explained about three plant examples which contain alkaloids.
Alkaloids- the term alkaloids are used to designate basic nitrogenous compounds of plant origin that are physiologically active. This ppt contains introduction of alkaloids, history, classification, property, function, uses of alkaloids, effects of alkaloids on human, extraction of alkaloids, biosynthesis of alkaloids, heterogeneous alkaloids, non heterogeneous alkaloids, solubility of alkaloids, chemical property of alkaloids, function of alkaloids in plant.
Introduction, classification, isolation, purification, biological activity of alkaloids, general methods of structural determination of alkaloids, structural elucidation of Morphine, Reserpine and Emetine
Alkaloids are nitrogenous compounds of low molecular weight. They are mainly produced by plants and animals for defense. Examples of alkaloids include morphine, codeine, coniine, quinine, scopolamine, hyoscamine, atropine, caffeine, sangunarine, berberine, etc.
anthraquinone, coumarin, cyanogens (cyanohydrin), flavonoids, glucosinolates (or thioglycosides), phenols, steroidal, terpenoids, and saponins.
A type of chemical found in plants and in certain foods, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, wine, and tea.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
2. AMARYLLIDACEAE ALKALOIDS AA.
• Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AAs) are a diverse group of biologically active specialized metabolites
produced mainly in Amaryllidaceae plant family
• Amaryllidaceae
3. VALUABLE AAS
• Several AAs possess potent pharmaceutical properties making them interesting target for
drug development.
• For example, the AA galanthanmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, is used to treat
neurodegenerative disorder including Alzeihmer’s disease.
• Also, AAs such as lycorine possess antimicrobial activity,
• whereas others such as crinine and narciclasine are potentially anticancer agents.
• Ironically, more is understood about the effects of alkaloids on humans than on their
biosynthesis or their roles in plants.
4. BIOSYNTHESIS OF AAS
• In contrast to the extensive literature on the biological effects of AAs, information on their
biochemical pathways and molecular genetics is incomplete.
• Despite their vast structural diversity, AAs share a common biosynthetic origin,
• norbelladine, which is formed through the condensation of amino acids derivatives; 3,4-
dihydroxybenzaldehyde (3,4-DHBA also named protocatechuic aldehyde) and tyramine.
• The resulting norbelladine is central to the biosynthesis of many structural types of AAs
5. INITIAL BIOSYNTHETIC REACTIONS
• Despite the enormous variety of plant specialized metabolites, the number of
corresponding basic biosynthetic pathways is restricted and distinct.
6. Proposed pathways to AA precursors. A) 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (3,4-DHBA) biosynthesis depicting the
two possible routes from p-coumaric acid to form 3,4-DHBA: the oxidative „ferulate‟ and the non-oxidative
„benzoate‟ pathways B) Tyramine biosynthesis. Arrows without labeling reflect chemical reactions that have
not been enzymatically characterized. Enzymes that have been cloned, characterized and identified are
labeled in black bold. Enzyme abbreviations: PAL, phenylalanine ammonia -lyase; C4H, cinnamate 4-
hydroxylase; C3H, coumarate 3-hydroxylase; HBS, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde synthase; TYDC, tyrosine
decarboxylase
7. NORBELLADINE-TYPE ALKALOIDS
• The first committed step in AA biosynthesis in plants starts with the coupling of the two
precursors, 3,4-DHBA and tyramine, defining the entry point of primary metabolites into AA
biosynthetic pathway.
• The condensation of the aldehyde (3,4-DHBA) and the amine (tyramine), called Pictet-
Spengler condensation, results in a Schiff‟s base intermediate which following reduction
yields norbelladine
• Pictet-Spengler reactions are widely used in plant alkaloid biosynthesis to yield either a β–
carboline or a tetrahydroquinoline product from the condensation of an aldehyde and an
aromatic amine
9. HEMLOCK ALKALOIDS. KILLER OF SOCRATES
• Hemlock alkaloids constitute neurotoxins and teratogens
• They affect the mammalian respiration so that it is first stimulated, then
depressed, becoming cyanosed, and causing respiration failure
• Coniine is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist.
• Its teratogenic action may be related to its ability to activate (stimulate) and
subsequently, desensitize (depress) nAChRs (nicotinic Acetyl CoA Receptors),
as this leads to inhibition of fetal movement
10. POISON HEMLOCK PLANTS WERE FED SODIUM [1-14C]-ACETATE AND THE
RADIOACTIVE CARBON (BLUE DOTS) WAS FOUND IN THE EVEN-NUMBERED
CARBONS OF CONIINE
Despite its toxicity, poison hemlock has been used as a medicine.
Externally, it was used for treating herpes, erysipelas (a bacterial
infection), and breast tumours
13. MESCALINE PATHWAY
• This alkaloid pathway starts with PLP decarboxylation to tyramine, and
subsequently via SAM dimethylation synthesizes hordeine
• The second synthesis pathway from l-tyrosine is to dopamine across
hydroxylation patterns and PLP activity.
• Only dopamine can be converted to an other alkaloid, for example mescaline.
• Anhalamine, anhalonine and anhalonidine can also be synthesized in this way.
• Like mescaline, they are typical of simple tetra-hydro-isoquinoline alkaloids.
14.
15. KREYSIGINE AND COLCHICINE PATHWAY
• From l-tyrosine, and alternatively also from l-phenylalanine, kreysigine
synthesis begins with dopamine
• S-autumnaline is derived via a Mannich-like reaction.
• S-autumnaline is converted into floramultine by the oxidative coupling.
Subsequently, the kreysigine is synthesized through the activities of SAM.
From S-autumnaline, other alkaloids can also be derived. The destination of
this pathway is colchicine
16.
17. TRYPTOPHAN-DERIVED ALKALOIDS
• Elaeagnine, harman and harmine pathway
• From tryptamine (derived from l-tryptophan, the synthesis pathway of
harman and harmine, which are alkaloids based on a -carboline ring, also
starts.
• Using the Schiff base formation and Mannich-like reaction, the carboline ring
is synthesized. Then, by a Mannich-like reaction using keto acid and oxidative
decarboxylation, harmaline is synthesized.
• Harmaline is converted to harmine and tetrahydroharmine. Certainly,
following the above mentioned Mannich reaction and oxidative
decarboxylation, a reduction reaction can occur and this leads to the
synthesizing of elaeagnine
19. LYSINE-DERIVED ALKALOIDS
• l-lysine furnishes alkaloids with at least four different nuclei. It is a protein
amino acid, one of the most important alkaloid precursors. l-lysine-derived
alkaloids have a basic skeleton with C5N (the piperidine nucleus) and C5N+ .
(indolizidine, quinolizidine and pyridon nuclei).
20. PELLETIERINE, LOBELANINE AND PIPERINE SYNTHESIS
PATHWAY
• Alkaloids with the piperidine nucleus, such as pelletierine (Punica granatum),
lobelanine (Lobelia inflata) and piperine (Piper nigrum), have a typical
biosynthesis pathway.
• It starts with l-lysine and continues via cadaverine (biogenic amine), 1-
piperideine and 1-piperidinium cations and lobelanine, to be synthesized as
lobeline.
• Piperine is synthesized from 1-piperideine via piperidine
23. REFERENCES
• Singh A. and D.P. Isabel. 2015. BIOSYNTHESIS OF AMARYLLIDACEAE ALKALOIDS: A BIOCHEMICAL
OUTLOOK. Alkaloids. ISBN: 978-1-63482-074-5
• Zenkner et a; BIOSYNTHESIS IN NICOTIANA: A METABOLIC OVERVIEW. Tobacco Science (2019) 56:1–9.
• Hotti.H. and H. Rischer. The killer of Socrates: Coniine and Related Alkaloids in the Plant Kingdom.
Molecules 2017, 22(11), 1962; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22111962
• Jan et al., 2012. Plant tropane alkaloid biosynthesis evolved independently in the Solanaceae and
Erythroxylaceae. 10304–10309. PNAS. vol. 109 no. 26
