bioreactors and fermentors are culture systems to produce cells or organisms. They are used in various applications, including basic research and development, and the manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals, food and food additives, chemicals, and other products. A broad range of cell types and organisms can be cultivated in bioreactors and fermentors, including cells (like mammalian cell lines, insect cells, and stem cells), microorganisms (like bacteria, yeasts, and fungi), as well as plant cells and algae.Bioreactor and fermentor are two words for basically the same thing. Scientists who cultivate bacteria, yeast, or fungi often use the term fermentor. The term bioreactor often relates to the cultivation of mammalian cells but is also generically used.

1. BIOREACTORS
BY: ANJALI SHARMA (M.Sc.)
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY

2. BIOREACTOR (CONTENTS):
• INTRODUCTION
• DEFINTION
• PRINCIPLE
• REQUIREMENT FOR DESIGINING OF FERMENTER
• REQUIREMENT OF DESIGNING PROCESS
• COMPONENTS OF BIOREAFTOR
• TYPE OF BIOREACTOR

3. INTRODUCTION
• DE BIEZEE AND LIABMANN (1944) – first large fermenter uses (20L ) for
production of yeasts .
• WEIMANN (1944) – production of acetone.
• FERMEMTOR is a vessel provide controlled environment for the growth of
microbial cells or animal cells .
• BIOREACTORS also called FERMENTERS.
a. Vessel for growth of microbial cells .
b. Provide the asceptic condition for growth by not permetting contamination .
c. Usually cylindrical in shape , ranging in size from litre to cubic meters , made
of stainless steel .

4. PRINCIPLE :
• Used for commercial production in fermentation industries .
• It is a device in which a substrate of low value is utilized by living cells or
enzymes to generate a product of higher value .
• Fermenters are extensively used for food processing , fermentation , waste
trestment etc.

5. System monitor
Sensor probes
(sparger)

6. REQUIREMENT FOR DESIGINING OF
FERMENTER:
• The fermenter / bioreactor design varies greatly depending on the type and fermentation
for which it is used .
• A BIOREACTOR shoukd provide for the following :
1) AGITATION [ for mixing of cells and medium ]
2) AERAION [aerobic fermenters]; for O2 supply .
3) REGULATION OF FACTORS like [ temperature , pH, pressure , aeration , nutrient feeding ,
liquid level etc.]
4) STERLIZATION and MAINTENANCE OF STERLITY .
5) WITHDRAWL OF CELLS / MEDIUM [for continuous fermenters].
6) Modern fermenter are usually integrated with computers for efficient process monitoring ,
data acquisition etc.

7. FUNCTION OF FERMENTER :
The function of fermenter/bioreactor is to provide a suitable
environment in which an organisms can efficiently produce a
target products .
1. CELL BIOMASS
2. METABOLITE
3. BIOCONVERSION PRODUCTS

8. FACTORS FOR DESIGN OF BIOREACTOR :
i. Production organisms.
ii. Optimal operating condition required for target .
iii. Product formation.
iv. Product value .
v. Scale of production .
vi. Capital investment.

9. REQUIREMENTS OF
BIOREACTOR:
• The design and construction of bioreactors must keep sterility from the start point to end of the
process.
• Optimal mixing with low , uniform shear ,
• Adequate mas transfer , O2.
• Clearly defined flow conditons .
• Feeding substrate with prevention of under or over doring .
• Suspension of solids .
• Gentle heat transfer .
• Ability to be sterized for long term .
• Simple construction .
• Simple measuring , control.
• Scale –up & flexibility .
• Compatibility with downstream processes.

10. REQUIREMENT FOR
BIOREACTOR DESIGN :
The basic points of consideration while designing a
fermenter .
1. PRODUCTION AND YIELD .
2. FERMENTER OPERABILITY AND RELIABIITY .
3. PRODUCT PURIFICATION .
4. WATER MANAGEMENT .
5. ENERGY REQUIREMENT .
6. WASTE TREATMENT.
7. OPERATION SHOULD BE CONTAMINATION FREE.

11. TYPE OF BIOREACTOR :
• FLUIDIZED BED BIOREACTOR :
o Popular to chemical industry , new to biochemical industry .
o Mostly used in conjuction with immobilized cells or enzyme system and are operated continuously .
• MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR :
o Consists of semipermeable membrane [ of ellulose , acetate or other polymeric materials ].
o PRIMARY PURPOSE : to retain cells within bioreactor thus increasing density.
o At same time – allows metabolic products to pass through membrane .
• LOOP/AIRLIFT BIOREACTOR:
o Cooling through inner nad outer loop cooling becomes easy .
o Compaed to conventional fermenters.

12. TYPES:
• PULSED COLUM N BIOREACTORS:
o ESSENTIAL COMPONENT: column bioreactor generator at bottom of column.
o Utilized as an aerobic bioreactor , enzyme bioreactor or as a separation unit [original successful
application –extraction of uranium].
• BUBBLE COLUMN BIOREACTOR :
o Multistage bubble column bioreactor is suitable for equivalent batch process .
o In this , it is possible to provide different environmental condition in various stage .
o Not suitable for fungal fermentation (due to high O2 demanding system).
• PHOTO BIOREACTOR:
o For growth and production of biosynthetic organisms (light source is required ).
o Most interesting photochemical reactors is annular reactor .
o Used for SCP and ALGAL protein production.
o Source of radiation – cylinder with annular secretion , which encloses the lamp completely .
o Which encloses the lamp completely.

13. TYPES:
• PACKED TOWER BIOREACTOR:
o Consists of cylindrical column packed with inert material like wood shaving , twigs and cake ,
polyethylene or sand .
o Initially , both media and cell [fed into top of packed bed].
o Fresh media – added from top.
o Fermented media – remove from bottom .
o Used for vinegar production , sewage effluent treatment and enzymatic conversion of penicillin to 6-
amino penicillamic acid.

14. REFERENCES:
• https://www.biologydiscussion.com/biotechnology/bioprocess-
technology/bioreactors-types-6-types-of-bioreactors-used-in-bioprocess-
technology/10090
• https://microbiologynotes.org/overview-of-bioreactor-or-fermenters/
• https://byjus.com/biology/bioreactor-obtaining-foreign-gene/
• https://www.biotecharticles.com/Applications-Article/Bioreactors-
Classification-and-Types-794.html