Laboratory diagnosis
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In diagnosis: Laboratory tests Laboratory tests can be valuable aids in making a diagnosis, but, as screening tools for detecting hidden disease in asymptomatic individuals, their usefulness is limited. The value of a test as a diagnostic aid depends on its sensitivity and specificity.
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Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Susceptibility testing is used to determine which antimicrobials will inhibit the growth of the bacteria or fungi causing a specific infection. The results from this test will help a healthcare practitioner determine which drugs are likely to be most effective in treating a person's infection.
Drug resistance in microorganisms
Antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria to resist the effects of antibiotics, a type of drug - such as penicillin or ciprofloxacin - that kills or stops the growth of bacteria. When bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, it makes it more difficult to treat diseases caused by those bacteria and limits the treatment options. Alternative treatments may be costly and, in some cases, toxic.
Bioreactors
bioreactors and fermentors are culture systems to produce cells or organisms. They are used in various applications, including basic research and development, and the manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals, food and food additives, chemicals, and other products. A broad range of cell types and organisms can be cultivated in bioreactors and fermentors, including cells (like mammalian cell lines, insect cells, and stem cells), microorganisms (like bacteria, yeasts, and fungi), as well as plant cells and algae.Bioreactor and fermentor are two words for basically the same thing. Scientists who cultivate bacteria, yeast, or fungi often use the term fermentor. The term bioreactor often relates to the cultivation of mammalian cells but is also generically used.
Bioprocess engineering
Bioprocess engineering, also biochemical engineering, is a specialization of chemical engineering or Biological engineering, It deals with the design and development of equipment and processes for the manufacturing of products such as agriculture, food, feed, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, chemicals, and polymers and paper from biological materials & treatment of waste water. Bioprocess engineering is a conglomerate of mathematics, biology and industrial design, and consists of various spectrums like designing of bioreactors, study of fermentors (mode of operations etc.). It also deals with studying various biotechnological processes used in industries for large scale production of biological product for optimization of yield in the end product and the quality of end product. Bioprocess engineering may include the work of mechanical, electrical, and industrial engineers to apply principles of their disciplines to processes based on using living cells or sub component of such cells.
Biotransformation (with reference to steroids and alkalines
Biotransformation of steroids
Biotransformation (regiospecific and steriospecific bioconversion) is a biological process whereby an organic compound is modified into reversible product. These involves simple, chemically defined reactions catalyzed by enzymes present in the cell.
Progesterone transformation of a C-19 steroid is used industrially in the production of testosterone and estrogen and the microbial dehydration of ring A is used in estrogen production.
Immobilization of enzymes
An immobilized enzyme is an enzyme attached to an inert, insoluble material—such as calcium alginate (produced by reacting a mixture of sodium alginate solution and enzyme solution with calcium chloride). This can provide increased resistance to changes in conditions such as pH or temperature.
Traditionally, four methods are used for enzyme immobilization, namely (1) non-covalent adsorption and deposition, (2) physical entrapment, (3) covalent attachment, and (4) bio-conjugation . Support binding can be physical or chemical, involving weak or covalent bonds.
Bioconversion of waste for fuels
Biofuel, any fuel that is derived from biomass—that is, plant or algae material or animal waste. Since such feedstock material can be replenished readily, biofuel is considered to be a source of renewable energy, unlike fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas.
Petroleum microbiology
Petroleum Microbiology is a state-of-the-art presentation of the specific microbes that inhabit oil reservoirs, with an emphasis on the ecological significance of anaerobic microorganisms. An intriguing introduction to extremophilic microbes, the book considers the various beneficial and detrimental effects of bacteria and archaea indigenous to the oil field environment. Presenting fundamental and applied biological approaches, the book serves as an invaluable reference source for petroleum engineers, remediation professionals, and field researchers.
Patent protection for biological inventions
This document discusses various forms of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection for biological inventions. It defines IPR as rights over creations of the human mind like ideas, concepts, designs, and processes. Patents provide exclusive rights to inventors for a designated period in exchange for disclosure of inventions. IPR is important as it rewards original work, stimulates innovation, prevents duplication of efforts, and protects against exploitation of work. The key forms of IPR protection discussed are trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights, geographical indications, industrial designs, integrated circuits, patents, and plant breeders' rights.
Production of mushroom
This document outlines the process for producing mushrooms. It begins with an introduction to mushrooms and their structure. It then discusses the nutritional value of mushrooms and their most commonly cultivated species. The bulk of the document describes the production method, including preparing spawn, composting, casing, cropping, harvesting, and expected yields. It provides details on each step of cultivation for the most common species of button mushroom.
FOOD SPOILAGE
M.Sc. MICROBIOLOGY (MEERUT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY)
FOOD AND DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY
On the basis of stability to microbial attack or according to the speed with which spoilage occurs within them, food are classified into three sorts :1)perishable , 2)semi -perishable , 3)non-perishable.
THERE ARE SO MANY BACTERIAS AND FUMGUS WHICH LEADS TO THE RESULT OF SPOILAGE OF FOOD .
e.g.: (rhizopus stolinifer , aspergillus, fusarium, mucor , penicillium )fungi,( leuconostoc , lactobacilus , camrobacterium)bacterias.
CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION
M.Sc. MICROBIOLOGY (MEERUT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ).
IMMUNOLOGY.
CDs are cell surface molecules expressed on leulocytes and other cells.
CDs acts often as ligands or receptors (the molecule that activates the receptors) important to cell. a single cascade is usually initiated , altering the behaviour of cell.
some CDs protien do not plaay role in cell signaling , but have oher functions , such as cell adhesion .
there are approximately 250different proteins.
reactivity of most common antibodies (CD MARKERS)used in flow cymetric evaluatin of hematolymphoid neoplasms.
production of amylase
M.Sc. MICROBIOLOGY (MEERUT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY)
INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY.
AMYLASE is an enzyme that leave starch into smaller units i.e. amylose and amylopectin.
its production gives a wide range of applications in other industreis as well.
MICROORGANISMS IN FOOD
-microorganisms are ubiquitous . They are harmful and also useful for the mankind . Different kind of foods can be prepared by microorganisms .
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Laboratory diagnosis
- 1. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF FUNGI BY : ANJALI SHARMA (M.Sc.) DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
- 2. CONTENTS: 1. DIRECT MICROSCOPY 2. CULTURE MEDIA 3. DNA PROBES 4. SEROLOGICAL TESTS
- 3. 1)DIRECT MICROSCOPY Collection of samples – from skin scrapping, nails scrabs ,sputum etc .) Morphology : conidia , filamentousspores , ( asexual , sexual ) hyphae etc . In light microscope . Includes different dyes : 1. 10%KOH SOLUTION: To dissolve tissue material. Alkali resistance fungi intact or stained with special dye. E.g: indian ink – for identification of cryptococcus .
- 4. 2. CALCOFLOUR WHITE : Bind to cell wall of fungi. 3. METHAMINE SILVER : Diagnosis of fungi in tissue.
- 5. CULTURE MEDIA: 1. SABOURAUD’S DEXTROSE AGAR: Facilitates slow growing fungi appearance. Bacteria can’t grow on this agar , beacuse of the low pH. And presence of antibiotics.
- 6. DNAPROBES: Visual identify of colony growing in culture at earlier stage of growth. Diagnosis made rapid . DNA PROBE TEST : cryptococcus, blastomyces .
- 7. SEROLOGICAL TESTS: 1. PRESENCE OF ANTIBODIES : 2. Presence of antibodies in patients’ serum or spinal fluid used for – systemic mycoses . It is not uselful for other kind of mycoses . 2. COMPLIMENT FIXATION: E.g.: histoplamosis , blastomycosis ,coccidiomycoses . 3. AGGLUTINATION TESTS : E.g. : Cryptomycoses . Polysaccharide capsular antigens detected in C. Neoforms .