This document provides information on organelles found in eukaryotic cells. It discusses the structure and functions of 9 major organelles - Golgi complex, vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, vacuoles, centrioles, chloroplasts (in plant cells), and plastids (in plant cells). The Golgi complex packages and modifies proteins and lipids, vesicles transport materials within the cell, and lysosomes digest foreign particles and old cell components. Mitochondria generate energy for the cell, while chloroplasts and plastids are involved in photosynthesis and storage in plant cells. The document also compares key differences between plant and animal cells as well as prokaryotic and eukary

1. College of Health Sciences
Dep. of Medical Laboratories
Biology/1st Stage
Lecture 3
Dr.: Shameeran S. Ismael
BVM & S, M.Sc Medical Microbiology(Parasitology),
PhD Molecular Parasitology

2. Cytoplasmic organelles Continue:
1. Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)
2. Ribosomes
3. Golgi complex
4. Vesicles
5. Lysosomes
6. Perioxisomes
7. Mitochondria
8. Vacuole
9. Centriole

3. 3.Golgi complex:
• It is an organelle made up of series of
membrane sacs
• The membrane of golgi body have connection
with membrane of endoplasmic reticulum
• The Golgi apparatus is present in all
Eukaryotic cells and absent in Prokaryotes.

4. • The Golgi apparatus is specially extensive in
the secretory cells.
• Collects, packages and modifies cell materials
to be used in other parts of the cell or
transported out of the cell

5. transport vesicles
vesicles
carrying proteins
Golgi Apparatus
Membrane sac

6. DNA
RNA
ribosomes
endoplasmic
reticulum
vesicle
Golgi
apparatus
vesicle
protein
on its way!
protein finished
protein
Making Proteins
TO:
TO:
TO:
TO:
nucleus

7. Function:
• Involved in the synthesis of protein, lipids and
carbohydrates.
• It helps in storage modification and packaging
of proteins.
• Creates lysosomes.

8. 4. Vesicles
• It is a small organelle within a cell, consisting
of fluid enclosed by a lipid layer membrane
Transportation vesicle :
• Helps in transportation of materials made by
the cell (lipids and proteins).
Secretory vesicle :
• Helps in secretion of the vesicle content
outside the cell

9. 5.Lysosomes
•They are small spherical bodies bounded by
single membrane.
• They contain digestive enzymes
Protects cell by digesting foreign invaders

10. Function:
– Aid in cell renewal
– Break down old cell parts
– Digests invaders

12. 6. Perioxisomes
•They originate from endoplasmic reticulum.
•Perioxisomes have the thickest membrane of all
organelles.
• There are at least 32 known perioxisomal proteins
called peroxins.
Function:
•Contains enzyme oxidase
• Protects cell from toxins especially hydrogen
peroxide.

13. 7.Mitochondria
• The largest organ of the cell known as the
'power house of the cell'. a spherical or rod
shaped organelles and is enveloped by a
double membrane.
Function: The mitochondria aids in conversion
of glucose to high energy molecules (ATP) for
the cell.

14. Structure:
1.Outer Membrane: Simple phospholipid
bilayer, It encloses the mitochondrion.
Containing protein structures called porins.
Ions, nutrient molecules, ATP, ADP, etc. can
pass through the outer membrane with ease

15. 2. Intermembrane Space: Is freely permeable
only to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water
3. Inner Membrane: Is the space between inner
membrane and outer membrane
4. Cristae: Are folds of inner mitochondrial
membrane
5. Matrix

16. 8.Vacuoles
• Membrane bound storage sacs
• More common in plants than animals
• Contents
– Water
– Food
– wastes

17. 9.Centrioles
- used during cell division to move and
separate chromosomes
- Only found in animal cells

18. Organelles only found in Plant cell:
• Cell wall: a rigid layer that surrounds the plant
cells. It is located outside the cell membrane
whose main function is to provide rigidity,
strength, protection against mechanical stress and
infection.
• Chloroplasts: It is an elongated or disc shaped
organelle containing chlorophyll. It is the site for
photosynthesis in a plant cell.
• Plastids: Plastids are storage organelles. They
store products like starch for synthesis of fatty
acids and terpenes

19. Cytoskeleton:
• Is a network of protein filaments/tubes that
helps the cell maintain its shape and which helps
move materials around the cell.

20. Function:
• Acts as skeleton and muscle
• Provides shape and structure

21. There are two types of Cytoskeleton:
• Thread-like structures
• Made of a protein called
actin
• Make a tough, flexible
framework that supports
the cell
• May also help the cell
move by assembling and
disassembling
1.Microfilaments:

22. 2.Microtubules
• Hollow structures made
of proteins known as
tubulins
• Perform different
functions in different
cells:
– Critical to maintaining
shape of some cells

23.  Form centrioles (animal cells only)
 Build projections from cell’s surface such as
flagella and cilia that enable some cells to
“swim”
 Some cells have them arranged so that they
can be used to produce controlled
movements of the cell.

24. Similarities between plant cells &
animal cells:
 Both have a cell membrane surrounding the
cytoplasm
 Both are filled with cytoplasm, a gel-like
substance containing chemicals needed by the
cell.
 Both have a nucleus
 Both contain mitochondria
 Both have ribosomes, protein builders of cells.

25. • Both have endoplasmic reticulum, where a
system of tubes transports proteins.
• Both have Golgi bodies to distribute proteins
outside of the cell

26. Differences between plant cells and
animal cells
Animal Cell Plant Cell
•Relatively smaller in size •Relatively larger in size
•Round shape •Box-like shape
•No cell wall •Cell wall present
•Vacuole small •Large vacuole

27. Animal Cell Plant Cell
•Plastids are absent •Plastids are present
•Centrosome is present. It helps
in the process of cell division.
•Centrosome is absent
•The number of Mitochondria is
approximately more
•The number of Mitochondria is
less
•Animals cells have lysosomes •But plant cells do not

30. 1.Mitochondria
– make energy from sugar + O2
• cellular respiration
• sugar + O2  ATP
2.Chloroplasts
– make energy + sugar from sunlight
• photosynthesis
• sunlight + CO2 ATP & sugar
– ATP = active energy
– sugar = stored energy
» build leaves & roots & fruit
out of the sugars
Plants make energy in two ways:
ATP
sugar
ATP

31. Proteins do all the work:
cellsDNA proteins
One of the major job of cells is to make proteins,
because…
proteins do all the work!
signals
structural
enzymes
receptors

32. 3. Cells need to make more cells:
• Making more cells
– To replace, repair & grow,
the cell must…
• Copy their DNA
• mMake extra organelles
• Divide the new DNA & new
organelles between 2 new
“daughter” cells
– organelles that do this work…
• Nucleus
• Centrioles

33. 1.Make energy:
• Need food + O2
• Cellular respiration &
photosynthesis
• Need to remove wastes
2. Make proteins
• Need instructions from DNA
• Need to chain together amino acids
& “finish”
& “ship” the protein
3. Make more cells
• Need to copy DNA & divide it up
to daughter cells
Cells have 3 main jobs
Our organelles
do all those
jobs!

34. Prokaryotic cell
• Prokaryotic organisms are commonly called Bacteria.
• They are cells with simple structure. The have no
membrane around the nucleus and lack any
membrane bound organelles.
• They have a cell wall.
• They have a naked loop of DNA which stores the
genetic information.
• They also have circular rings of DNA called plasmids

35. Prokaryotic structures
1.Cell Wall: forms a protective outer layer that
prevents damage from outside. Prevents the
cell from bursting due to high internal pressure
2.Plasma Membrane : Controls the transfer of
substances in and out of the cell
3.Cytoplasm: Contains enzymes that catalyse
the chemical reactions of metabolism

36. Prokaryotic cell

37. 4.Pili: Are for adhesion allowing bacteria to
colonize environmental surfaces or cells and
resist flushing.
5.Flagella: A slender whip-like structure used
for locomotion.

38. 6.Ribosomes: Protein synthesis
7.Naked DNA (Nucleoid): Stores the genetic
information that controls the cell and is passed
onto daughter cells
8.Mesosome: In folding of the plasma
membrane. Plays a role in cellular respiration
and movement of DNA

39. 9. Plasmids:
• Circular rings of naked DNA
• Extra genetic material
• Can be passed from one cell to another cell
• Used as vectors in genetic engineering
10.Slime capsule: Protects the cell against
chemicals and drying out
11. Photosynthetic Membranes: Possess
pigments to assist in photosynthesis

42. Thanks for attention,,,