Plant and animal cells contain organelles that carry out essential functions. Key organelles include the nucleus, which controls cell activities, mitochondria which generate energy, and the cell membrane which regulates what enters and exits the cell. Plant cells additionally contain a cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and larger vacuoles for storage. While organelles vary in shape and function, they work together within cells to keep organisms alive.

1. Plant and Animal Cells
http://www.microscopy-uk.net/vidplanet/video/show/o1GQyciJaTA/online

2. Cells are the Starting Point
• All living organisms on Earth are divided in
pieces called cells.
• There are smaller parts in cells that include
proteins and organelles.
• Cells work together to make tissues, organs
and organ systems.
• Cells are small compartments that hold all of
the biological equipment necessary to keep
an organism alive and successful on Earth.

3. Cells are the Starting Point
• A main purpose of a cell is to organize. Cells hold a
variety of pieces and each cell has a different set of
functions.
• It is easier for an organism to grow and survive when
cells are present. If you were only made of one cell,
you would only be able to grow to a certain size. You
don't find single cells that are as large as a cow.
Also, if you were only one cell you couldn't have a
nervous system, no muscles for movement, and
using the internet would be out of the question. The
trillions of cells in your body make your life possible.

4. Cell Membrane
• When you think about a membrane, imagine it is like
a big plastic bag with some tiny holes.
• That bag holds all of the cell pieces and fluids inside
the cell and keeps any nasty things outside the cell.
• The holes are there to let some things move in and out
of the cell.

5. Cell
Membrane
• Outer membrane of cell
• Semi-permeable membrane that controls
movement of materials in and out of the cell.
• Contains proteins

6. Cytoskeleton
• Supports cell and
provides shape
• Helps move
materials in and out
of cells
• Composed of
microtubules

7. Cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm is the fluid that fills a cell.
• The cell organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm.
• The cytoplasm has many different molecules
dissolved in solution. You'll find enzymes, fatty acids,
sugars, and amino acids that are used to keep the cell
working.

8. Cytoplasm
• The cytoplasm in a cell does more than just
suspend the organelles. It uses its dissolved
enzymes to break down materials.
• The products can then be used by the
organelles of the cell.

9. Cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm is the fluid that fills a cell.
• Contains the cell materials
• A thick jelly like substance in which organelles
float.

10. Centrioles
• Paired cylindrical
organelles near nucleus
• Involved in cellular
division
• Are at right angles to
each other
• Composed of nine tubes,
each with three tubules

11. Nucleus
• The cell nucleus acts like
the brain of the cell.
• It helps control eating, movement, and reproduction.
• If it happens in a cell, chances are the nucleus
knows about it.
• The nucleus is not always in the center of the cell. It
will be a big dark spot somewhere in the middle of
all of the cytoplasm. You probably won't find it near
the edge of a cell because that might be a
dangerous place for the nucleus to be.

12. Nucleus
• It is the largest
organelle.
• One or more per
cell.
• The cell nucleus acts like the brain of the cell
- controls cell activities.
• It helps control eating, movement, and reproduction.

13. Chromosomes
• Found in the nucleus of
each cell, the DNA
molecule is packaged
into thread-like
structures.
• Holds the code that
control the cell. Contains
genetic information
• Composed of DNA
• Set number per species
(i.e. 23 pairs for human)

15. Nuclear membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Composed of two
layers
• Controls movement
of materials in and
out of the nucleus.

16. Nucleolus
• Spherical shape
• Visible when cell is
not dividing
• Contains RNA for
protein manufacture

17. Nucleolus
• an organelle within the nucleus - it is where
ribosomal RNA is produced.

18. Mitochondrion
• Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the
cell.
• They are organelles that act like a digestive system
that takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and
creates energy for the cell.
• The process of creating cell energy is known as
cellular respiration.

19. Mitochondrion
• The process of creating cell energy is known as
cellular respiration.
• Most of the chemical reactions involved in
cellular respiration happen in the mitochondria.
A mitochondrion is shaped perfectly to
maximize its efforts.
• Mitochondria are very small organelles.
There are cells with several thousand
mitochondria. The number depends on
the cell’s function.

20. releases energy from
food
(Energy Plant)
Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
• Located in the
cytoplasm
• Rod-shaped bodies that release energy for cell
use.
• they are the sites of cellular respiration which
generates fuel for the cell's activities
• are also involved in cell division

21. Golgi Bodies
• The Golgi bodies or Golgi complex is
found in most cells.
• It is a packaging organelle.
• The Golgi complex gathers simple molecules and
combines them to make molecules that are more
complex.
• It then takes those big molecules, packages them,
and either stores them for later use or sends them
out of the cell.

22. Golgi Bodies
• It is also the organelle that
builds lysosomes
(cell digestion machines).
• Golgi complexes in the
plant may also create
complex sugars .
• The Golgi complex is a
series of membranes
shaped like pancakes.

23. Golgi Bodies
• Packages and move protein to the outside of the
cell.
• Molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell
components or for removal from the cell.
• Stores and release chemicals for cell use.

24. Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)
• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for
the production of the protein and lipid components of
most of the cell's organelles.
• The ER is additionally responsible for moving
proteins and other carbohydrates to the Golgi
apparatus, to the plasma membrane, to the
lysosomes, or wherever else needed.
• It creates a network of membranes found through the
whole cell.

25. Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)
• The ER may also look different from cell to cell,
depending on the cell's function.
• Rough ER looks like sheets of bumpy membranes
while smooth ER looks more like tubes.
• Smooth ER acts as a storage organelle.
• Rough ER are very important in the synthesis and
packaging of proteins.

26. • Tube network in
cytoplasm where cell
substances are made.
• Goes through
cytoplasm
into cell membrane
• Stores, separates,
and serves as cell's
transport system
• Smooth type: lacks ribosomes
• Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in
surface
• Breaks down lipids, and packages proteins for
release from the cell.

27. Ribosomes
• Each cell contains
thousands
• Miniature 'protein
factories’
• Composes 25% of cell's
mass
• Stationary type:
embedded in rough
endoplasmic reticulum
• Mobile type: injects
proteins directly into
cytoplasm

28. Ribosomes
• The smallest structures in the cell.
• Proteins are made in these.

29. Lysosomes
• Lysosomes hold enzymes that were
created by the cell.
• The purpose of the lysosome is to digest things.
• They might be used to digest food or break
down the cell when it dies.

30. Lysosomes
• The lysosomes float in the cytoplasm
until they are needed.
• Since lysosomes are little digestion machines,
they go to work when the cell absorbs or eats
some food.
• Once the material is inside the cell, the lysosomes
attach and release their enzymes. The enzymes
break down complex molecules that can include
complex sugars and proteins.

31. • Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, lipids, and
carbohydrates It digests
food particles, wastes,
cell parts and foreign
invaders.
Lysosome
• Moves undigested material to cell membrane for
removal
• Varies in shape depending on process being
carried out
• Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes
• “garbage man”

32. Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and
waste removal
• Stores water and dissolved materials in the cell.
• Vacuoles are found in
plant and animal cells they are LARGER in plants!

33. Plant cells
Certain
structures are
found only in
plant cells.

34. Cell Wall
• Plant cells are easier to identify because they have
a protective structure called a cell wall made of
cellulose.
• Plants and bacteria have a cell wall; animals do not.
• The tough wall gives added stability and protection
to the plant cell.

35. Cell Wall
• Surrounds the plant cell; gives shape and
provides support for the plant
• Controls turgidity (turgor pressure)
• Not found in animals, animals have bones
that provide support

36. Chloroplast
• Chloroplasts are the food producers of
plant cells. This is where photosynthesis
occurs.
• They are only found in plant cells and
some protists. A protist is any organism
that is not a plant, animal or fungus, like
algae.
• Animal cells do not have
chloroplasts.

37. Chloroplast
• Every green plant you see is
working to convert the energy
of the sun into sugars. This
process is called
photosynthesis.
• They create sugars, and the byproduct of that
process is the oxygen that we breathe. That
process happens in the chloroplast.

38. Chloroplasts
• Found in plant cells
• Controls green chlorophyll to captures
sunlight to make food for the cell.
(photosynthesis)
• Animal cells do not have chloroplasts.

42. Organelles: (1) nucleolus (2) nucleus (3) ribosome (4) vesicle (5)
rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (6) Golgi apparatus (7)
Cytoskeleton (8) smooth ER (9) mitochondria (10) vacuole (11)
cytoplasm (12) lysosome (13) centrioles

43. Bibliography
http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_main.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus
http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellstructure/celldifferences/secti
on1.html

44. Videos
Cell Organelles And Their Function
(BOTH 3D AND MICROSCOPIC VIEWS )
http://www.microscopy-uk.net/vidplanet/video/show/LP7xAr2FDFU/online
Cell Structure and Function - Advanced Biotechnology Podcast 1.2
http://youtu.be/o1GQyciJaTA
A Tour of the Cell