The document discusses cells and their components. It defines cells as the basic unit of structure and function of living things. It describes several key organelles and their functions, including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane. It also distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that prokaryotes are smaller and lack a nucleus while eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles and nuclei.
Most relevant information about the cell, its discovery, types and various kinds of organelles and their function. it also focus on how molecules are transported across the cell membrane.
2018/2019
This PowerPoint, designed by East Stroudsburg University student Kristen O'Connor, is a PowerPoint designed for middle school science students on cell organelles.
Most relevant information about the cell, its discovery, types and various kinds of organelles and their function. it also focus on how molecules are transported across the cell membrane.
2018/2019
This PowerPoint, designed by East Stroudsburg University student Kristen O'Connor, is a PowerPoint designed for middle school science students on cell organelles.
Aim : to study cell and it's organelle with help of electron microscope.
Cells are the basic building blocks of living things. The human body is composed of trillions of cells, all with their own specialised function.
Cells are the basic structures of all living organisms.
Cells provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food and carry out important functions.
Cells group together to form tissues?, which in turn group together to form organs?, such as the heart and brain.
Our cells contain a number of functional structures called organelles?.
These organelles carry out tasks such as making proteins?, processing chemicals and generating energy for the cell.
The nucleus? is based at the centre of the cell and is the ‘control room’ for the cell.
The genome? is found within the nucleus.
This presentation covers basics of cell structure and functions of different cell organelles in detail with interactive illustrations. I hope this presentation will be beneficial for instructor's as well as students.
Aim : to study cell and it's organelle with help of electron microscope.
Cells are the basic building blocks of living things. The human body is composed of trillions of cells, all with their own specialised function.
Cells are the basic structures of all living organisms.
Cells provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food and carry out important functions.
Cells group together to form tissues?, which in turn group together to form organs?, such as the heart and brain.
Our cells contain a number of functional structures called organelles?.
These organelles carry out tasks such as making proteins?, processing chemicals and generating energy for the cell.
The nucleus? is based at the centre of the cell and is the ‘control room’ for the cell.
The genome? is found within the nucleus.
This presentation covers basics of cell structure and functions of different cell organelles in detail with interactive illustrations. I hope this presentation will be beneficial for instructor's as well as students.
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This is a presentation by my son Avinash when he was in Class IX under the guidance of Mrs.Madhu Chopra.It is a tribute to great teacher on behalf of Avinash
Pratima Nayak
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
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Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
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Reverse Pharmacology.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
6. Cell
Cell: A cell is a basic unit of structure and
function of life. In other words, cells make
up living things and carry out activities
that keep a living thing alive. We can find
cells almost anywhere on earth e.g.:- In
the air, inside us, plants etc.
7. Continue…..
What makes a cell?
A cell is a living thing.
Cells are able to make more cells like
themselves.
New cells can only come from existing
cells (cells that are already existing).
9. The cell theory
All organisms are made of one or more
cells
The cell is the basic unit of all living things
All cells come from pre-existing cells
10. Cell organelles and their
functions
Mitochondria
It has double membrane organelle
central cavity is filled with matrix
inner membrane folds known as cristae
Functions-
generation of ATP
“powerhouse of cell”
Mitochondria self-replicate
increases with need for ATP
11. Nucleus- The nucleus is the control center of the cell. It is
the largest organelle in the cell and it contains the DNA of
the cell. The DNA of all cells is made up of chromosomes.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) contains all the information
for cells to live, perform their functions and reproduce.
Inside the nucleus is another organelle called the
nucleolus. The nucleolus is responsible for making ribosome.
The circles on the surface of the nucleus are the nuclear
pores. These are where ribosome, and other materials
move in and out of the cell.
12. Plastids- they are of three kinds-
1.chloroplast-helps to make food for the
plant by photosynthesis.
2.chromoplast-gives color to the some
parts of plants like
flowers
3.leucoplasts-store food
13. Ribosome- Organelles that help in the synthesis of proteins.
Ribosome are made up of two parts, called subunits.
They get their names from their size. One unit is larger than
the other so they are called large and small subunits.
Both these subunits are necessary for protein synthesis in the
cell. When the two units are docked together with a special
information unit called messenger RNA, they make
proteins.
Some ribosome are found in the cytoplasm, but most are
attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. While attached to
the ER, ribosome make proteins that the cell needs and
also ones to be exported from the cell for work elsewhere in
the body.
14. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- It is a network of
membranes throughout the cytoplasm of the
cell. There are two types of ER.
When ribosome are attached it is called
rough ER and smooth ER when there are no
ribosome attached.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is where
most protein synthesis occurs in the cell. The
function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
is to synthesize lipids in the cell. The smooth ER
is also helps in the detoxification of harmful
substances in the cell.
15.
16. Golgi complex- It is organelle in
the cell that is responsible for
sorting and correctly shipping
the proteins produced in the
ER.
Just like our postal packages
which should have a correct
shipping address, the proteins
produced in the ER, should be
correctly sent to their
respective address.
In the cell, shipping and sorting
done by the Golgi complex. It is
a very important step in protein
synthesis.
If the Golgi complex makes a
mistake in shipping the proteins
to the right address, certain
functions in the cell may stop.
17. • Lysosomes-
• They are Membranous
vesicles and formed in
Golgi complex
• They are filled with digestive
enzymes and pump in H+
ions until internal pH
reaches 5.0
• Functions -
• digest foreign substances
• autophagy (recycles own
organelles)
• Autolysis(Lysosomal
digestion of the cell after
death)
18. Steps in lysomal formation
(1) The ER and Golgi apparatus make a lysosome
(2) (2) The lysosome fuses with a digestive vacuole
(3) Activated acid
(3) hydrolases digest the contents
19. Cilia are thread-like projections of certain cells
that beat in a regular fashion to create currents
that sweep materials.
20. • Vacuoles-These are fluid-filled structures
used to store different substances and
help in osmo-regulation. In animal cells
there are often many small vacuoles.
Plants have large vacuoles.
21. Vesicles- This term literally means "small
vessel". This organelle helps store and
transport products produced by the cell.
The vesicles are the transport and delivery
vehicles like our mail and Federal Express
trucks. Some vesicles deliver materials to
parts of the cell and others transport
materials outside the cell in a process
called exocytosis.
22. Plasma membrane: The plasma
membrane surrounds the cell. It regulates
the movement of substances in or out of
the cell. It is made up of a lipid and
protein bi-layer. Think of the membrane as
a gatekeeper, it only allows some
materials to pass through, but keeps
others out.
Cytoplasm: This is a gel-like fluid, that
takes up most of the space inside a cell.
Cytoplasm kind of looks like jelly.
28. Prokaryotes – the meaning of their name
is pro-primitive karyon-nucleus.
They are small in size and they don’t have
a properly arranged nucleus.
They have single chromosome.
Nucleolus is also absent.
Generally they are pathogens.
They have circular or coiled DNA
29.
30. Eukaryotes – the meaning of their name is
eu- developed karyon-nucleus.
It has membrane bound nucleus.
It contains many organelles.
It has linear DNA.
Membrane bound organelles are present.
They have more than 1 chromosome
31.
32. Feature Prokaryote Eukaryote
Size
Small about 0.5
micrometers
Up to 40 micrometers
Genetic
material
Circular DNA (in
cytoplasm)
DNA in form of linear
chromosomes ( in nucleus)
Organelles
Few present, none
membrane bound
Many organelles:
•Double membranes e.g.:
nucleus, mitochondria &
chloroplasts
•Single membrane e.g.:
GA, ER & lysosomes
Cell walls
Rigid formed from
glycoproteins (mainly
murein)
•Fungi: rigid, formed from
polysaccharide, chitin.
•Plant: rigid, formed from
polysaccharides. E.g.:
cellulose.
•Animals no cell wall
Ribosome’
s
70s 80s
Differences
