The document summarizes key concepts in cell structure and function: 1) Early microscopists like Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, and Brown made discoveries that led to the development of the cell theory stating that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. 2) Cells are either prokaryotic, lacking organelles and a nucleus, or eukaryotic, having a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells have structures like the plasma membrane, mitochondria, ER, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, and chloroplasts that allow specialization of function. 3)

1. Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function

2. Section 3-1 The History of the Cell Theory and Microscopes

3. Historical View of the Cell Theory As science improves, so do improvements in scientific instruments, and improved scientific instruments lead to new discoveries.

4. 1590 – Zacharias Janssen Built first simple microscope (one set of lenses)

5. 1670’s Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Made improvements 270x magnification Saw bacteria, protozoa, sperm cells, red blood cells and yeast cells

6. 1665 – Robert Hooke Produced a compound microscope Saw hollow boxes and named them “cells”

7. 1831 – Robert Brown Saw central structure in plant cells, called this structure a nucleus

8. 1838 – Matthias Schleiden Concluded that all plants are made of cells

9. 1838 – Theodor Schwann Concluded that all animals are made of cells

10. 1839 – Johannes Purkinje Stated that “the cell is the unit of function of life”

11. 1858 – Rudolf Virchow Concluded that “ cells come only from previously existing cells”

12. The Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells Cells are the basic units of structure and function New cells are produced from existing cells

13. Compound Microscope Contains a combination of two lenses

14. Eyepiece or ocular lens Lens closest to the eye

15. Objective Lens Lens closest to the specimen or object

16. How to figure out magnification Eyepiece X objective = Magnification 10x X 10x X 10x X

17. Nosepiece Objectives fastened to this revolving structure

18. Stage Where you place your slide

19. Stage clips Hold slide in place

20. Body Tube Light travels through here

21. Light Source Provides light

22. Diaphragm Regulates the light reaching the objective lens

23. Base Supports the microscope

24. Arm Holds the body tube, acts as a handle

25. Coarse focusing knob Used to focus under low power only

26. Fine focusing knob Used to focus under high power only

27. A microscope reverses and inverts the image of an object seen under it e e Before viewing under the microscope While viewing under the microscope

28. Things moving under a microscope are actually moving in the opposite direction

29. Things moving under a microscope are actually moving in the opposite direction

30. Stereomicroscope Binocular microscope Object is seen in 3-D Only used to see large objects Does not reverse or invert images

31. Transmission Electron Microscope Uses a beam of electrons instead of light rays 200,000x magnification tissues have to be sliced really thin, dry and in a vacuum chamber can’t be used with living material

34. Scanning Electron Microscope provides images with 3-D quality can’t be used with living material

39. Micromanipulator Used to dissect cells, can remove nuclei Knowledge of cells has been increased by manipulation and dissection of cells

41. High – Speed Centrifuge Spin at high speeds Cell components sort out at different layers according to density

42. Microscopic Measurements Use the unit called the micrometer 1/1000 of a meter

43. How to convert millimeters to micrometers Multiply by one thousand…or Move the decimal point 3 places to the right

44. How to convert micrometers to millimeters Divide by 1,000…or Move the decimal point 3 places to the left Ex.) 2,500 micrometers = .15 micrometers =

45. How to find the diameter of your field of view Place a transparent plastic ruler in the field of view like this 1.3 mm Convert to micrometers 1.3 mm =

46. Section 3-2 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

47. Eukaryotes Have a nucleus and membrane covered organelles

48. Prokaryotes Don’t have a nucleus and membrane covered organelles

50. Eukaryotic Cell Structures

51. Plasma Membrane Separates the cell from its environment Controls the transport of materials in and out Allows some materials but not others to pass through this is called… Selectively permeable

53. Endoplasmic Reticulum Extensive network of tube-like structures that forms a passageway that functions in the transport of materials throughout the cells

55. Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis Attached to the walls of the ER or move freely in the cytoplasm

56. Golgi Bodies Stack of tiny, flattened sac-like tubes used in secretion Package protein molecules in a membrane and send the package to the cells surface

58. Mitochondria Where cellular respiration takes place to release energy “ Mighty Mitochondria” Powerhouse of the cell

60. Microtubules Tubes that serve as support for the cell

62. Microfilaments Thin threads attached to the cell membranes, play a role in movement

64. Lysosomes Vesicles that contain enzymes used in digestion Fuses with food vacuoles to digest food into smaller pieces Digest old cell structures to dispose of them or even entire cells

67. Nucleus Regulates all the cells activities

69. Chromosomes Long coiled fibers that carry the material of heredity Made of protein and DNA

71. Nucleolus Composed of RNA Involved in the passage of RNA into the cytoplasm

72. Centrioles Small cylinders in the cytoplasm that play a role in cell division

74. Cilia

76. Flagella

78. Chloroplasts Organelle found only in plants, used to make food

80. Vacuoles Spherical, bubble-like storage sacs Plant cells have very large vacuoles compared to animal cells

81. Cell Wall Rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane Made of cellulose Permits most things to pass through Cell Wall

82. Section 3-3 Cellular Processes

83. The Big Idea Cells need to regulate the movement of dissolved molecules on either side of the membrane

84. Cell membrane Regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support Outside of cell Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains

85. Cell membrane Made of a double layered sheet called a lipid bilayer Outside of cell Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains

86. Cell Wall Provide support and protection for cell Found in more than just plants Contrary to popular belief, not selectively permeable

87. Cell Walls

88. Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries One of the more important functions of the cell membrane is to regulate the movement of dissolved molecules from one side of a membrane to the other

89. Concentration The mass of solute in a given volume of solution Mass/volume

90. What is the concentration of 12 grams of salt in 3 liters of water? What is the concentration of 12 grams of salt in 6 liters of water?

91. In a solution, particles move constantly

92. Diffusion Process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

93. Diffusion

94. Diffusion

95. Equilibrium When the concentration of the solute is the same throughout a system

96. Because diffusion depends on random particle movements, substances diffuse across membranes without energy being used Even during equilibrium, particles still move, but there is no net change in concentration

97. Osmosis The diffusion of water

98. Osmosis

101. Isotonic The concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell

102. Hypertonic Solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell

103. Hypotonic Solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell

105. Facilitated Diffusion Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels High Concentration Low Concentration Cell Membrane Glucose molecules Protein channel Only go from high concentrations to low concentrations Does not require energy

106. Types of Active Transport Sometimes cells must move materials in the opposite direction Low concentrations to high concentrations

107. Active Transport Energy requiring process that moves materials across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient

108. Active Transport Molecule to be carried Molecule being carried Energy

109. Molecular transport Small molecules and ions are actively transported

110. Carrier proteins Proteins that act like pumps

113. Endocytosis The process of taking material into the cell by means of infolding of the membrane Food particle engulfing Forms a vacuole

114. Phagocytosis Cell eating White blood cells do this

116. Pinocytosis Cell drinking

117. Exocytosis Forces contents out of the cell Endocytosis in reverse

120. Section 3-4 The Diversity of Cellular life

121. Unicellular Organism Single celled Do everything a living organism does

122. Multicellular Organism Many celled Depend on communication and cooperation among specialized cells

123. Specialization When cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks

124. Red Blood Cells Transport oxygen

125. Pancreatic Cells Make proteins Packed with ribosomes

126. Skeletal Muscle Generate force Packed with mitochondria Overdeveloped cytoskeleton

127. Nerve Cell Send messages

128. Guard Cells Open and close the stomata

129. Levels of Organization Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems

130. Tissues Group of similar cells that perform specific function Ex.) smooth muscle

131. Organ Group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function Ex.) stomach

132. Organ System Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function Ex.) digestive system This organization creates a division of labor that makes multicellular life possible

133. Biological organization