- Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms. Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform specific functions.
- The main parts of a cell are the nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane. The nucleus contains genetic material and controls the cell. The cytoplasm contains organelles that carry out metabolic functions. The plasma membrane encloses the cell.
- Cells reproduce through the process of cell division called mitosis. Mitosis involves nuclear division followed by cytoplasmic division to form two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell. This allows organisms to grow and repair damaged tissues.
STEM General Biology 1: The Cells
Cell Theory
Cell Structures and Functions
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Animal vs. Plant Cells
Cell Modification
Movement of Molecules in Cells
Cell Structures and Functions In pathology.pptxVictory120660
Cell structure and function are fundamental to understanding biology. Here's a broad overview:
1. **Cell Structure:**
- **Cell Membrane:** Acts as a barrier, controlling the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
- **Cytoplasm:** Gel-like substance within the cell where organelles are suspended.
- **Nucleus:** Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.
- **Organelles:** Structures within the cell with specific functions, such as mitochondria (energy production), endoplasmic reticulum (protein synthesis), Golgi apparatus (protein packaging), and lysosomes (digestion).
2. **Cell Function:**
- **Metabolism:** Cells carry out metabolic processes to maintain life, including energy production, nutrient breakdown, and waste removal.
- **Reproduction:** Cells can reproduce through processes like mitosis (cell division) or meiosis (reproductive cell division).
- **Homeostasis:** Cells maintain a stable internal environment by regulating processes like temperature, pH, and nutrient levels.
- **Communication:** Cells communicate with each other through chemical signals, allowing coordination within tissues and organ systems.
- **Differentiation:** Cells specialize into different types with specific functions during development, forming tissues and organs.
- **Response to Stimuli:** Cells can respond to external stimuli, such as light or chemicals, through processes like movement or changes in gene expression.
Understanding cell structure and function is crucial for comprehending biological processes at all levels, from the functioning of individual organisms to the interactions within ecosystems.
STEM General Biology 1: The Cells
Cell Theory
Cell Structures and Functions
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Animal vs. Plant Cells
Cell Modification
Movement of Molecules in Cells
Cell Structures and Functions In pathology.pptxVictory120660
Cell structure and function are fundamental to understanding biology. Here's a broad overview:
1. **Cell Structure:**
- **Cell Membrane:** Acts as a barrier, controlling the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
- **Cytoplasm:** Gel-like substance within the cell where organelles are suspended.
- **Nucleus:** Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.
- **Organelles:** Structures within the cell with specific functions, such as mitochondria (energy production), endoplasmic reticulum (protein synthesis), Golgi apparatus (protein packaging), and lysosomes (digestion).
2. **Cell Function:**
- **Metabolism:** Cells carry out metabolic processes to maintain life, including energy production, nutrient breakdown, and waste removal.
- **Reproduction:** Cells can reproduce through processes like mitosis (cell division) or meiosis (reproductive cell division).
- **Homeostasis:** Cells maintain a stable internal environment by regulating processes like temperature, pH, and nutrient levels.
- **Communication:** Cells communicate with each other through chemical signals, allowing coordination within tissues and organ systems.
- **Differentiation:** Cells specialize into different types with specific functions during development, forming tissues and organs.
- **Response to Stimuli:** Cells can respond to external stimuli, such as light or chemicals, through processes like movement or changes in gene expression.
Understanding cell structure and function is crucial for comprehending biological processes at all levels, from the functioning of individual organisms to the interactions within ecosystems.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Objectives
At the end of this lecture, the students will be
able to:
• Define cell and tissues
• Describe the structure and functions of a cell
• Discuss the process of cell division i.e., mitosis
and meiosis.
• Briefly discuss the importance of mitosis &
meiosis.
3. Cells and tissues
• Carry out all chemical activities needed to
sustain life
• Cells are the building blocks of all living
things
• Tissues are groups of cells that are similar
in structure and function
4. Anatomy of the Cell
• Cells are not all the same
• All cells share general structures
• Cells are organized into three main regions
– Nucleus
– Cytoplasm
– Plasma membrane
Figure 3.1a
5. The Nucleus
• Control center of the
cell
– Contains genetic
material (DNA)
• Three regions
– Nuclear membrane
– Nucleolus
– Chromatin
Figure 3.1b
6. Nuclear Membrane
• Barrier of nucleus
• Consists of a double phospholipid
membrane
• Contain nuclear pores that allow for
exchange of material with the rest of the
cell
7. Nucleoli
• Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
• Sites of ribosome production
– Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm
through nuclear pores
8. Chromatin
• Composed of DNA and protein
• Scattered throughout the nucleus
• Chromatin condenses to form
chromosomes when the cell divides
9. Plasma Membrane
• Barrier for cell contents
• Double phospholipid layer
– Hydrophilic heads
– Hydrophobic tails
• Also contains protein, cholesterol, and
glycoproteins
MEMBRANE STRUCTURE ANIMATION
PRESS
TO PLAY
12. Cytoplasm
• Material outside the nucleus and inside the
plasma membrane
– Cytosol
• Fluid that suspends other elements
– Organelles
• Metabolic machinery of the cell
14. Cytoplasmic Organelles
• Ribosomes
– Made of protein and RNA
– Sites of protein synthesis
– Found at two locations
• Free in the cytoplasm
• Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
15. Cytoplasmic Organelles
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
– Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances
– Two types of ER
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
– Studded with ribosomes
– Site where building materials of cellular membrane are
formed
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
– Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat
metabolism, and detoxification of drugs
16. Cytoplasmic Organelles
• Golgi apparatus
– Modifies and packages proteins
– Produces different types of packages
• Secretory vesicles
• Cell membrane components
• Lysosomes
18. Cytoplasmic Organelles
• Lysosomes
– Contain enzymes that digest nonusable
materials within the cell
• Peroxisomes
– Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
• Detoxify harmful substances
• Break down free radicals
(highly reactive chemicals)
19. Cytoplasmic Organelles
• Mitochondria
– “Powerhouses” of the cell
– Change shape continuously
– Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to
break down food
– Provides ATP for cellular energy
20. Cytoplasmic Organelles
• Cytoskeleton
– Network of protein structures that extend
throughout the cytoplasm
– Provides the cell with an internal framework
Figure 3.7a
23. Cellular Projections
• Not found in all cells
• Used for movement
– Cilia moves materials across the cell surface
– Flagellum propels the cell
24. Cellular Physiology:
Membrane Transport
• Membrane Transport – movement of
substance into and out of the cell
• Transport is by two basic methods
– Passive transport
• No energy is required
– Active transport
• The cell must provide metabolic energy
25. Solutions and Transport
• Solution – homogeneous mixture of two or
more components
– Solvent – dissolving medium
– Solutes – components in smaller quantities
within a solution
• Intracellular fluid – nucleoplasm and
cytosol
• Interstitial fluid – fluid on the exterior of the
cell
26. Selective Permeability
• The plasma membrane allows some
materials to pass while excluding others
• This permeability includes movement into
and out of the cell
27. Passive Transport Processes
• Diffusion
– Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a
solution
– Movement is
from high
concentration
to low
concentration,
or down a
concentration
gradient
DIFFUSION ANIMATION
Figure 3.9
PRESS
TO PLAY
28. Passive Transport Processes
• Types of diffusion
– Simple diffusion
• Unassisted process
• Solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small
enough to pass through membrane pores
29. Passive Transport Processes
• Types of diffusion
– Osmosis – simple diffusion of water
• Highly polar water easily crosses the
plasma membrane
– Facilitated diffusion
• Substances require a protein carrier for
passive transport
31. Passive Transport Processes
• Filtration
– Water and solutes are forced through a
membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure
– A pressure gradient must exist
• Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a
high pressure area to a lower pressure
area
32. Active Transport Processes
• Transport substances that are unable to pass by
diffusion
– They may be too large
– They may not be able to dissolve in the fat core of the
membrane
– They may have to move against a concentration
gradient
• Two common forms of active transport
– Solute pumping – chemical exchanges
– Bulk transport - exocytosis
36. Cell Life Cycle
• Cells have two major periods
– Interphase
• Cell grows
• Cell carries on metabolic processes
– Cell division
• Cell replicates itself
• Function is to produce more cells for growth and
repair processes
37. Events of Cell Division
• Mitosis
– Division of the nucleus
– Results in the formation of two daughter nuclei
• Cytokinesis
– Division of the cytoplasm
– Begins when mitosis is near completion
– Results in the formation of two daughter cells
38. Stages of Mitosis
• Interphase
– No cell division occurs
– The cell carries out normal metabolic activity
and growth
• Prophase
– First part of cell division
– Centromeres migrate to the poles
39. Stages of Mitosis
• Metaphase
– Spindle from centromeres are attached to
chromosomes that are aligned in the center of
the cell
40. Stages of Mitosis
• Anaphase
– Daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the
poles
– The cell begins to elongate
• Telophase
– Daughter nuclei begin forming
– A cleavage furrow (for cell division) begins to
form