The document summarizes key concepts about cell structure and function:
1. It describes the history of cell theory and the development of microscopes that allowed scientists to discover that cells are the basic unit of life.
2. It explains the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and lists some of the major organelles found in eukaryotic cells like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell membrane.
3. It discusses important cellular processes like diffusion, osmosis, and active transport that allow materials to move in and out of cells, as well as endocytosis and exocytosis. Unicellular and multicellular organisms are also briefly introduced.
Living organisms are made up of one or more cells.•Cells are the most basic unit of organisms which canfunction on their own. Cells carry out life processes suchas respiration, division, excretion and growth.•Cells are the building blocks of an organism.•
دیواره سلولی، شکل ویژهای از ماتریس خارج سلولی است که هر سلول گیاه را احاطه کرده است. دیواره سلولی مسئول بسیاری از خصوصیاتی است که سلولهای گیاهی را از سلولهای حیوانی متمایز میکند. در سلولهای حیوانی داستان متفاوت است! بافتهای مختلف دارای اجزا و سازمان منحصر به فرد و تخصصی ماتریس خارج سلولی (ECM) هستند، که هر ECM را قادر میسازند تا نقشهای خاص بافتی، از جمله پشتیبانی ساختاری، انتقال نیروها و فیلتراسیون ماکرومولکولی را انجام دهد.
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Cell wall, specialized form of extracellular matrix that surrounds every cell of a plant. The cell wall is responsible for many of the characteristics that distinguish plant cells from animal cells. In animal cells, the story is different! Different tissues have unique and specialized Extracellular Matrix (ECM) components and organization, which enables each ECM to carry out tissue-specific roles, including structural support, the transmission of forces and macromolecular filtration.
Living organisms are made up of one or more cells.•Cells are the most basic unit of organisms which canfunction on their own. Cells carry out life processes suchas respiration, division, excretion and growth.•Cells are the building blocks of an organism.•
دیواره سلولی، شکل ویژهای از ماتریس خارج سلولی است که هر سلول گیاه را احاطه کرده است. دیواره سلولی مسئول بسیاری از خصوصیاتی است که سلولهای گیاهی را از سلولهای حیوانی متمایز میکند. در سلولهای حیوانی داستان متفاوت است! بافتهای مختلف دارای اجزا و سازمان منحصر به فرد و تخصصی ماتریس خارج سلولی (ECM) هستند، که هر ECM را قادر میسازند تا نقشهای خاص بافتی، از جمله پشتیبانی ساختاری، انتقال نیروها و فیلتراسیون ماکرومولکولی را انجام دهد.
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Cell wall, specialized form of extracellular matrix that surrounds every cell of a plant. The cell wall is responsible for many of the characteristics that distinguish plant cells from animal cells. In animal cells, the story is different! Different tissues have unique and specialized Extracellular Matrix (ECM) components and organization, which enables each ECM to carry out tissue-specific roles, including structural support, the transmission of forces and macromolecular filtration.
Integration by substitution is the chain rule in reverse. NOTE: the final location is section specific. Section 1 (morning) is in SILV 703, Section 11 (afternoon) is in CANT 200
Most relevant information about the cell, its discovery, types and various kinds of organelles and their function. it also focus on how molecules are transported across the cell membrane.
2018/2019
Implicit differentiation allows us to find slopes of lines tangent to curves that are not graphs of functions. Almost all of the time (yes, that is a mathematical term!) we can assume the curve comprises the graph of a function and differentiate using the chain rule.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
3. Historical View of the Cell Theory
• As science improves, so do improvements
in scientific instruments, and improved
scientific instruments lead to new
discoveries.
4. 1590 – Zacharias Janssen
• Built first simple microscope (one
set of lenses)
5. 1670’s Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
• Made improvements
• 270x magnification
• Saw bacteria, protozoa,
sperm cells, red blood
cells and yeast cells
6. 1665 – Robert Hooke
• Produced a compound microscope
• Saw hollow boxes and named them
“cells”
7. 1831 – Robert Brown
• Saw central structure in plant cells,
called this structure a nucleus
8. 1838 – Matthias Schleiden
• Concluded that all plants are
made of cells
9. 1838 – Theodor Schwann
• Concluded that all animals are
made of cells
10. 1839 – Johannes Purkinje
• Stated that “the cell is the unit of
function of life”
11. 1858 – Rudolf Virchow
• Concluded that “ cells come only from
previously existing cells”
12. The Cell Theory
1. All living things are composed of
cells
2. Cells are the basic units of
structure and function
3. New cells are produced from
existing cells
27. A microscope reverses and inverts the
image of an object seen under it
Before
viewing
under the
microscope e
While
viewing e
under the
microscope
28. Things moving under a microscope are
actually moving in the opposite direction
29. Things moving under a microscope are
actually moving in the opposite direction
30. Stereomicroscope
• Binocular
microscope
• Object is seen in
3-D
• Only used to see
large objects
• Does not reverse or
invert images
31. Transmission Electron Microscope
• Uses a beam of
electrons instead of light
rays
• 200,000x magnification
• tissues have to be sliced
really thin, dry and in a
vacuum chamber
• can’t be used with living
material
43. How to convert millimeters to
micrometers
• Multiply by one thousand…or
• Move the decimal point 3 places to
the right
44. How to convert micrometers to
millimeters
• Divide by 1,000…or
• Move the decimal point 3 places to
the left
• Ex.) 2,500 micrometers =
• .15 micrometers =
45. How to find the diameter of your
field of view
• Place a transparent plastic
ruler in the field of view like
this
• 1.3 mm
• Convert to micrometers
• 1.3 mm =
51. Plasma Membrane
• Separates the cell from its
environment
• Controls the transport of materials
in and out
• Allows some materials but not
others to pass through this is
called…
– Selectively permeable
52.
53. Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Extensive network of tube-like
structures that forms a
passageway that functions in the
transport of materials throughout
the cells
54.
55. Ribosomes
• Site of protein
synthesis
• Attached to the
walls of the ER
or move freely in
the cytoplasm
56. Golgi Bodies
• Stack of tiny, flattened sac-like
tubes used in secretion
• Package protein molecules in a
membrane and send the package
to the cells surface
57.
58. Mitochondria
• Where cellular respiration takes
place to release energy
• “Mighty Mitochondria”
• Powerhouse of the cell
64. Lysosomes
• Vesicles that contain enzymes
used in digestion
• Fuses with food vacuoles to
digest food into smaller pieces
• Digest old cell structures to
dispose of them or even entire
cells
83. The Big Idea
• Cells need to regulate the
movement of dissolved molecules
on either side of the membrane
84. Cell membrane
• Regulates what enters and leaves the
cell and also provides protection and
support
Outside
of cell
Carbohydrate
chains
Proteins
Cell
membrane
Inside
of cell Protein
(cytoplasm) channel Lipid bilayer
85. Cell membrane
• Made of a double layered sheet called a
lipid bilayer
Outside
of cell
Carbohydrate
chains
Proteins
Cell
membrane
Inside
of cell Protein
(cytoplasm) channel Lipid bilayer
86. Cell Wall
• Provide support and protection for
cell
• Found in more than just plants
• Contrary to popular belief, not
selectively permeable
88. Diffusion Through Cell
Boundaries
• One of the more important
functions of the cell membrane is
to regulate the movement of
dissolved molecules from one
side of a membrane to the other
96. • Because diffusion depends on
random particle movements,
substances diffuse across
membranes without energy being
used
• Even during equilibrium, particles
still move, but there is no net
change in concentration
105. Facilitated Diffusion
• Movement of specific molecules across
cell membranes through protein channels
Glucose
•Only go from high High
molecules
concentrations Concentration
to low Cell
concentrations Membrane
•Does not require
Low
energy Concentration
Protein
channel
106. Types of Active
Transport
• Sometimes cells must move
materials in the opposite direction
– Low concentrations to high
concentrations
107. Active Transport
• Energy requiring process that
moves materials across a cell
membrane against a
concentration gradient
108. Molecule to
be carried
Active Transport
Energy
Molecule
being carried
130. Tissues
• Group of similar cells that perform
specific function
• Ex.) smooth muscle
131. Organ
• Group of tissues that work
together to perform a specific
function
• Ex.) stomach
132. Organ System
• Group of organs that work together to
perform a specific function
• Ex.) digestive system
• This organization creates a division of
labor that makes multicellular life
possible