Cell biology notes

Cell Biology! V1.4
http://www.mybloodyourblood.org/biology_white.htm
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter3.htmlhttp://stemcelldaily.com/stem-cells-are-purdy-pics/
jschmied©2016

Cell Biology Learning Goals
A. Characteristics of Living Things
• I am able to describe the characteristics that make something “living.”
Microscopy
• I can properly use and maintain a Compound Light Microscope AND
tell the names & functions of its parts .
B. Cells Identification & Organelles
• I can explain the key similarities & differences & Plant and Animal cells.
D. Photosynthesis & Respiration in Cells
• I can trace key components of life (O2, Food, Water) into & out of plant
& animal cells.
** It is expected that all students have mastery of the experimental
process at this point
jschmied©2016

Animal cell - (General) A cell with a nucleus having a cell membrane. Often rounded or
irregular in shape.
Bacteria Single-celled organisms without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
Carbohydrate - are one of the basic food groups. These include the sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits,
grains, vegetables and milk products.
Cell - The smallest structural unit enclosed by a membrane. These make up all living organisms.
Cell Membrane: - The semipermeable double membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.
Semi permeable => lets some things in & out, but not others.
Cellular respiration - The process of breaking down food to produce energy for a cell. Takes place
in the cell’s mitochondria.
– The formula is: Sugar (glucose) + O2 CO2 + H2O + Thermal Energy
Cell theory - A basic theory of biology which states:
– All living things are made up of cells.
– All new cells are made from existing cells.
– Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living organisms
Cell Wall: - Rigid outer coating of a typical plant, bacteria or fungi cell.
Main uses: protection, structural support, & semi permeable (lets some things in & out, but
not others)
Characteristics of Living Things – Characteristics all living things have in common. These
similarities are used to identify if an sample under study is living or not.
jschmied©2016 Vocabulary:

Chloroplast: Plant Organelle containing chlorophyll. This is where the process of photosynthesis occurs.
Sunlight + CO2 + H20 => Sugar + O2
Cilia - tiny, hairlike structures used by cells to provide mobility (move).
Cytoplasm - Gel like fluid that fills a cell. Mainly water, salts and proteins.
Disease - An abnormal condition affecting all, or part of, an organism
Flagella - a slender whip like structure that allows cells to move. (Found in Plants, Animals, Protist & Fungi.)
Fungi - any member of the Fungi Family of organisms including Yeasts, Mushrooms or Molds. Fungi are the principal
decomposers in ecological systems.
Microbe - Any microscopic cell or virus. Especially applied to disease causing bacteria.
Mitochondria – Cell Organelle where the process of respiration occurs. The organelle chemically breaks down sugar (glucose)
into chemical energy for use by the cell. Found in both plant and animal cells.
The process is: Sugar (glucose) + O2  CO2 + H2O + Thermal Energy
Multicellular - An organism made up of many cells, each specialized to do a task (muscle cell).
Nucleus – Organelle within a cell containing the majority of the cell’s DNA.
Nuclear membrane - The membrane separating the nucleus from the rest of the cell.
Organelles - Parts within a cell that perform specialized functions like organs do. (breaking down sugar, digestion, moving
proteins, photosynthesis, making DNA etc) Examples: Mitochondria, Vacuoles, Chloroplasts
Photosynthesis - Process used by plants (& some other organisms) to convert light energy with CO2 + H2O into chemical
energy. Takes places in a cell’s chloroplasts. Formula is: CO2 + H2O + Sunlight  Sugar + O2
Plant Cell – (General) A cell with a nucleus having a cell wall & membrane, large vacuoles, & a chloroplast which is used to
perform photosynthesis. Often rectangular in shape.

Protist – Organism made up of single, or multiple cells, with a nucleus. Not an animal, plant, or fungus.
Sugar – A class of carbohydrates used for flavoring in foods and drinks. Releases energy quickly to cells.
Starch - a white, tasteless, solid carbohydrate, occurs as small granules in seeds, tubers, & other parts of
plants. Forms a a key part of rice, corn, wheat, beans, potatoes, & many other vegetable foods.
Unicellular Organism– A single cell organism which does all life processes. (Bacteria, Protist, Algae etc.)
Virus – A very small microbe, not a cell nor living, that can only grow or reproduce inside of a living cell.
Usually associated with diseases.
Microscope Terminlogy
• Magnify, magnification - To enlarge an image of an object,
The total amount an object is enlarged.
• Coarse Focus – Used for initial focusing only on Low Power Diaphragm - Changes incoming light level &
angle of light
• Diaphragm – Wheel beneath stage used to increase or decrease the amount of light going through a
sample.
• Eyepiece – Viewing port, magnifies incoming light 10x. Also contains a pointer arrow.
• Fine Focus - Changes focus very slightly for precise viewing
• Low power objective - Magnifies incoming light 4x
• Med power objective - Magnifies incoming light 10x
• High power objective - Magnifies incoming light 40x
• Total magnification – Calculated by multiplying
= Objective magnification X Eyepiece magnification
• Turret - Turns Eyepiece from viewing to storage position

Characteristics of Living Things
• All Living Things:
• Are composed of one or more cells, which are the basic unit of
life.
• Are organized to do simple and complex functions
• b. Get, store and use energy: (ex: make or take in nutrients, do
work, & release waste)
• c. Keep proper internal balance (this is called homeostasis)
• d. Grow
• e. Respond to stimulus (ex: move, defend, flee etc)
• f. Reproduce from preexisting cells and each new cell has its
own complete set of DNA.
• g. Evolve (adapt to environmental conditions over time.)
I can describe the characteristics that make something “living."
jschmied©2016

Tell how this one celled organism can do the same
functions as you do!
I can show how one-celled organisms have all the parts needed to do life functions.
Paramecium
http://www.infovisual.info/02/004_en.html
• Tell the human
equivalents to the
Paramecium organelles
shown on the diagram.
jschmied©2014
Paramecium Human
Gullet
Oral Grove
Food Vacuole
Large Nucleus
Cilia

The modern Cell Theory
1. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.
2. All living cells come from preexisting cells by division.
3. The cell is the basic unit of structure & function in all living
organisms.
4. Energy flow occurs in cells
5. Cells contain heredity info (DNA) that is passed to other cells
during Cell Division
6. The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of its
independent cells.
I am able to explain why cells are the fundamental unit of all life. (The Cell Theory)
jschmied©2014

Compound Light Microscope
Structures - Functions
Data Table 1 – Compound Light Microscope
Number Part (structure) Function (what part does)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
I can use a Compound Light Microscope & tell the names and functions of its parts.
Click Scope to go to Study Guide
jschmied©2014

http://prezi.com/gv6jhxuzfu_l/order-in-the-universe/
Order in the Universe
B3. I can explain the relationship of different parts of the
“living” universe to one another.
jschmied©2014

Data Table One Cell Structures & Functions => Also SEE DEFINITIONS!
Cell Structure Function of this structure Plant/Animal/Protist
/ Bacteria
Or All 4
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Nuclear Membrane
Organelles
Vacuole
Be able to tell the following information for these cell organelles
Selective barrier lets some things in & out, but not others
Provides protection, support, & stability for plant cells.
All but
Bacteria
Plant +
Bacteria
Plant
All 4
All but
Bacteria
All but
Bacteria
All 4
contains chlorophyll which combines Sunlight + CO2 + H20
to make => Sugar (energy) + O2 for plant cells.
Gel like material in cell. Breaks down nutrients from food
& builds new substances to grow or carry out cell functions
cell organelle that chemically breaks down sugar
(glucose) with O2 to make chemical energy for the cell.
Organelle within a cell containing the majority of the
cell’s DNA. (DNA) directs cell activities.
Separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell.
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All but
Bacteria
Perform specialized cell functions (Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Nucleus…
a. Obtain & store energy b. Help cells move & divide, c. Make substances
used in cell or transported to other parts of the body.
All Plants/Fungi some
Animal, Protist, Bacteria
Membrane-bound organelle used for various functions including storage
of food, water, and waste removal. (Usually 1 large vacuole in plant cells.)

Fresh water Hydra:
A really cool multi-cellular Animal
jschmied©2016
The Hydra is a freshwater
organism that has an unlimited
lifespan!
This is mainly due to the
Hydra’s ability to self-renew its
own stem cells.Holdfast
Arms
Cell
Membrane

Allium Root Tip Mitosis
Cell
dividing
Chromosomes (DNA) fully visible.
Cell ready to divide
jschmied©2014
Nucleus
Cell Wall The Cell Membrane is just
inside the Cell Wall (on both sides.)
Cytoplasm

Amoeba
www.microscopy-uk.org.uk studydroid.com
www.microscopy-uk.org.uk
Paramecium
being eaten!
Pseudopod
Later
I can draw micro-figures that show key parts of plant & animal cells AND explain the function of each key part.
jschmied©2014
Cytoplasm

Cheek Cell
www.flickr.com
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Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm

Elodea
http://www.studyblue.com
seys-science.wikispaces.com
http://www.linkpublishing.com/video-transport.htm
abdollahdivan.blogfa.com
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Cell
Membrane
jschmied©2014

Onion Storage Cells
montessorimuddle.org
http://www.baileybio.com/plogger/?level=picture&id=1345
74.200.92.152
Folds are the Cell
Membrane being
squished by cover glass!
Starch Granules
Cytoplasm
Cell Wall
(doubled)
Nucleus
Also note
Cell Membrane
as a shadow
just inside
Cell Wall!
jschmied©2014

Resources for Micro Life ID
Key
• http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/index.html
Common Pond Micro Life ID Sheet
• http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/identifypond.html
Rotifer
www.pirx.com
Closterium
jschmied©2016

I am able to identify plant & animals cells & point out their similarities & differences.
Tell which are Plant, Animal and Protist cells. Then tell what is
the same & what is different about these cells.
jschmied©2016

Be able to tell how the structure of a cell relates to the
functions the cell performs
abdollahdivan.blogfa.com
cellfunctioning.wikispaces.com
How does the
shape or
construction of
these cells help
each cell function
better?
Example functions:
• Move?
• Get, store or
generate energy?
• Provide structural
support to the
organism?
• Keep working
when flexed? etc
jschmied©2016

Key Parts: Plant cell showing key structures
Note Chloroplasts (make food) are large compared to Mitochondria (produce energy)
Actual Photomicrograph
jschmied©2016

Storage: Plants & Yeast cells usually have big
storage vacuoles, while animal cells don’t.
Plant Cell
Yeast Cell
jschmied©2016
Vacuoles = Membrane bound organelles used for various functions including storage of
food, water, oils and waste removal.

Animal Cell Vacuoles – generally used for water balance & digestion
of cell wastes. Animals have separate cells for energy storage => Fat cells
Lysosomes digest cell wastes Contractile Vacuoles expel extra water.
Fat cells store extra energy for animals.
jschmied©2016

Photosynthesis
Plants & some Bacteria
Mitochondria
converts glucose into
Chemical Energy
Via Cell Respiration
 O2 + Glucose (C6H12O6)
In Chloroplast
CO2 + H2O
Air Roots & Air
I can trace key components of life (O2, Food, Water) into & out of plant & animal cells
Out Vacuole
Storage
jschmied©2016

Cell Respiration – Animal & Plant
O2 + Glucose (C6H12O6) CO2 + H2O + Waste + T Energy
Lungs Small Intestine Lungs Kidneys
Mitochondria
Chemical Energy


Energy for
the rest of
the cell
Mitochondria
Waste
Heat
I can trace key components of life (O2, Food, Water) into & out of plant & animal cells
w/Insulin
jschmied©2016

Muscle Cell Micrograph showing large amounts of
Mitochondria in muscle cells – (needed to produce energy)
Mitochondria

O2 + C6H12O6 (Glucose)
C. I can trace key components of life (O2, Food, Water) into & out of plant & animal cells.
jschmied©2016
Slide shows actual site of gas exchange during cellular respiration

A Cell Model – be able to show how a cell’s membrane
can lets some things in & out, but not others
Cup 1 Cup 2
Be able to:
• identify the parts of the Cell Model
• tel l what happened in the experiment to produce the results shown on right
Before After
jschmied©2015

Characteristics of Living Things
All Living Things:
• Are composed of one or more cells, the basic unit of life.
• Are organized to do simple and complex functions
• Get, store and use energy: (ex: make or take in nutrients, do
work, & release waste)
• Keep proper internal balance (this is called homeostasis)
• Grow
• Respond to stimulus (ex: move, defend, flee etc)
• Reproduce from preexisting cells and each new cell has its own
complete set of DNA.
• Evolve (adapt to environmental conditions over time.)
I can describe the characteristics that make something “living."
jschmied©2016

Are organized to do simple and complex functions
I can tell the functions (characteristics) organisms must do be “living”.
Showing Eating & Digesting
As a simple (cell) and & a complex (multicellular) function.
jschmied©2016

Example Algae cells - Unicellular
This freshwater algae can remove
Strontium 90 from radioactive wastewater.
This algae makes oil that can be used to make fuel
jschmied©2015

Example: Human Cancer Cells – Cells gone haywire
T cells (orange) attached to a Tumor cell (brown)
A breast cancer cell seen through an
electron microscope
jschmied©2015

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