This document provides an overview of the field of bioinformatics, including its history and applications. It discusses how bioinformatics merges biology, computer science, and information technology. It also summarizes key applications like using bioinformatics for human and animal genomics, molecular medicine, microbiology, and more. Microarray technology is introduced, explaining how DNA microarrays work to analyze gene expression levels. Different types of microarrays and platforms are also outlined.

2.  Introduction to Bioinformatics
 DNA Microarrays
 Internet Sites onWeb

3.  "Bioinformatics is the field of science in which
biology, computer science, and information
technology merge into a single discipline”
OR
 The use of computational & statistical
techniques for the analysis of biological data.
 In1960s: the birth of bioinformatics.

4.  The branch of science concerned with
information and information flow in
biological systems, esp. the use of
computational methods in genetics and
genomics.

6.  The field of science in which biology,
computer science and information
technology merge into a single discipline

7.  Over a century ago, bioinformatics work
started with an Austrian monk namedGregor
Mendel .
 He is known as” Father of genetics “.
 Mendel illustrated that the inheritance of
traits could be more easily explained if it was
controlled by factors passed down from
generation to generation

8. Biologists
collect molecular data:
DNA & Protein sequences,
gene expression, etc.
Computer scientists
(+Mathematicians, Statisticians, etc.)
Develop tools, softwares, algorithms
to store and analyze the data.
Bioinformaticians
Study biological questions by
analyzing molecular data
The field of science in which biology, computer science and information
technology merge into a single discipline
8

10. The science of bioinformatics has many
beneficial uses in the modern day world.
These Include the following :
 Molecular medicine
 Microbial genome application
 Agriculture
 Animals
 Comparative studies
 Gene therapy

11.  Human genome will have profound effects on
the field of biomedical research and clinical
medicine.
 Every disease has a genetic component and
inherited to body’s response to an
environmental stress which called alterations
In the genome ( e.g cancers, heart disease
and diabetes)

12.  The sequencing of the genomes of plants and
animals should have enormous benefits for the
agricultural community and can be used to
search for the genes within these genomes and
their functions, making them healthier, more
disease resistance and more productive.
 Crops
 Insect resistance
 Improve nutritional quality
 Grow in poorer soils and drought resistant

13.  Sequencing projects of many farm animals
including cows, pigs and sheep are now well
under way in the hope that a better
understanding of the biology of these
organisms will have huge impacts for
improving the production and health of
livestock and ultimately have benefits for
human nutrition.

14.  Analyzing and comparing the genetic material of
different species is an important method for
studying functions of genes, mechanism of
inherited diseases and species evolution.
 Bioinformatics tools can be used to make
comparisons between the numbers, locations
and biochemical functions of genes in different
organisms.
 Organisms that are suitable for use in
experiments are termed as MODEL ORGANISMS

15.  Gene therapy is the approach used to treat,
cure or even prevent disease by changing the
expression of a person’s gene.
 In the not too distant future, the potential for
using genes themselves to treat disease may
become a reality.

16.  Microorganisms are ubiquitous, that is they
are found everywhere.They have been found
surviving and thriving in extremes of heat,
cold, radiation, salt, acidity, and pressure.
 By studying the genetics material of these
organisms, scientists can begin to understand
these microbes at a very fundamental level
and isolate the genes that give them their
unique abilities to survive under the extreme
conditions.

17.  Waste cleanup
 Climate change studies
 Alternative energy sources
 Biotechnology
 Antibiotic resistance
 Forensic analysis of microbes
 Bio-weapon creation
 Evolutionary studies

18.  Molecular Bioinformatics involves the use of
computational tools to discover new
information in complex data sets (from the
one-dimensional information of DNA through
the two-dimensional information of RNA and
the three-dimensional information of proteins,
to the four-dimensional information of
evolving living systems).

19.  A Recombinant DNA Method
 Also known as DNA Chip

20.  Microarray technology evolved
from southern blotting in
1975.
 The concept of DNA
microarray began in mid 1980s.
 Pin based robotic system was
developed by Lehrach’s group
1990.
 Steve fodor develop scanner
for reading the output .


21.  Quantitative moniter of gene
expression patterns with
complementary DNA
microarray reported by
patrick brown ,mark schena
& colleagues in 1995
 Mar k schena was the father
of microarray technology

22.  The DNA microarray is a tool used to determine
whether the DNA from a particular individual
contains a mutation in genes
 The chip consists of a small glass plate encased in
plastic. Some companies manufacture
microarrays using methods similar to those used
to make computer microchips. On the surface,
each chip contains thousands of short, synthetic,
single-stranded DNA sequences, which together
add up to the normal gene in question, and to
variants (mutations) of that gene that have been
found in the human population

23.  Every spot on the
chip represents a
different coding
sequence from
different genes.
 Each spot on the
chip is made of a
DNA probe that can
pair with the cDNA
that was created.

24.  Microarrays descend from Southern and
Northern blotting. Unknown DNA is transferred
to a membrane and then probed with a known
DNA sequence with a label.
 Hybridization
In Microarrays, the known DNA sequence (or
probe) is on the membrane while the unknown
labeled DNA (or target) is hybridized
 Complementary nucleic acid sequence get pair
via hydrogen bonds .
 Wash off of non-specific bonding sequences.

25.  Microarray is a general term there are many
type now
 DNA microarray
 Protein microarray
 Tissue microarray
 Transfection microarray
 Chemical compound microarray
 Antibody microarray

26. 1. Amount of mRNA expressed by a gene.
2. Amount of mRNA expressed by an exon.
3. Amount of RNA expressed by a region of DNA.
4.Which strand of DNA is expressed.
5.Which of several similar DNA sequences
6. How many copies of a gene is present in the
genome.
7.Where a known protein has bound to the DNA.

29.  Spotted DNA arrays
 Affymetrix gene chips
 Ink-jet microarrays from Agilent

30.  First type of DNA microarray technology
develop
 It was pioneered by Patrick brown and his
colleagues at Stanford University .
 Produced by using a robotic device which
deposits (spots) a nanoliter of DNA onto a
coated microscopic glass slides (50-150 um in
diameter)

31.  High-density oligonucleotide microarray
often referred to as a chips which involves in
situ oligonucleotide synthesis

32.  25-60-mers “printed directly on glass slides
 Flexible, rapid, but expensive

33.  Collect tissue
 Isolate RNA
 Isolate m RNA
 Make labeled DNA copy
 Apply DNA
 Scan microarray
 Analyze data

34.  Isolate a total RNA containing mRNA
that ideally represents a quantitative
copy of genes expressed at the time of
sample collection .
 Preparation of cDNA from mRNA using a
reverse-transcriptase enzyme .
 Short primer is required to initiate cDNA
synthesis.
 Each cDNA (sample & control ) is labelled
with fluorescent cyanine dyes (i.e cy3
&cy5)

36. Cell A Cell B
Hybridizaton to chip
Labeled cDNA
from gene X
Spot of gene X with
complementary sequence
of colored cDNA This spot shows red color after scanning.

37. …
Spotted arrays
are printed on
coated
microscope
slides.
2 RNA samples
are converted
to cDNA.
Each is
labelled with
a different
dye.

38.  Incubation with the mixed cDNA and the chip
DNA will yield some pairing.
 Wash off unbound cDNA to see what has
bound to the microarray.

39.  The slide with the microarray chip is placed
inside a dark box where it is scanned with a
high resolution laser that detects the bound
fluorescent labels.
 The information and images are then sent to the
computer for analysis.

40.  Creates a ratio image.
 Green images signal
expression in one
condition.
 Red images signal
expression in one
condition.
 Yellow images signal
expression in both
conditions.

41.  Not limited to human genetic material.
 Can be used for all species.
 Can display thousands of different genes.
 Allows the study of multiple genes at once.

42. This machine can make 48 microarrays simultaneously.

44.  They are big databases and searching either one should
produce
 Similar results because they exchange information
routinely.
 Gene Bank (NCBI): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
 Ensembl: http://useast.ensembl.org/index.html

45. DDBJ (DNA DataBase of Japan):
http://www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp
TIGR: http://tigr.org/tdb/tgi

46.  Translated databases:
 TREMBL (translated EMBL): includes
entries that have
 not been annotated yet into Swiss-Prot.
 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/trembl/access.html

47.  Sites for DNA to ProteinTranslation:
 These algorithms can translate DNA sequences in
any of the 3 forward or three
 reverse sense frames.
Translate (http://au.expasy.org/tools/dna.html)
Translate a DNA sequence:
(http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/molkit/translate/index.html)
Translation sequence
(http://www.ebi.ac.uk/emboss/transeq)

48. Sites for alignment of 2 sequences:
T-COFFEE (http://tcoffee.vital-it.ch/cgi-
bin/Tcoffee/tcoffee_cgi/index.cgi): more accurate than
ClustalW for sequences with less than 30% identity.
ClustalW
(http://www.ch.embnet.org/software/ClustalW.html;
http://align.genome.jp)
bl2sequ
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/bl2seq/wblast2.cgi)
LALIGN
(http://www.ch.embnet.org/software/LALIGN_form.html)
MultiALIGN
(http://prodes.toulouse.inra.fr/multalin/multalin.html)

49. http://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/bioedit/bioedit.html

50. IDT: http://www.idtdna.com/scitools/scitools.aspx
Primhttp://frodo.wi.mit.edu/primer3/ or directly on NCBI

51.  Strachan,Tom; Read, Andrew. Human Molecular Genetics 3.
pp 175-178. NewYork. Garland Publishing. 2004.
 Campbell,A. Malcom. Microarray Animation. Davidson
College. 2001.
www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/chip/chip.html
 http://cmgm.stanford.edu
 http://www.gene-chips.com/