Microarray technology
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DNA microarrays allow researchers to analyze gene expression across an entire genome. Microarrays contain many copies of single genes arranged on a small chip. By detecting differences in gene expression levels between cell populations, microarrays can identify genes involved in processes like development, cancer, and cellular responses. Microarrays have been used to identify two subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma with distinct gene expression profiles, which helps physicians predict patient outcomes and guide development of targeted cancer treatments.
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Next Gen Sequencing (NGS) Technology Overview
Next generation sequencing (NGS) provides several new technologies for DNA sequencing that have significantly increased throughput and reduced costs compared to previous methods. NGS technologies include Roche/454, Illumina, ABI SOLiD, Ion Torrent, and PacBio. These technologies have various applications including whole genome sequencing, detection of genetic mutations associated with diseases, RNA sequencing to study gene expression, and ChIP sequencing to identify DNA-binding sites. NGS is revolutionizing genomic research by allowing comprehensive study of genomes, transcriptomes, and gene regulation.
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This document summarizes a seminar on genomics presented by Komal Rajgire. It defines genomics as the study of all genes in an organism, including their mapping, sequencing, and functional analysis. The key differences between genetics and genomics are outlined. The document discusses approaches in functional genomics like homology searching and expression analysis. It also covers related fields like structural genomics, epigenomics, metagenomics, pharmacogenomics, and the applications and future impact of genomics on medicine, drug discovery, and personalized treatment.
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DNA recombinant technology on insulin modification
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Nucleic acid database
The Nucleic Acid Database provides structural references and a search engine for DNA and RNA structures. It depicts structures through systematic design based on biological data in tools like the RNA Viewer, Base Pair Viewer, and ATLAS. It also examines structures through innovative methods like the Musical Atlas, which uses musical algorithms to represent DNA structures as instrumental songs.
Intro to databases
This document provides an introduction to biological databases. It discusses primary databases like GenBank which contain original sequence submissions and secondary databases derived from primary data, maintained by third parties like NCBI. Some key databases mentioned include GenBank, PDB, Swiss-Prot. The document also provides an overview of the NCBI and Entrez retrieval system, which allows integrated searches across literature and sequences.
Chernobyl Disaster
Chernobyl is located on the border between Ukraine and Belarus. In April 1986, a testing error caused an explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power station, releasing 190 tons of radioactive gases. Despite the disaster, Soviet authorities waited over 36 hours to evacuate the area, exposing children and others who remained. The radiation spread over much of the northern hemisphere and contaminated 150,000 square kilometers across Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine, exposing over 7 million people.
Downstream processing
The document summarizes information about hepatitis B virus infection. It states that over 350 million people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis B, which can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Babies born to infected mothers have a high (70-90%) risk of becoming chronically infected if the mother tests positive for two hepatitis B markers. The hepatitis B vaccine is highly effective at preventing infection but booster doses are not routinely recommended for any group.
Cheese making
Cheese making involves several steps:
1) Milk is acidified through the addition of starter cultures which produce lactic acid.
2) Rennet is added to further coagulate the milk into a solid curd.
3) The curd is cut and heated to separate the whey.
4) The curd is salted, shaped, and pressed to form the final cheese shape.
5) The cheese is aged/ripened through carefully controlling temperature, humidity, and introducing molds to develop flavor.
Antibiotics
Enzymes play an important role in the biosynthesis of antibiotics like penicillin and streptomycin. The production of penicillin G involves three main steps - the condensation of amino acids to form ACV, the conversion of ACV to isopenicillin N, and the addition of a phenylacetyl side chain to isopenicillin N. Streptomycin is produced by Streptomyces griseus using a fermentation process involving soybean meal and glucose. Other commonly used antibiotics discussed include ampicillin, kanamycin, and chloramphenicol, along with their mechanisms of action and resistance.
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Microarray technology
- 2. Functional genomics = The ability to perform genome-wide patterns of gene expression and the mechanisms by which gene expression is coordinated.
- 3. Genome = The complete complement of an organism’s genes; an organism’s genetic material.
- 4. Genome sizes and the Numbers of Genes.
- 5. DNA microarrays can be used to detect differences in the levels gene expression in different populations of cells on a genome-wide level.
- 6. Gene expression = A gene’s ability to make a gene product. Most genes code for proteins (protein encoding genes) that when expressed, produce a gene- specific protein.
- 7. DNA Microarrays A small 1 square centimeter chip that’s divided into thousands of squares. Each square contains many copies of a single gene. Originally developed by Patrick Brown at the Stanford University School of Medicine to determine which genes are involved in yeast cell sporulation.
- 8. Applications of DNA microarray analysis. Genes that are involved in the development of an organism. Genes that are activated as a family of genes (gene expression profiling). Genes that are involved in human cancers. Earlier diagnosis of human cancers
- 9. Example of a cancer subtype determined via DNA microarray analysis. Two subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma. One group of tumor cells expressed a large group of genes that are involved in early B cell development. Another group of tumor cells expressed a large group of genes that are involved in late B cell development.
- 10. Cancer subtypes. Physicians can determine which cancer subtype a patient has and can predict patient survival chances. Companies are trying to develop alternative drug treatments for cancer subtypes that are not responsive to current drugs.