Artificial leaf
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An artificial leaf uses components like natural leaves to convert sunlight directly into chemical fuel through a process called artificial photosynthesis. It absorbs photons and transfers the energy to catalysts to produce hydrogen, mimicking the photosystems and charge transfer of plant leaves. Researchers have constructed an artificial leaf with a silicon junction membrane, a co-OEC to mimic the oxygen evolving complex of photosystem II, and NiMoZn to mimic ferredoxin reductase in photosystem I. This artificial leaf functions as a new generation solar cell that can generate electricity through artificial photosynthesis by replacing chlorophyll with metal sensitizers and using a ceramic TiO2 membrane instead of a phospholipid membrane.
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huen2016.pdf
Hybrid solar photovoltaic and thermoelectric generators combine photovoltaic cells that convert light into electricity and thermoelectric materials that convert heat into electricity. This allows the system to utilize both the light and thermal energy from the sun across a wider spectrum than either could alone. The review discusses the concepts behind photovoltaics and thermoelectrics. It summarizes recent research that has optimized hybrid systems through various approaches. Improved results from these hybrid generators encourage further research and development to potentially increase their efficiency and practical applications.
Organic solar cells the exciting interplay of excitons and nano-morphology
1) The document summarizes organic solar cells, which use a bulk heterojunction of a conjugated polymer donor and fullerene acceptor. When light is absorbed, excitons are formed that must dissociate at the donor-acceptor interface into free charges.
2) The bulk heterojunction morphology, consisting of an interpenetrating network of the donor and acceptor materials, allows more excitons to dissociate since the interface is throughout the volume. This leads to higher efficiencies than simple bilayer cells.
3) Efficiencies of over 6% have been achieved but further work is needed to improve stability and lower costs for organic solar cells to become commercially viable. Optimization of
Solar Power: THE PEROVSKITE
The document discusses the potential of a new solar cell material called perovskite. Perovskite solar cells can be produced at low cost using simple solution-based methods. Research suggests perovskite solar cells could eventually reach efficiencies over 20%, comparable to existing thin-film technologies. Perovskite absorbs light strongly and transports electrical charges well. Its properties may allow solar cells that convert over half of sunlight to electricity. Researchers are working to improve efficiency and stability through material modifications. Perovskite solar cells could eventually lead to much lower cost solar power compared to current technologies.
Micro bial fuel cell (modified)
The document discusses different types of fuel cells including hydrogen fuel cells, microbial fuel cells (MFCs), and polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. It provides details on their working principles, components, and reactions. Hydrogen fuel cells combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, heat, and water. MFCs use microorganisms and organic substrates to generate electricity. PEM fuel cells are currently leading technology for vehicles and applications, using a proton-conducting polymer membrane and platinum catalysts.
An1 derivat.ro chimie_organic solar cells
Scientists are researching organic photovoltaic cells as a cheaper alternative energy source to traditional silicon solar cells. Organic cells use carbon-based conjugated polymers and molecules that can be easily processed and are flexible. Various architectures for organic solar cells have been investigated, including single layer cells, bilayer cells with donor and acceptor materials, and bulk heterojunction cells with the donor and acceptor mixed together. Researchers aim to increase the power conversion efficiency of polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells to 8-10% through improved materials and device design.
An1 derivat.ro chimie_organic solar cells
Scientists are researching organic photovoltaic cells as a cheaper alternative energy source to traditional silicon solar cells. Organic cells use carbon-based conjugated polymers and molecules that can be easily processed and are flexible. Various architectures for organic solar cells have been investigated, including single layer cells, bilayer cells with donor and acceptor materials, and bulk heterojunction cells with the donor and acceptor mixed together. Researchers aim to increase the power conversion efficiency of polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells to 8-10% through improved materials and device design.
The Use of Artificial Photosynthesis to Power Hydrogen Fuel Cells
This document summarizes a student paper about using artificial photosynthesis to power hydrogen fuel cells. It discusses how artificial photosynthesis works by using solar energy, water, and catalysts like titanium oxide to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. It then explains how hydrogen fuel cells can use the hydrogen to generate electricity. The document argues that artificial photosynthesis is a promising renewable energy source because, like natural photosynthesis, its byproducts are harmless and materials are reusable. It also discusses the components and processes involved in artificial photosynthesis and hydrogen fuel cells.
Research Summary
This research summary describes the work of Yong-Siou Chen focusing on developing nanomaterials for efficient light energy conversion applications. Two major projects are described: (1) Using thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters as a new class of photosensitizer for solar cells and hydrogen production from water splitting, achieving higher efficiencies than existing technologies. (2) Designing a tandem device using bismuth vanadate and lead halide perovskite solar cells for bias-free hydrogen production from water splitting under sunlight. The work establishes new nanomaterials and device architectures for clean, cost-effective electricity and hydrogen generation.
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Use of nanoparticles in drug delivery
This document discusses nanoparticles for drug delivery. It describes the ideal size range and characteristics of nanoparticles, as well as common types including liposomes, polymers, lipids, silica and gold. It covers drug loading methods and release mechanisms. Applications include cancer, heart disease, diabetes and neurologic disorders. Nanoparticles provide benefits like controlled release and reduced side effects, though they can be expensive and require sophisticated technology.
Significance of fluorescent dyes
Fluorescent dyes are molecules that absorb light at one wavelength and emit it at a longer wavelength. They are useful for labeling and studying biomolecules. Some common fluorescent dyes include fluorescein, rhodamine, and GFP. Fluorescent dyes have many applications, such as cancer research where they allow over 1500 protein spots to be detected from microdissected tissue, physiological sensing inside deep tissue, monitoring acidified organelles during autophagy, and assessing contamination during drilling operations. The Jablonski diagram illustrates the excited states involved in the fluorescent process.
Role of photocatalysis in renewable energy.
Photocatalysis uses light energy to facilitate chemical reactions. Photocatalysts generate holes and electrons when exposed to light that can oxidize or reduce organic matter, breaking it down into carbon dioxide and water. Photocatalysis has applications in renewable energy production like hydrogen fuel from water splitting and reducing carbon dioxide emissions. It can also degrade organic dyes and pollutants in wastewater via generation of radical species during photocatalyst excitation. In conclusion, photocatalysis shows promise as a green technology using sunlight for environmental and energy applications.
Raman spectroscopy in graphene
Raman spectroscopy is a nondestructive tool used to characterize the structure and properties of carbon materials like graphene. It can be used to determine the number of layers in graphene samples, as the Raman spectrum differs for monolayer, bilayer, and trilayer graphene. Raman spectroscopy is also useful for studying graphene nanoribbons, which have complex spectra due to their dual nature, and epitaxial graphene grown on silicon carbide. It provides a quick way to analyze the structure of graphene produced through different growth methods.
Raman spectroscopy cell based biosensors
Raman spectroscopy can be used to develop cell-based biosensors for toxin detection. Living cells act as sensor elements, as Raman spectroscopy can identify biochemical changes in cells exposed to toxins. It can detect a wide range of toxins at low concentrations quickly in an non-invasive manner by measuring the biological reactions of single cells, cell layers, or cell networks. Raman spectra of live cells contain peaks corresponding to DNA and RNA that distinguish healthy from dead cells, and can monitor changes in cells interacting with drugs. This technique has been applied to detect two toxic agents of bioterrorism and chemical warfare.
Polymer in drug delivery
This document discusses various drug delivery technologies including hydrogels, polymeric micelles, film coatings, and pulsincaps. Hydrogels are water-swollen polymers that can control drug release through diffusion or matrix dissolution as they swell under physiological conditions. Polymeric micelles self-assemble to encapsulate drugs and release them over time. Film coatings and pulsincaps use insoluble polymers and hydrogels to modify drug release profiles from tablets or capsules through controlled erosion or swelling of the polymer layers. These technologies aim to improve drug efficiency and safety by modifying absorption, distribution, and elimination.
Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are biologically active chemical compounds found in plants that provide health benefits. They have been used in traditional Chinese and herbal medicine for over 5000 years. National Academy of Sciences reports in 1982 and 1989 recommended consuming fruits and vegetables which contain phytochemicals to reduce cancer and heart disease risk. The largest category of phytochemicals is phenolic compounds found in tea, berries, and citrus fruits which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Eating a diet with at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily ensures sufficient intake of beneficial phytochemicals.
Optimum size and shape of nanoparticles
This document discusses the use of silver nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes as substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. It describes how the seeded growth mechanism can be used to controllably produce silver nanoparticles of desired sizes. Specifically, it involves first producing ~3.3nm seed particles, then adding these seeds to solutions containing silver nitrate and ascorbic acid to promote seeded growth and obtain larger nanoparticles ranging from 20-60nm in size. The document emphasizes that the size and shape of the nanoparticles significantly impacts the enhancement observed in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
Mesoporous materials synthesis & applications
This document discusses mesoporous materials, including their classification, synthesis, and applications. Mesoporous materials have pore sizes between 2-50 nm and high surface areas between 400-1000 m2/g. They are commonly synthesized using a soft template method involving surfactants. Mesoporous materials have a wide range of applications including adsorption, chromatography, catalysis, sensors, and drug delivery due to their tunable pore sizes and large surface areas.
Identification of pharmaceuticals by raman spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy is used to identify pharmaceuticals through analysis of their molecular structure and composition. It is a non-destructive technique that requires no sample preparation and can be used to detect counterfeit or defective drugs by comparing the Raman spectra of samples to reference spectra. Raman spectroscopy is applied to study fundamental structural details of pharmaceuticals, perform quantitative analysis to determine polymorphic impurities, and generate scatter plots and loading plots to identify variables that influence the Raman spectra. An example analysis is provided of using Raman spectroscopy to study the spectra of paracetamol and identify differences and similarities in its forms.
Hydrogen economy as green fuel
This document discusses hydrogen as a potential green fuel source. It outlines various methods for producing hydrogen, including electrolysis of water, thermochemical processes, and reforming of fossil fuels and biomass. Water electrolysis uses electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Coal gasification and natural gas reforming are current major methods for hydrogen production. The document also discusses hydrogen fuel cells and potential uses of hydrogen as fuel. The overall presentation argues that a hydrogen economy could provide a green alternative to fossil fuels.
High sensitive detection of penicillin g residues in milk by SERS
This document describes a method using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to detect penicillin G (PENG) residues in milk. SERS uses colloidal silver nanoparticles as a substrate and can detect PENG at concentrations as low as 2.54×10-9 mol/L, lower than EU regulatory limits. The procedure involves preparing silver nanoparticles, treating milk samples, adsorbing treated milk onto the nanoparticle substrate, and obtaining Raman spectra to detect PENG fingerprints. Characterization shows the silver nanoparticles are spherical and 50nm in size. The SERS method provides high sensitivity, is non-invasive and rapid for detecting PENG residues in milk.
Fingerprint detection
Fingerprints are unique impressions left by friction ridges on the fingers. They have been used for identification since the 19th century. There are various techniques to develop latent fingerprints including powdering, cyanoacrylate fuming, chemical developers like ninhydrin, and vacuum metal deposition. Fingerprints can be classified based on patterns of loops, whorls and arches. They are widely used for criminal identification, improving security through biometric authentication, and enhancing device security through automatic recognition.
Core shell nanoparticles and its biomedical applications
Core-shell nanoparticles consist of an inner core covered by an outer shell. They are classified based on their material properties as inorganic-inorganic, inorganic-organic, organic-inorganic, or organic-organic. Core-shell nanoparticles are widely used in biomedical applications due to their less cytotoxicity, increased dispersibility and biocompatibility, better conjugation with biomolecules, and greater thermal and chemical stability compared to single component nanoparticles. Examples of biomedical uses discussed in the document include using ZnO-DOX@ZIF-8 nanoparticles for pH-responsive drug delivery, hollow carbon spheres for enzyme immobilization in biosensors, and NaYF4:Nd/NaLuF4@PDA nanoparticles
Chemistry of green tea and its applications
This document discusses the chemistry and health applications of green tea. It begins by introducing green tea as a type of tea made from Camellia sinensis leaves that is not oxidized. It then describes the manufacturing process and lists the main chemical components of green tea, including catechins, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, and caffeine. The document explains that catechins are powerful antioxidants in green tea and discusses their role in free radical scavenging. Finally, it reviews research on the health benefits of green tea for conditions like cancer, Alzheimer's, diabetes, and obesity, but also notes that excess consumption can cause side effects like caffeine sensitivity, interactions with blood thinners, and dehydration.
Biohydrogen as a fuel
This document discusses biohydrogen as a renewable fuel. It begins with an introduction that defines biohydrogen as hydrogen produced biologically from biomass. It then discusses the history of biohydrogen research and different methods of biohydrogen production, including fermentation, dark fermentation, light fermentation, and two types of biophotolysis - direct and indirect. Direct biophotolysis uses algae to convert water and sunlight directly into hydrogen and oxygen. Indirect biophotolysis is a two-step process where algae or cyanobacteria first produce sugars from water and CO2, then convert the sugars into hydrogen and oxygen. The document also briefly mentions properties of hydrogen important for fuel use and applications of hydrogen in fuel cells.
Application of raman spectroscopy in food analysis
This document discusses the application of Raman spectroscopy in food analysis. It begins with an introduction to Raman spectroscopy and why it is useful for food analysis due to being non-destructive, specific, compatible with aqueous systems, and not requiring sample preparation. It then describes different Raman techniques used for food analysis including dispersive Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and spatially offset Raman spectroscopy. Finally, it provides examples of how Raman spectroscopy has been applied to analyze properties of various foods like fruits, vegetables, meat, dairy, crops, oils, and beverages.
Antimicrobial treatment for cotton
This document discusses antimicrobial agents for cotton fabrics. It begins by defining antimicrobial agents as those that destroy or suppress microbial growth. It then outlines the types (bactericidal and bacteriostatic), examples used for cotton (chitosan, poly-hexamethylene biguanide, N-halamines, quarternary ammonium compounds), and their mechanisms of action. Potential disadvantages are noted along with future goals of controlling toxicity, introducing affordable eco-friendly methods, and assessing microbes individually.
Antibiotics
This document provides information about antibiotics. It begins by defining bacterial infections and how they are transmitted. It then defines antibiotics as medications used to treat bacterial infections and discusses their history, including the discovery of penicillin. It provides details on how antibiotics work by being bactericidal or bacteriostatic. The document classifies common antibiotics and discusses antibiotic resistance, appropriate usage, interactions, and side effects. It concludes by advising patients to take antibiotics correctly by following a doctor's instructions regarding diagnosis, duration, drug selection, and dosing schedule.
Antioxidants
This document discusses antioxidants, including their definition as molecules that inhibit oxidation reactions and protect cells from damage by free radicals. It describes how free radicals can cause oxidative stress by damaging lipids, proteins, and DNA. Some important natural antioxidants are vitamins E, C, and A, which protect cell membranes and scavenge free radicals. Antioxidants are useful both for maintaining health by reducing oxidative stress and various diseases, and for industrial applications like food preservation and preventing fuel degradation. The conclusion emphasizes that antioxidants play an important role in health by preventing cancer and other diseases.
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Artificial leaf
- 3. INTRODUCTION
- 4. Artificial Leaf Artificial leaf is like living leaves, this device can turn the energy of sunlight directly into chemical fuel that can be stored and used later as an energy source.
- 5. Natural leaf as a model for biomimicry Basic components of natural leaf Photosystem I Photosystem II Charge-separating network
- 6. Conditions for the construction of an artificial leaf Absorb incident photons Transfer of excitation energy to a donor/accepter interface Couple the photo chemically generated charges to appropriate catalysts for the production of hydrogen.
- 7. Construction of an artificial leaf Si junction as photosynthetic membrane Co-OEC as oxygen evolving complex (OEC) for PS II NiMoZn as ferodoxin reductase (Fd) for PS I
- 8. Working of an artificial leaf
- 9. Artificial leaf as new generation solar cell
- 11. Artificial photosynthesis Chlorophyll replaced by transition metal sensitizer Phospholipid membrane replaced by ceramic semiconducting membrane of TiO2 new solar converter constituting a molecular electron pump driven by sunlight
- 12. Principle of artificial photosynthesis