This document provides an overview of biodiversity and the conservation of mango. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including different species and ecosystems. It then discusses the importance of biodiversity before describing the mango tree, including its origin in South Asia, botanical classification, description, wild species, and important cultivated varieties. The document concludes with descriptions of in-situ and ex-situ methods for conserving mango biodiversity such as seed banks, tissue culture, botanical gardens, and protecting natural habitats.

2. An Assignment Presentation
On
Biodiversity and
conservation of Mango

3. Submitted To
Miss T. D. Gurjar
Assistant Professor
Department of Fruit Science
College of Horticulture, Jagudan S.D.A.U.
Submitted By
Joshi Nikunj K.
M.Sc. Horticulture
Fruit Science (1st Semester)

4. What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity refers to the variety and variability
among living organism and eco-system complexes in
which they occur.
The word BIODIVERSITY originates from the Greek
word BIOS = LIFE and Latin word DIVERSITAS =
VARIETY or DIFFERENCE.
The whole word BIODIVERSITY generally therefore
means: VARIETY OF LIFE.

5. Why biodiversity important?
Organisms are dependent to each other for survive.
 Each species of vegetation and each creature has a place
on the earth and plays a vital role in the circle of life.
Food, shelter, wood, medicines and drugs are come from
the different plants on this earth.
More Biological diversity can withstand against the
natural disaster.
Greater species diversity ensures natural sustainability for
all life forms.

6. Mango
 Common name : Mango
 Scientific name : Mangifera indica
 Family : Anacardiaceae
 Origin : Indo-Berma
 Chromosome No. :- 2n=40

7. Origin, Distribution and History
 Mango is Native to South East Asia (Indo-Berma)
specially India.
The name Mangifera is given by “Botinus” first time in
1658.
Indo-Burma region is believed to be the primary centre of
mango.
The name Mangifera indica is given by Linnaeus in 1753.
It was Introduced in Florida by 1860.
By 1889 United States department of Agriculture
introduced a grafted variety from India called Mulgoa.

8.  Wild trees are found from North-eastern Malay Archipelago.
 It holds an important place in Hindu mythology, religion,
rituals and customs. Use of mango flesh (pulp) has clearly
been mentioned in YAJURVEDA.
 Its cultivation in ancient India is evident from the
representation of mango trees on the Buddhist stupas of 100
B.C.
 Uttar Pradesh is the leading mango producing state with
production of 3,623.22 thousand tons followed by Andhra
Pradesh state.
 Mango production in Gujarat was 12.41 lakh tonnes, of which
nearly 2 lakh tonnes were estimated to be of kesar grown in
Junagadh, Gir-Somnath and Amreli districts. Gujarat accounts
for 6% of the total production of mangoes and is the fifth
largest mango producing state in the country.

9. Germplasm resources:
 The Mangifera indica germplasm is divided into 2 groups.
• 1. Seedling races
•2. Horticultural races
Seedling races are wild and cultivated types, which are
most common in Tropical Asia and almost all commercial
cultivars of mango are from this type.
Horticultural races: these are vegetatively propagating
types. These include both Mono and Polyembryonic
types.

10. India is home for Mango diversity where more than 1000
varieties are existing, which are widely distributed over
agro-ecological regions of India.
 It has been cultivated in India for more than 400 years.
CISH (Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture),
Lucknow has largest collection of mango (633 accessions),
further, IIHR, IARI, Sabour(Bihar) are also maintaining the
germplasm.

11. Botanical Classification
 Kingdom :- Plantae
 Sub kingdom :- Tracheobionta
 Super division :- Spermatophyte
 Division :- Mangoliophyte
 Class :- Magnoliopsida
 Subclass :- Rosidae
 Order :- Sapindales
 Family :- Anacardiaceae
 Genus :- Mangifera L.
 Species :- M. indica L

12. Botanical Discription
 The mango tree is medium to large 10 to 40 m in height,
evergreen with symmetrical, rounded canopy ranging
from low and dense to upright and open.
 It attains great age can live well over 100 years. Trees in
cultivated orchards are kept at 6 – 9 m height.
 The leaves are alternate, with no stipules, simple,
leathery, oblong-lanceolate to linear.
 Mango fruit type is drupe which contain juicy and
flavoured mesocarp depending on varieties.

13. Floral Biology
Mango inflorescence is terminal panical with
frequent emergence of the multiple axillary panicles.
Panical contain both male and hermaphrodite
flowers.

14.  The flowers are radially symmetrical, and usually have 5
petals, streaked with red. There is usually only 1 fertile
stamen per flower; the 4 other stamens are sterile. The
flower has a conspicuous 5-lobed disk between the petals
and stamens.
 Type of pollination:- Cross Poliination
 Pollinator :- Housefly (Musca domestica)
 Flower bud Differentiation :-October-December

15. Wild Species
Mangifera pajang :- Largest Fruit, Easily peeled
M. similis :- Free stone Mango Species
M. magnifica :- Free from fiber
M. laurina :- Resistance to anthracnose
M. odorata :- Highest TSS
M. altissima :- Resistance to leaf hopper
M. rufocostat :- Off season bearing
M. indica :- commonly cultivated species

16. M. decandra :- Suitable for water logged condition
M. casturi :- Purple or black colour species
M. grifith :- Root stock in inundated soils
M. pentandra :- Good polliniser
M. foetida :- Good quality
M. zeylanica :- Salinity resistance

17. Mango Cultivars
Hybrid
IARI NEW DELHI
Pusa Peetamber (Amrapali × Lal Sundri)
Pusa Arunima (Amrapali × Sansation)
Pusa Lalima (Amrapali × Sansation)
Pusa Pratibha (Amrapali × Sansation)
Pusa Shrestha (Amrapali × Sansation)

18. Malika (Neelum × Dasheri)
Amrapali (Dasheri × Neelum)
IIHR BANGLORE
Arka Aruna (Banganpali × Alphanso)
Arka Puneet (Alphanso × Banganpali)
Arka Neelkiran (Alphanso × Neelum)
Arka Anmol (Alphanso × Janardan Pasand)

19. PERIYAKULAM, TNAU
 PKM – 1 (Chinnaswarnarekha × Neelum)
 PKM 2 (Neelum × Malgoa)
NAU, GUJARAT
 Neeleshan (Neelum × Baneshan)
 Sonpari (Alphanso × Baneshan)
 Neeleshwari (Neelum × Dasheri)
 Neelphanso (Neelum × Alphanso)

20. Dapoli, Maharastra
Ratna (Alphanso × Neelum)
Sindhu (Ratna × Alphanso)
Sangareddy, Telangana
Aurumani (Rumani × Malgoa)
Manjira (Rumani × Neelum)

21. Varieties
Alphanso – Most popular, Export quality
Banganpali – Popular in A.P.
Bombay Green – Earliest Variety in North India
Chausa – Sweetest Variety
Dashehari – Most popular in North India
Fazli – Late maturing Variety
Kesar – Good Processing Quality
Langra – Prone to Fruit Drop

22. Neeranjan – Off Season Bearer
Rosica – Mutant variety
Neelum – Best Combiner Variety
Lal Sundhari – Powdery mildew resistant
Rumani – Apple shape Variety
Xavier – Highest TSS Veriety

25. Methods of Conservation
In-situ Conservation
In situ conservation is on- site conservation or
conservation of natural resources in a natural
population of plants.
It is the process of protecting an endangered
plant in its natural habitat either by protecting or
cleaning up the habitat itself or by defending the
species from predators.

26. Ex-situ Conservation
Ex situ conservation means literally,” off-site
conservation “.It is the process of protecting an endangered
species of plants or animal outside of its natural habitat.
Ex situ conservation can be carried out by several methods
 Seed gene bank
 In vitro storage
 DNA storage
 Pollen storage
 Field gene bank
 Botanical gardens