“Advances in breeding of guava ”   Advances breeding of Guava, breeding of guava by gangaram rana, breeding of guava in igkv, cultivation of guava, new technology of guava breeding, poly ploide breeding of guava, mutation breeding of guava

1. Speaker by
Gangaram Rana
Ph.D scholars .
Dept. Fruit Sciences
IGKV,RAIPUR
Advances in breeding of fruit crops
Psidium guajava L.”

2. Guava
 Botanical name- Psidium guajava L
 Family- Myrtaceae
 Chromosome no. - 2n=2X=22, 3X= 33
 Origin - Mexico to Peru
 Common name - Apple of tropics,Apple of poor
 Inflorescence- Solitary
 Fruit type - Berry ,Edible portion-Thaimus &pericarp
 Introduced by-1700 century
 Red colour- Anthocyanins
 Flowers– axial of leaves on current season growth
 Growth curve- Double sigmoid growth curve
 4th imp. Fruit in India –Mango, Banana & Citrus
 Also common in Israel after introduction
 Rich source of vit. C 75-250mg/100g. & pectin (0.8 to 1.5%)
 White colour flesh more vit. C & pink colour flesh are poor
 Allahabad has the reputation of growing the best guava in the country as well as in the
world.

3.  Tropical America – Mexico to Peru
 Demonstration 2000 yrs age
 Spread by Spanish & Portuguese.
 Introduced of India in early 1700 Century
 Major producer state – UP, BR, MH & MP
Origin and distribution-

5. Species & cultivars
Psidium 150 species (Hayes,1970).
P. guajava var.
aromaticum
Brazilium/ Guniea guava
,small fruits
P. pomiferum Round fruits
P. pyriferum Pear shape
P. montarum Shrub 1.5m
P. friedrichsthalianum Chines guava, small, globose,high in acid content
P. cattelianum Red fruit 2.5 cm die & tolrent to low temp. less then -
50C (Strawberry guava, Catteya guava

6. Wild species
Psidium cattlieanum Var Lucidum (Lemon guava) Psidium cattleanum Var Longipes (Strawberry Guava)
Psidium friedrichsthalianum Psidium acutangulum DC

7. Species as rootstock : CISH, Lucknow
P. Molle x P. guajava Hybrid resistance of wilt
Chinese guava (P.
friedrichsthalianum )
Dwarfing effect (Mitra &Bose, 1985) resistance Wilt
P .pumilum Dwarfing effect
P. cujavillis High vit. C, large fruit
P. cattelianum

8. Breeding for improving biotic/abiotic stresses and for
quality improvement
Biotic stress Technology Reference
Root knot
nematode
Intraspecific genetic variability analysis of 16
Meloidogyne enterolobii by RAPD, ISSR and AFLP
markers
Costa Rican wild guava (P. friedrichstalianium) was
resistant and compatible as rootstock with P. guajava
cv. Paluma, in field conditions
Regina Maria et
al 2012;
Vieira et al 2012
Guava wilt
disease
TS-G2 rootstock made it possible to re-establish
guavas in areas affected with GWD
Maritha et al
2012
Quality improvement
Pulp colours
lycopene and
vitamin C
60 Brazilian guava accessions: pink and red pulp
guavas have a greater beneficial contribution to the
human diet than white pulp guava.
Correa et al 2012

9. Quality improvement
Overall fruit
qulaity
CVII, and CVIII CXI, and the commercial
cultivar Paluma
CI, CII and CVII showed better performance
Coser et al
2012
Low seed
content
68 guava accessions were evaluated
maintained at the National Active Germplasm
Site, CISH, Lucknow.
Tocher's method grouped all genotypes into
five distinct clusters.
V had the minimum number of seeds/ fruit
Rajan et al
2007

10. Botany
 Small shrub –as tree 10m.
 Scaly multicolored bark
 Almost sessile, opposite , light green oval leaves
 Flower –white, epigenous, develop on current season growth
 Fruit –round , pyriform
 Pollination self pollination
 Flowering period - 25-45
 Flower opening time – 5.00 to 7.00 AM
 80-86 % fruits set , but 34-56% reach maturity
 Fruit growth “ double sigmoid curve” (two period of rapid growth & relatively
slow growth in between).
 Husdu (1998) I – upto 50 days foot
II - 50-90 days very slow
III – 90-120 days increased growth

11. Inheritance pattern
• Bold seed is dominant over soft seed governed monogenically.
• Red flesh is dominant over with flesh governed monogenically.
• Linkage between red flesh and bold seed
• Red fleshed heterozygous
• Triploid is responsible for female sterility.

12. Breeding objectives:-
1. Development of seedless variety
2. Dwarfing and high yield
3. Fruit quality – size, shape, flesh texture, good self life .
4. Seedless
5. Less pectin content for edible purpose
6. More pectin content for processing
7. Uniform ripening
8. High keeping quality
9. Resistance to tea mosquito bug and wilt.

13. Major problems facing by the crop
Guava wilt caused by Gliocladium roseum, Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani
or Macrophomina phaseoli.
Fruit rot, anthracnose or dieback caused by
• Goleosporium psidii,
• Phytopthora parasitica,
• Rhizopus sp.
• Aspergillus sp.
are serious diseases of the western districts of India.
Fruit fly (Bacterocera dorsalis) is the most common and serious pest of guava
Seed content hard, bold and seed content range from 112 to 535

14. Australia Beaumont , Indonesia seedless
Brazil Acerapera
USA Verdie
P. sartorianum
P. littorale var. longipes
P. longipes
Beaumont Indonesia seedless Verdie

15. Selection and Evaluation
Fruit selection criteria include
 Large (200-340g), with few seeds and thick pulp.
 White for dessert or dark pink pulp colour, particularly for processing.
 More than 10% TSS.
 For processing, an acidity of 1.25-1.50% and, for dessert guava, 0.2-
0.6%.
 Vit. C content of 300g/100g pulp.
 Minimum number of stone cells.
 Long storage life with resistance to fruit diseases and insects.
Tree selection criteria include
 Spreading, low-growing type.
 Resistant to tree diseases and pests.
 High yield with better fruit quality.
 Fewer and soft seed.
 Dwarfing rootstock.

16. Selection
 1907- Improvement work in guava was started for the first time in the country
in 1907 at Ganesh khand fruit Research Station, Pune (MH).
 Seed collection from – Lucknow ,Sindh, Nasik, Kothrud, Dharward in 600
plant.
 Cheema & Deshmukh -1927 – One stain open polinated seedling of
“Allahabad safeda” collection from Lucknow released on ‘L-49’ –Sardar
Guava .
 Arka Mridula (Sel. -8) IIHR, Banglore, selection from ‘Allahabad safeda’ soft
seeds, white flesh , 180g weight .

17. Selection
Variety Source Charactersitics
Dhawal Selection from Allahabad
Safeda
having vitamin C more than 250 mg per 100
g fruit
Lalima Selection from half-sib
population of Apple Guava
having good TSS, lower acidity
Allahabad
Surkha
seedling selection from
Allahabad
bearing large, uniformly pink fruits with
deep pink flesh
Sardar Guava Selection from Allahabad
safeda
Semi –dwarf, high yield, juicy flesh with
excellent taste,Shell is fairly thick.
CISH-G-1 Seedling selections from
red coloured guava at
CISH, Lucknow.
deep red coloured with soft seeds, high TSS
(15oBrix), long shelf life.
CISH-G-2 Seedling selections from
red coloured guava at
CISH, Lucknow.
Crimson colored attractive fruit, stripes in
groove, seeds soft

18. L-49 Arka mridula Lalit Sweta
Dhawal Allahabad Surkha Lalima
CISH-G-1

19. Variety Source Charactersitics
CISH-G-3
(Lalit)
Selection from half-sib
population of Apple
Colour.
Saffron yellow coloured fruits with pink flesh ,
good blend of sugar and acid. suitable for both
table and processing purposes..24 % higher yield
than AS.
CISH-G-4
(Shweta)
half-sib selection from Apple
Colour
Attractive fruits, sub-globose with few soft seeds, high
TSS (140Brix) and attractive pink blush, good yield
potent
CISH-G-5 selection from open
pollinated seedling guava
population
Fruit weight 190g ,13.7°B, attractive crimson
colour, higher proportion of coloured fruit, good
yield and responsiveness to pruning.
CISH-G-6 Seedling selections from
red coloured guava at
CISH, Lucknow.
red coloured fruits, high yielders
CISH-GS-
35
half-sib progeny of
Allahabad Safeda
High yielder, attractive,fruit surface, colour, soft
seeds and TSS (14o Brix).
Guava
(G-1)
Selection from half- sib
population of ‘Apple Color
High TSS (12-15°B), longer shelf life
Attractive red colouration of skin

20.  In Karnataka
16 high performing seedlings were selected from the variety
Navalur, which are
 Drought tolerant
 Canker resistant
 Hardy
 At IIHR, Bangalore
Arka Mridula (Selection-8): From 200 open pollinated
seedlings of variety Allahabad Safeda, one seedling selection,
Selection-8, was found to be promising. Plants are dwarf, higher
yield and more pectin content.

21. Selection
At Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology, Faizabad (UP)
Selections From Chracterstics
AS 1
AS 2
AS 3
Seedlings of Allahabad
Safeda Promising with respect to fruit quality and
yield
FS 1
FS 2
Faizabad selection
Dhareedar
seedling
selection
Fruit Research Station,
Kuthulia, Rewa
It has medium to large fruits with soft and
sweet pulp
G. Vilas Pasand At Bulakihar (Malihabad),
Lucknow
vigorous, wide spreading with bushy, low
rowing habit. Fruits are round to ovoid, skin
texture is course to smooth, fruit skin pale yellow
to golden, colour of flesh is creamy white texture
creamy soft, very large (400g to 800g) fruit, less
seeds, very productive throughout the year. High
content of Vitamin C makes it stand out among
guava varieties

22. Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad
Selections From Characteristics
Selection 1 Pink pulp
Navalur guava
Pulp had deep pink colour and skin was chartreuse coloured
at ripe stage
Selection 3 do Skin and pulp of ripe fruit were mimosa and strawberry
coloured respectively
Selection 5 do Fruit were big and pear shaped with mimosa coloured skin
and light pink coloured pulp. Plants exhibited a high bearing
capacity
Selection 6 do Skin colour was canary at ripe stage and pulp was
carmine,oval with smooth appearance
Selection 7 do Oval, colour of fruit and pulp at ripe stage was citron and
shell pink respectively, more susceptible to pests and disease
Selection 9 do Moderate bearer and medium sized fruits with camellia
coloured pulp with mimosa coloured skin at ripeness
Selection 11 do Dwarf, colour of skin and pulp were canary and clear pink
respectively

23. Selections from Pink pulp Navalur guava at Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad

24. Hybrid Parents Characteristics
FRS Anantharajupet (AP)
H-1 Red Fleshed x Saharanpur
Seedless
Flesh pinkish, moderate seeds
H-2 Smooth green x Nagpur
Seedless
Fruit medium, cream colour, less seeded, soft and easily crushed
H-3 Allahabad x Red Fleshed Fruit medium, Flesh white, moderate seed content
H-4 Smooth Green x
Saharanpur Seedless
Fruit medium, Flesh white, many seeded, soft and easily
crushed
H-5 Red Fleshed x Nagpur
Seedless
Flesh white, sweet taste, seeds are big but soft and few
H-6 Banrasi x Allahabad Flesh cream coloured, less seeded, soft and easily crushed
IIHR, Bangalore
Arka Amulya Seedless x Allahabad
Safeda
Pulp white with few soft seeds, good keeping quality
Hybrid 16-1 Apple colour x Allahabad
Safeda
Fruit peel bright red, flesh firm, few seeds, high TSS, good
keeping quality
Arka Kiran Kamsari × Purple Local Deep pink pulp, seeds are medium soft (9.0 kg cm-2), high
lycopene content (7.45 mg/100 g)
Intraspecific hybridization

25. FRS, Sangareddy
Safed
Jam
Allahabad Safeda x
Kohir
Fruit size bigger, few seeds
Kohir
Safeda
Kohir x Allahabad Safeda Large fruits, white flesh, few seeds
C.C.S. HAU, Hisar
Hisar
Safeda
Allahabad Safeda x
Seedless
Compact crown, seed count low, seeds soft, TSS=13.4%,
Hisar
surkha
Apple colour x Banrasi
Surkha
Tree crown broad to compact, skin yellow with red dots in
low temperature, pink colour flesh, low seed count and
TSS=13.6%,
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya
RCGH
1
Sour type x Red fleshed
local
white flesh, highest yield (39.05 kg/plant), highest TSS
(10.83ºB)
RCGH
4
Red fleshed x Allahabad
Safeda
red flesh
RCGH
7
Lucknow-49 x Pear
shaped
white flesh, Less number of seeds/100 g fruit weight
(111.18)
PAU , Punjab
Punjab
Pink
Portugal x L 49 =
F1 x Apple colour
medium to large fruit size, attractive red coloured skin
sometimes in summer season

26. Parents Characteristics Reference
Guava hybrids under evaluation
H1 Allahabad Safeda × CISH G-1 Deep pink, high TSS Daljinder et
al,2013
Punjab
H2 CISH G-1 × 1716 Pink ,TA high
H3 CISH G-4(Shweta) × 1716 White
H4 CISH G-4 (Shweta) ×
Malaysian Guava
Cream ,high Vit-C
H6 CISH G-1× Allahabad Safeda White
H7 CISH G-1× L-49 Cream
H8 Safri × CISH G-1 Cream, less no of seeds and less
hard
H9 Safri × Malaysian Guava White

27. Promising guava accessions selected from the Cuban gene bank using
morph-agronomic variables
Character Acessions
Dwarf attitude of the plant E.E.A. 18-40 or Enana Roja Cubana, E.E.A. 1-23
Form and size uniformity of the fruit N6
Low quantity of seeds BG 76-18, BG 73-7, Dario 19-2, ENF 78-7, Ibarra,
Indonesia blanca, Microguayaba
Thickness of outer fruit flesh BG 76-11, BG 73-7, EEA 6-19, BG 76-8, ENF 78-7,
Ibarra, Indonesia blanca
Smooth relief of the fruit surface BG 76-19, BG 73-6, BG73-7, Belic L-99,Suprema
Roja, BG 76-12, BG 76-8, Ibarra, Indonesia Blanca,
Homero No. 1, Seychelles
Medium to high TSS BG 73-10, Suprema Roja, Belic L-100, EEA 1-23,
EEAm18-40, Ibarra, Homero No. 1, N6
High acidity level BG 76-19, BG 76-18, Seychelles
High content of content of Vitamein
C in the fruit
Cotorrera, BG 76-8, BG 76-14, Dario 18-2,
Microguayaba, BG 76-21

28. Some promising verities in Taiwan
• Taiwanese Guava- The fruit is nonclimacteric,(ripen very slowly
after harvest),rounded and fruit skin is smooth, 400-700 grams on
average
• Century Guava - The texture is crunchy and tree has more
branches and more disease resistant.
• Pearl Guava - Pulp soft and sweeter, best recommended cultivar in
winter.

29. Interspecific hybridization
Breeding for wilt resistance:
• Cross between P. guajava x Psidium molle is incompatible
• Psidium molle x P. guajava - In a study at CISH, Lucknow a hybrid
population (F1) of these parent combination was found free from
wilt even after artificial inoculation by F. oxysporum, F. solani and
Gliocladium roseum and are graft compatible with commercial
varieties of P. Guajava
• P. chinensis when used as female parent with P molle, the cross was
compatible

30. Triploids : fruit shape is highly irregular and misshapen
IARI, New Delhi
(Pusa Srijan – (Seedless triploids (seeded diploid) x Allahabad
Safada) (Sharma et al. 1982)
Diploids (2n) 26
Trisomics (2n + 1) 9
Double trisomic (2n + 1 + 1) 5
Tetrasomics (2n + 2) 14
Distinct variation in tree growth habit, leaf and fruit characters
were observed.
Polyploidy Breeding

31. Trisomics, had promising qualities and may be useful in developing
plants with reduced seediness and possibly in providing dwarfing
rootstocks.
A promising tetrasomic dwarf rootstock aneuploid No. 82 through
selection was identified at IARI, New Delhi. It has a wider
adaptability, dwarfness and field tolerance to guava wilt.
It produced fruits of better quality in terms of flesh thickness, vitamin
C content, softness of seeds and sweetness compared to Allahabad
Safeda on its own roots.
Results

32. Genetic Transformation in Guava
• Guava nodal explants were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium
tumefaciens (LBA 4404) harboring a binary vector pBI121 having
selectable markers (nptIl and GUS) with CaMV 35S promoter
gene. The resultant plants showed kanamycin resistance.
• Genetic transformation of guava with CBF1, CBF2 and CBF3 cold
hardy genes has been demonstrated at Fort Valley State University,
USA.
• Genetic transformation system has been developed in guava using
endochitinase gene by CISH, Lucknow

33. Molecular markers used in guava
• RAPD markers were used to estimate molecular diversity of 41 genotypes
of guava consisting 5 Psidium species, 23 varieties, 12 selections, a
hybrid.
• Various triploid seedless cultivars of guava are not genetically identical
and have independent origin.
• RAPD analysis was done for discriminating 13 North Indian cultivars of
guava .
• Hisar Safeda and Allahabad Safeda were the closest pair of cultivars with
a distance of 0.051 on scale of zero to one.
• Cultivars Pear Shaped and Red Supreme were most distantly placed in
relation to each other with a distance of 0.423.

34. Mutation
 γ- rays causes variations in plant height, internodal length and stem
diameter when buds of L-49 guava were irradiated to 2kR dose.
 Optimum shoot proliferation and rooting was recorded in MS media
after culturing of irradiated (15-90 Gy.) shoot tips .
 Ram kumar (1975) introduced technology in Allahabad safeda
 Shoot tip 0.1% solution colchicines.

35. Biotechnology:-
1) Micro – propagation apical shoots /nodes
2) Initiation and establishment of healthy in vitro culture of guava cv. Arka
kiran was successfully accomplished after controling the problem of
phenolic exudation through use of antioxidents and DVP.
3) Synthetic seed production First reported .
4) Torpedo stage somatic embryos.
In vitro Rootstock Improvement
Through the use of tissue culture 30,000 seedlings to a fungal filtrate from the
fungus was screened and selected 3 rootstock were multiplied and transplanted
into pot trials.TS-G-1 and TS-G-2 are almost resistant and TS-G-3 was
Tolerant tolerant to GWD.

36. Breeding for wilt resistance
 Work at CISH, Lucknow has shown that Chittidar, Portugal, Seedless and
Spear Acid are tolerant to wilt.
 Resistance species of guava can be utilized for imparting the wilt resistant
character.
 It was observed that Psidium guajava and Psidium chinensis are compatible.
 However, cross between Psidium guajava and Psidium molle was incompatible
but reciprocal combination was a compatible combination (subramanyam and I
year, 1982).

37. Future needs
• Increasing Yield ,diseases resistance, high TSS, good sugar-acid
blend, good Aroma , attractive skin and flesh colour . Soft seeds ,
processing Quality which Includes Juice colour , high vitamin C,
higher lycopene content good pectin.
• In Connection of the flavour and firmness of the pulp ( that
contributes the good keeping quality of the fruits and beverages ) of
the ‘Appled Coloured’ guava as gene donor to improve other
commercial cultivators.

38. Conti…
• Develop Apple Coloured cultivars to attract foreign market
• Wilt(Fusarium spp.) resistant rootstock need to develop for
cultivator . Philippine guava (purple type) seems to be promising as
a wilt resistance .
• Reliable pathological screening techniques.
• Molecular characterisation of germ-plasm need to be taken up.
• Attempt to spot genetic marker for wilt resistance

39. Inheritance studies
• Genetic studies:-
• Bold seeds:-
• Heterosis in Guava
• Triploidy and genetic factors
Half-Sib analysis by Dinesh and Yadav(1998)
In the ‘Apple colour’ genotype they observed that the
genotypic variance was lower than the phinnoytpic
variance and heritability to be moderately high, that
selection can be used for the improvement of fruit
charectristics