This document summarizes banana taxonomy and classification. It discusses:
1) The two original species described by Linnaeus, Musa paradisiaca and Musa sapientum, which created confusion due to Southeast Asian diversity.
2) A new classification system proposed by Cheesman in 1948 and Simmonds and Shepherd in 1955, which used diagnostic traits and taxonomic scoring to classify cultivars into genomic groups based on their Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana ancestry.
3) Modern taxonomy confirms the multi-specific origin of edible bananas and classifies them into species, genome groups, and cultivars using molecular markers and the Descriptors for Banana published by INIB
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
In this presentation discuses about what is seed testing and what are the objective and important , what are the different types of quality assessment test .
On-farm Musa Germplasm Diversity Status across Different Agro-ecologies in the North and South Kivu Provinces of Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo - a presentation given by Guy Blomme, Bioversity International, at the International Horticultural Congress 2014 in Brisbane.
Learn more at Promusa -
http://www.promusa.org/tiki-custom_home.php
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
In this presentation discuses about what is seed testing and what are the objective and important , what are the different types of quality assessment test .
On-farm Musa Germplasm Diversity Status across Different Agro-ecologies in the North and South Kivu Provinces of Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo - a presentation given by Guy Blomme, Bioversity International, at the International Horticultural Congress 2014 in Brisbane.
Learn more at Promusa -
http://www.promusa.org/tiki-custom_home.php
Are You searching for fruits and names with pictures. You can find the expected fruits and names picture sheet from tamilgod.org's page. The fruits listed with name & picture are downloadable for free and can be printed and used for pasting
Are You searching for Vegetables and names with pictures. You can find the expected vegetables and names picture sheet from tamilgod.org's page. The vegetable listed with name & picture are downloadable for free and can be printed and used for pasting
Advances in Apple Breeding (Sanjay Chetry).pptxsanjaychetry2
The cultivated apple is likely the result of interspecific hybridization and at present the binomial Malus x domestica has been generally accepted as the appropriate scientific name (Korban and Skirvin, 1984). It belongs to the family Rosaceae and subfamily Maloideae and haploid chromosome number is x = 17 and somatic chromosome is 2x =34. The genus Malus has 25 to 30 species and several subspecies of so-called crab apples(Malus baccata). Apple is an allopolyploid, but behaves like a diploid. While diploids are frequent, triploids can occur spontaneously in crosses between diploids. Such triploids have larger leaves and fruit than their diploid relatives but are pollen sterile and cannot supply pollen for fertilization. Many popular cultivars (‘Jonagold,’ ‘Mutsu’) are triploids and prized for their quality and fruit size. Many Malus species have been used and continue to be used in breeding, with the increased recognition of the value of diversity and a means to study genes present in these relatives of cultivated apple.
There are over 30 primary species of apple and most can be readily hybridized (Korban 1986, Way et al. 1991). The cultivated apple is likely the result of initial domestication followed by inter-specific
hybridization (Harris et al. 2002). Its primary wild ancestor is M. sieversii whose range is centered at the border between western China and the former Soviet Union. Apples are the main forest tree there and display the full range of colors, forms and tastes found in domesticated apples across the world (Forsline et al. 1994, Hokanson et al. 1997). The domesticated apple has been referred to with the epithet Malus x domestica (Korban and Skirvin 1984), although recently Mabberley et al. (2001) proposed that Malus pumila should properly refer to the domesticated apple and its presumed wild relative M. sieversii. Other species of Malus which contributed to the genetic background of the apple likely include: M. orientalis of Caucasia, M. sylvestris from Europe, M. baccata from Siberia, M. mandshurica from Manchuria, and M. prunifolia from China. It is likely that these species hybridized with domesticated apples as they were spread by humans (Harris et al. 2002).
Malus has 25 to 30 species and several sub-species, many of which are cultivated as ornamental trees for their profuse blossoms and attractive fruits. Many of the species intercross freely and semi selfincompatibility is common. Trees grown from collection of Malus are frequently inter-specific or inter-varietal hybrids. The cultivated apple is botanically Malus domestica Borkh. Malus baccata (Crab apple) and M. sikkimensis occur wild in India. M. baccata var. himalaica in North Western region and Meghalaya and M. baccata var. dirangensis in Arunachal Pradesh. Seven ecotypes of M. baccata have also been collected from different temperate region. (Randhawa, 1987). Varietal diversity of apple in Indian Himalayas is primarily introduction from Europe and North American
“Advances in breeding of banana ”
Advances breeding of Banana, breeding of banana , breeding of banana by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Banana igkv, mutation breeding of banana, biotechnology of banana, seed production breeding of banana,
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This lecture is part of the course: Fruit Trees Production, delivered to students in semester VII, Faculty Agriculture, Jazeera University, Mogadishu, Somalia.
Banana breeding was started in Trinidad, West Indies in 1922 and in Jamaica in 1924.
The driving force for this breeding programme was to develop improved Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxsyorum F.sp. Cubense) resistant banana for export trade.
In 1960, both the programmes were combined under the Jamaica Banana Board.
United Fruit Company also started a small breeding programme in Panama in 1920s.
In India hybridization work was started at Central Banana Research Station, Adhuthurai, Tamil Nadu in 1949.
THIS IS ALL ABOUT THE BANANA. THE BENEFITS OF BANANA IN MALAYSIA INDUSTRY. WHAT ARE THE PROCESS OF MAKING BANANA AND WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF BANANA THAT CAN BE FOUND IN MALAYSIA. WHAT IS THE PERCENTAGE OF BANANA IN MALAYSIA. HOW CAN BANANA IMPROVES MALAYSIA'S INDUSTRIAL AREA
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
1. V. Phani DeepthiV. Phani Deepthi
RAD/07- 32RAD/07- 32
Term PaperTerm Paper
onon
‘‘TaxonomicTaxonomic
scoring andscoring and
genomicgenomic
grouping ingrouping in
banana’banana’
2. The plant is a gigantic herb basically
consisting of a pseudostem made up of leaf sheaths
with in an inflorescence pushing through the
sheaths.
The banana is a basic staple in tropical
countries and was consumed before recorded
history in South East Asia.
There are basically two kinds,
Banana [dessert banana - consumed mostly
as fresh fruit]
Plantain [cooking banana]
These were described by Karl Linnaeus as Musa
paradisiaca and Musa sapientum in 1700s.
Introduction
3. Musaceae [Order: Scitaminae] is composed of bananas,
plantains and ornamental bananas originally evolved in Southeast
Asia and surrounding tropical and sub-tropical regions [including
New Guinea].
Africa is the secondary centre of diversity.
Ensete and Musa are the
two genera in this family.
5. Australimusa – Manila hemp or abaca [Musa textilis]
Callimusa – Musa coccinea is an ornamental species
Rhodochlamys – all the species are highly ornamental
Eumusa – the largest section gave rise to the edible/cultivated
banana
The two important species or progenitors that gave rise to
the modern banana include,
Musa accuminata [A genome = AA]
Musa balbisiana [B genome = BB]
7. Banana classification and nomenclature
Banana classification and nomenclature have long been a complicated
issue. The problem emanated from the simplistic description of plantain, Musa
paradisiaca Linn. [1753 in the book, Species Plantarum] and dessert banana,
Musa sapientum Linn. [1759 in Systema Naturae] by Karl Linnaeus, the father
of modern botanical nomenclature.
Another common problem confronting banana taxonomists and
horticulturists in Southeast Asia is the presence of numerous cultivar names
and synonyms in different languages and dialects of the region. They are,
In most cases, the same cultivars are known by different names in
different countries.
Occasionally, the same name is applied to distinct cultivars.
8. His simple description was based on a plantain cultivar bearing long and
slender fruits that remain starchy even when fully ripe. The fruits are cooked
before they become palatable and consumed. The male flowers and bracts of
plantains are usually persistent and remain as dried relics on the male bud
rachis. While the dessert banana bears sweet fruits that are eaten fresh upon
ripening. The male flowers and bracts are dehiscent, exposing a clean rachis.
The common cultivars of banana and plantain in Latin America and West
Africa closely fit the Linnaean descriptions, and the two scientific names
remained in wide usage for almost two centuries. However, their adoption in
Southeast Asia generated confusions from early on.
9. In the centre of diversity for bananas, many cultivars are
classified as dual purpose, wherein the fruits are consumed either fresh
or cooked. There are also many starchy, cooking cultivars with short, stout
and angular fruits with dehiscent male flowers and bracts. These culinary
bananas are distinct from the plantains and cannot be classified under
Musa paradisiaca.
Furthermore, the great diversity of dessert bananas in terms of
plant stature, fruit size and color [yellow, green, red and orange] far
exceed the rather limited description of the original Musa sapientum.
10. To cope with the wealth in germplasm diversity in its
centre of origin, subsequent banana taxonomists applied such
descriptive names as Musa nana for the Dwarf Cavendish,
Musa rubra for the red banana, Musa corniculata for horn
plantain and many others. The situation would have aggravated
if it were not for Cheesman [1948] and Simmonds and
Shepherd [1955] who explained the origin of edible bananas
and proposed a new classification scheme.
11. Botanical classification
The first group shows predominantly the
botanical characters of Musa accuminata
while the second group of cultivars
primarily exhibit the morphological features of
Musa balbisiana
and the third group possess
characteristics that combine the morphological
characters of the two wild species and are
considered as their natural hybrids.
Cheesman [1948] recognized three groups of morphologically
distinct cultivars.
12. Numerical classification
Simmonds and Shepherd [1955] have used a scoring technique
to indicate the relative contribution of the two wild species to the
constitution of any given cultivar. They identified 15 diagnostic
characters to distinguish between Musa accuminata and Musa balbisiana
as shown in the table as below.
For each character in which the variety agreed with wild Musa
accuminata the score of one was given and for each character in which
the variety agreed with wild Musa balbisiana the score five was given and
the intermediate expressions of the characters were assigned scores of
2, 3 or 4 according to the intensity.
13. Table showing the
15 characters
used in the
classification of
bananas through a
taxonomic
scorecard
14. Figure showing the important characters used in
determining species and genomic groups of edible
banana
Genomic groups and
their respective score
ranges
15. According to this scoring technique, the scores range from 15
[15x1] for Musa accuminata to 75 [15x5] for Musa balbisiana. A cultivar
would have a larger score if it were derived from Musa balbisiana and
smaller if it were derived from Musa accuminata. Pure accuminata
cultivars should have scores between 15 to 25 while pure balbisiana
cultivars should range between 70 to 75. The hybrids are expected to
score between 26 and 69 points and it shows that all the cultivars
belonged to six groups of which two were diploid, three triploid and one
tetraploid.
16. A major concern about the original terms Musa paradisiaca and Musa
sapientum is their hybrid nature. However, according to rules of the
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants [ICNCP], hybrids
can also be given a scientific name and must carry the prefix x to indicate the
hybrid nature of the species. In the case of hybrid banana cultivars, Musa x
paradisiaca should be adopted as this binomial was published ahead of Musa
sapientum and in fact recognized as the type species for the banana.
Note: Musa x paradisiaca Linn. is applicable to all the hybrids of Musa
accuminata and Musa balbisiana not withstanding their genome composition.
Banana nomenclature
17. The primitive edible bananas are diploids that evolved through
the development of sterility and parthenocarpy [vegetative] in both the
wild species [AA and BB] and also in their natural hybrids [AB]. In the
centre of origin of bananas, the natural distribution of Musa accuminata
and Musa balbisiana overlap, and since the two species are cross
compatible, natural hybridization occurred. The hybrids that evolved
from the two natural species include diploids, triploids and a few
tetraploids in various genomic combinations.
Evolution of modern bananas
18. Diagram showing the various pathways leading to the evolution of
cultivated/edible bananas
triploids
tetraploids
diploids
Wild types
19. Recent banana classification
scheme
Modern taxonomy using isozymes and molecular markers confirmed the
multi specific origin of edible bananas. The application of molecular taxonomy is
particularly useful in banana classification because recent studies have shown
that chloroplastic DNA is inherited from the female parent while the
mitochondrial DNA from the male parent. The use of nuclear or cytoplasmic
RFLP probes now enable researchers to precisely determine the maternal and
paternal origins of banana cultivars.
Two natural species and a hybrid complex make up the edible bananas
today. This situation has rendered the identification of cultivars difficult. To
cope with the problem, many researchers agreed to adopt the three tier
system namely – species, genome group and cultivar, in classifying bananas and
identifying cultivar names and synonyms in any given region.
20. The taxonomic scorecard suggested by Silayoi and
Chomchalow [1987], a modified version of the original designed by
Simmonds and Shepherd, was found very useful in segregating
the numerous banana varieties into six genome groups. After
identifying the species and genome group, the individual cultivars
are classified following the latest version of Descriptors for
banana [Musa spp.] and Musa Germplasm Information System
[MGIS] published by INIBAP and IPGRI.
21. Table showing the number of cultivars under the different
species and types of edible bananas
22. Banana genomic groups and cultivars
AA genomeAA genomeMost abundant in Malaysia,
Indonesia, India and New Guinea.
They are cultivated due to
their extra ordinarily sweet and fine
quality fruit.
In general, they are less
hardy than triploid cultivars.
• Inarnibal subgroup – Inarnibal
• Lakatan subgroup - Lakatan
• Pisang Lilin subgroup – Pisang lilin
• Sucrier subgroup - Sucrier
23. AB genomeAB genome
AB cultivars are uncommon. Among these, Ney
poovan is grown most widely, due to its exceptional flavour.
Two edible subgroups,
Kamarangasenge subgroup – Sukari Ndizi [Uganda]
Ney Poovan subgroup – Ney Poovan [India]
Ney Poovan produces a sweet subacid fruit with a white
flesh.
24. AAA genomeAAA genome
Cavendish subgroup
Most significant subgroup
of edible bananas.
They are most popular
and valuable bananas produced
more than 40% world wide.
This subgroup is resistant
to panama wilt but susceptible to
sigatoka leaf spot.
The various cultivars in
this sub group are similar except
for their height and
characteristics of the bunch and
fruit.
Cultivars include,
• Pisang Masak Hijau [green ripe banana]
• Giant Cavendish [Rousta/Harichal]
• Grand Naine [big dwarf]
• Dwarf Cavendish [Basrai]
• Extra dwarf Cavendish
25. Gros Michel subgroup
They can be confused with Cavendish
cultivars and can be distinguished by their
green/ pale pink undersheath, bottle necked
fruit, ripening to full yellow color at ambient
equatorial temperatures, short pedicels and
extreme susceptibility to panama disease in the
America and Africa.
They also produce few seeds when
pollinated and hence used for breeding programs.
The cultivars are,
Gros Michel
High Gate / Cocos
Low Gate
27. AAB genomeAAB genome
The Iholena and Maoli-
Popo ‘ulu together form the
Pacific plantains, the principal
Polynesian basic types of
bananas.
Mysore subgroup
Pisang Raja subgroup
Plantain subgroup
Pome subgroup
Silk subgroup Iholena subgroup – Iholena Lele
34. BB and BBB genomesBB and BBB genomes
BB genome
Parthenocarpy did not evolve in Musa balbisiana as it
did in Musa accuminata. Thus, edible diploid cultivars of the
species do not exist. BB clones that are cultivated, such as
‘Tani’ [Thailand] are grown for their leaves and for animal feed.
BBB genome
Philippine ABB clones such as Caradaba and Saba were
classified previously under BBB.
35. AAAA, AAAB, AABB and ABBB genomesAAAA, AAAB, AABB and ABBB genomes
There are no natural AAAA
and very few natural AAAB, AABB
and ABBB bananas none of which are
important commercially.
Tetraploids that are most
common in cultivation are products
of the breeding programs. Most
notable among them are those from
the FHIA program in Honduras like,
dessert AAAA, FHIA-02
[aka Mona Lisa],
dessert AAAB, FHIA-01
[aka Gold Finger] and
cooking or dessert AABB,
FHIA-03.
![The plant is a gigantic herb basically
consisting of a pseudostem made up of leaf sheaths
with in an inflorescence pushing through the
sheaths.
The banana is a basic staple in tropical
countries and was consumed before recorded
history in South East Asia.
There are basically two kinds,
Banana [dessert banana - consumed mostly
as fresh fruit]
Plantain [cooking banana]
These were described by Karl Linnaeus as Musa
paradisiaca and Musa sapientum in 1700s.
Introduction](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)