This document discusses breeding achievements and objectives for crop improvement in mango. It provides details on mango origins, varieties, germplasm, breeding methods such as selection, hybridization, and development of promising hybrids. It also discusses breeding challenges like long juvenility periods and issues around polyembryony. The key objectives of mango breeding programs are to develop varieties with traits like dwarfness, precocity, high yield, disease resistance, and improved fruit quality and shelf life. Various techniques for hybridization and the development of genetic maps are supporting ongoing mango breeding efforts.

1. BREEDING ACHIVEMENTS,BREEDING
OBJECTIVES,CROP IMPROVEMENT IN MANGO
BY,
V.JOSEPHIN NIVETHA
2ND YEAR,
B.SC.HORTICULTURE.
COURSE TEACHER,
MR.V.NARENDHIRAN,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
KSAH,KARE.
BREEDIING OF FRUITS AND PLANTATION CROPS (2+1)

2. MANGO
MANGO (Mangifera indica L.)
 Origin : Indo-Burma Region.
 Chromosome number: (2n=4x=40)
 Choicest fruit crop India
 King of fruits
 The name Mangifera is given by “Bontius” first time in 1658.
 It belongs to family “Anacardiaceae”
 Indo-Burma region is believed to be the primary centre of mango.
The name Mangifera indica is given by Linnaeus in 1753.

3. GERMPLASM:
The Mangifera indica germplasm is divided into 2 groups.
1. Seedling races
2. Horticultural races
Seedling races are wild and cultivated types, which are most common in
Tropical Asia and almost all commercial cultivars of mango are from this type.
Horticultural races: these are vegetatively propagating types. These include both
Mono and Polyembryonic types. Monoembryonic types are predominant in
India, South America, Africa and Florida.
Polyembryonic types are predominant in North India.

4. Germplasm resources:
India is home for Mango diversity where more than 1000 varieties are existing, which
are widely distributed over agro-ecological regions of India.
CISH (Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture), Lucknow has largest collection of
mango (633 accessions), and they have greater genetic variability with respect to fruit
shape, skin colour, stone size, period and time of maturity, pulp thickness, colour,
bearing habit, yield and quality parameters (Anon., 2002).
Further, IIHR, Bangalore, IARI, Pusa, New Delhi, Sabour (Bihar), Fruit Research station
Sangareddy (Andhra Pradesh) etc. are also maintaining the germplasm of mango.
In India, majority of varieties are monoembryonic whereas in most tropical region
polyembryonic types are predominant.

5. CULTIVARS OF MANGO:
Almost all the commercial cultivars of mango are related to a single species Mangifera indica.
However, a few commercial cultivars of South East Asia belong to other edible species such as M.
altissima. M. caesia, M. cochinchinensis, M. foetida, M. griffithi, M. langinifera, M. longipes, M.
macrocarpa, M. odorata, M. pajang, M. pentandra, M. sylvatica and M. zeylanica.
There are five species of Mangifera reported from India e.g.
M. andamanica, M. indica, M. khasiana, M. sylvatica and M. comptosperma (Mukherjee, 1985).

6. Breeding objectives:
 Dwarfness
 Precocity
 Profuse and regular bearing
 Attractive, good sized and quality fruit
 Absence of physiological disorders
 Disease and pest resistance and improved shelf life
 High Productivity

7. Floral biology:
Mango inflorescence is terminal with frequent emergence of
the multiple axillary panicles.
 Both perfect (2-70%) and hermaphrodite flowers occur on
the same panicle.
 Total number of flowers in each panicle is 1000-6000
depending upon the variety.
 Percentage of perfect flower varies from variety to variety
(0.74-Rumani, 30.6% Dasheri, 42.9% Chausa, 69.8%Langra)
 Critical time of May-June and September-October.

8.  Sex ratio and pollen abnormalities are the main problems in pollination eg: Occurrence of few
abnormal flower
 Anthesis starts early in the morning and completes at noon. Stigma receptivity remains for 72
h but most receptive period is for the first 6h. Minimum pollen germination time is 1.5 h.
 Initial fruit set depends upon the ratio of the perfect to male flowers. Proportion of perfect
flowers required for optimum fruit set must not be less than 1%.

9. Pollination:
•Mango is self-fertile but cross pollination increases fruit set.
•The pollination is mainly entemophilous.
•It was found that under natural pollination, about 40-60% perfect flowers failed to receive any pollen
grain.
• Musca domestica, Melionia sps. Are reported to be mainly involved in pollination
• Self incompatibility reported in “Dasheri” and self unfruitfulness is reported in Langra, Chausa,
Bombay green cultivars.

10. BREEDING METHODS AND ACHIEVEMENTS:
Introduction:
 For incorporation of good colour and to boost the Mango exports some varieties are
introduced.
 Eg. Tommy, Ziulete, Haden, Sensation, Julie are coloured varieties are introduced from Miami,
Florida.
 PI24927, M 4336 (Carabao) from USA.
 EC201556 (carabao) from Philippines were introduced for regular bearing.
 Amolie and Sweet were Introduced from Belgium and Thailand respectively.

11. SELECTION:
Almost all the present commercial varieties of mango in the world were developed from open
pollinated seedling selection e.g. Dashehari, Langra, S.B.Chausa, Rataul, Swarnarekha etc.
 The Florida varieties are leading varieties of world.
In 1889 Introduction made from India in which Mulgoba became popular.
 Cultivar Haden was a seedling of Mulgoba.
 Subsequently many promising varieties became popular cultivars.
 Tommy Atkins from Haden, Keitt from Mulgoba, Dyke and Palmer from Unknown origin, Irwin
from Lippins, Sensation from Unknown origin are some promising seedlings.

13. Clonal selection :
•Dasheri 51 a clonal selection from CISH, Lucknow.
• Subhash a chance seedling from Zardalu (Sabour)
• Dasheri 35 a new clone from FRS, Sangareddy.
•Red blush, a strain of Alphonso (Vengurla), heavy yielding strains of Langra and Himsagar
(Kalyani, W.B.)
• In Maharashtra, one off-season selection ‘Niranjan” has been made at Parbhani, which
comes to flowering during June to July and matures the fruits in October.

15. Hybridization:
Mango inflorescence is amenable to Hybridization. There fore several hybrids are produced so far.
In 1911 Burns and Prayag has initiated Hybridization work in Mango in Pune.
Later, hybridization work begun at Research Stations Sabour and Kodur during early forties.
Sabour has released two hybrids “Mahmud bahar” and “Prabha Shankar” from parental
combination of Bombai X Kalapady.
Later research work started in Sharanpur (UP) in 1950’s
Later on several hybrids are released from IARI,IIHR, CISH, FRS Sangareddy, FRS Periakulam, AES
Peria, FRS Vengurla.

17. Improved Hybridization technique
a. Single day pollination of limited number of flowers in a panicle is the ideal
practice.
Here, the main emphasis was given on utilizing large number of panicles and crossing
whatever few flowers opened on the panicle during that single day. Bagging with
perforated polythene bags of 24" x 12"size of 100 gauges was preferred. Crossing of
a few flowers in a given panicle at one time is advocated than taking up crossing in
more number of flowers in a given panicle in batches over a number of days.
(Mukherjee et al., 1961).

18. b. Caging technique: The discovery of self incompatibility in some of the popular
cultivars at IARI, New Delhi led to further improvement in the technique of
hybridization.
It is known as caging technique (Sharma and Singh, 1970, Singh et al., 1962).
In this technique, grafted plants of parent varieties are enclosed in an insect
proof cage and pollination is effected through freshly reared houseflies.

19. c. Marker gene: The purple colour of new leaves and panicle and beak characters
of fruit helps in identifying the hybrid seedlings in the nursery (Sharma and
Majumder et al., 1985).
d. A new off- season crossing technique was suggested by kulkarni (1986). It
involves induction of flowering in the desired parents in off season by veneer
grafting, their defoliated shoots on to leafy shoots off season flowering cv Royal
special and allowing open pollination between the desired parents. As no other
cultivar flowers during this season, this is a safe technique.

20. PROMISING HYBRIDS OF MANGO:
1. IARI, New Delhi - Mallika, Amrapalli, Pusa Arunima.
2. IIHR, Bangalore - Arka Anmol, Arka Puneet, Arka Aruna, Arka Nilkiran
3. RFRS, Vengurla - Ratna, Sindhu, Konkan Ruchi.
4. CISH, Lucknow - CISH-M1, Ambika
5. FRS, Sangareddy - Au Rumani, Manjeera.
6. HC & RI, Periyakulam - PKM-1, PKM-2
7. BAC, Sabour - Safari, Jawahar
8. AES, Paria - Neeleshan, Neeleswari, Neelphanso

21. Hybridisation Steps:
The panicle should be bagged with a muslin bag (60 cm x 30 cm) fully stretched and fixed with two rings and
a rod made of spliced bamboo.
 A piece of thick iron wire can also be made into a good frame for stretching the muslin bag over the panicle.
Staminate flowers of the selected panicle to be used as female parent should be removed daily before
dehiscence.
 Panicles of the variety selected as male parent should also be bagged before their flowers begin to open.
 Freshly dehisced male flowers should be carried in a small petridish lined with a filter paper and covered
with another petridish to protect the flower from contamination with foreign pollen carried by insects.
 Perfect flowers should be emasculated early in the morning before dehisced.
 Freshly dehisced anther of the male parent should gently be brushed against the stigma which should then
be examined under lens to see if pollen grains have adhered to it.

22. Genetic Map of Mango:
The individual maps showed strong agreement which makes the consensus map a
powerful tool for comparative mapping and the association of markers and alleles
to important horticultural traits
The map opens the way for MAS in mango breeding. MAS is an excellent tool for
preselection of seedlings more likely to show improved traits, but in many fruit
tree crops the required genetic resources are not available.
The set of markers and genetic map developes are valuable resources for mango
breeders, help them to identify accessions as potential parents and validate
progeny as hybrids.

23. Genetic engineering:
An alternative approach for improving mango production, emerged just over a decade ago,
and offers a sustainable way for addressing certain key breeding objectives.
The primary components of mango genetic engineering include:
1) efficient somatic embryogenesis and plant recovery from elite (i.e., nucellar) material;
2) induction of random mutations in embryogenic cultures and challenging for resistance to
a specific selective agent;
3) transformation with a gene that mediates a horticultural trait.

24. Role of wild species in mango breeding
• Fairchild (1948) observed that crosses between five stamened
and Indian mango could produce hybrids with better pollinating
quality.
• Bompard (1993) stated that M. laurina could be used to
incorporate resistance to anthracnose.
• There are certain wild cultivars of mango i.e., M.orophila and
M. dongnaiensis both described from Malaysia and Vietnam
respectively, that are restricted to mountain forests above sea
level.

25. These could help to start mango cultivation even in the Mediterranean areas.
Other wild species have certain specific characters like M. mangifica is fibreless,
M. rufocostat and M. swintonioides have off-season bearing habit, M. pajang
and M. foetida have good quality fruits and M. casturi from S. kalimanta is
prolific bearer with small black sweet fruit.
These species may be helpful to enhance the existing gene pool and to develop
new hybrids in mango (Bompard, 1993; Kostermans & Bompard, 1993). M.
altissima unaffected by hoppers, tip and seed borers (Angeles, 1991). .

26. Mutation breeding
Naturally occurring useful mutants like Rosica has been isolated from the
Peruvian variety ‘Rasado de lca’. Similarly, Davis Haden is a mutant of Haden. However,
no induced mutant is known to have been released.

27. Polyploidy breeding
Much scope exists for polyploidy breeding. However, till date there is no report
on this line. Vellai Columban cultivar of mango is tetraploid in nature (2n = 4x = 80)
which is a polyembryonic type.

28. Heterosis
•Iyer and Subramanyam (1984) observed large fruits in some progenies of
•Alphonso x Banganapalli.
• Transgressive segregation for this character was also observed.
•The population with bigger fruits was large among hybrid progenies obtained with
•Banganapalli as one of the parents.
• This effect may be due to an accumulation of dominant allele each having additive effects and
masking the effect of deleterious recessive allele.

29. Breeding problems in Mango:
•long juvenility
• high clonal Heterozygosity.
•one seed per fruit.
• recalcitrant seeds.
• Polyembryony.
• early post-zygotic auto-incompatibility.
• large area requirement for assessment of hybrids.

30. Breeding Problems:
First Can be minimized by minimizing the high fruit drop, shortening juvenility and polyembryony
dilemma for the breeder and asset in rootstock propagation.
Second Extending the fruit season could provide opportunities for increased production and more
favorable marketing conditions for growers
Third In future, better efficiency in mango breeding will have to rely on planned hybridization
assisted by the new tools offered by biotechnologies. .

31. REFERENCES
http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=102139
https://www.academia.edu/36623062/Breeding_Methods_of_Mango
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/233922

32. THANK YOU!