DIFFERENT APPROACHES IN MANGO FRUIT CROP BREEDING

1. Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth ,
Akola
COURSE TITLE – BREEDING IN FRUIT CROPS
COURSE NO. – FSC 506
TOPIC - CROP IMPROVEMENT METHODS IN
MANGO
SUBMITTED BY – ADITYA D. INGOLE
HORTICULTURE ( FRUIT
SCIENCE)
SUBMITTED TO – Dr. U.A. RAUT

2. MANGO BREEDING

3. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is the most important fruit crop in
India with considerable socio-economic significance. It is known
as the ‘King of fruits’ owing to the delicious quality of the fruit rich
in vitamins and minerals. Its long period of domestication is
evident from its mention in the ancient Indian scriptures. Ancient
Indians valued mango not merely for the sentiment or religious
consideration, but also they realized its importance in the
economic and cultural life of their society. Mughal
kings promoted the practice of planting the best varieties: Lakhi
Bagh (one lakh tree) planted by Akbar the Great is wellknown in
history. Ain-I-Akbari, an encyclopedia written in 1590 AD gives an
ample understanding of mango in that period. However, research
with specific objectives started by the turn of the last Century.
Mango is rich in Vit A, C, flavonoids, carotenes, glucosides,
sterols, terpenes, aromatic acids, essential oils, fatty acids and
phenolics. It is a powerfully nutritive fruit, containing most of the
INTRODUCTION

4. The improvement of mango rather any crop needs to
explore new recombinants primarily by means of exploiting the
breeding methodologies. Diversity or heterogeneity is the main
character desired for breeding either natural or manmade. It is
required to have vast genetic pool to get new combinations of
desired nature and developing new hybrids. It has been
mentioned earlier that the development of mango in the area is
result of selections from the amteur gardeners. Breeding has yet
to play its role in the development of this crop as it has not been
effectively manipulated in the distant past. Now, the scientists
have developed certain hybrids of mango. To go for such
strategies, a comprehensive knowledge of the physiology of the
reproductive parts, their breeding behavior and cytological
information of the crop is needed.

5. • MANGO (Mangifera indica L.)
• Origin : The mango (Mangifera indica L.) originated in northeastern India,
the Indo-Myanmar border region, and in Bangladesh, where it is still found as a
wild tree bearing very small fruits. It is also known to occur in the lower
Himalayan tract, near Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim.
• Chromosome number: (2n=4x=40)
Detailed classification is as follows:
• Division : Magnoliophyta
• Class : Magnoliopsida
• Sub-Class : Rosidae
• Order : Sapindales
• Family : Anacardiaceae
• Genus : Mangifera
.
CROP INTRODUCTION

6. • The name Mangifera is given by “Botinus” first time in 1658.
• It belongs to family “Anacardaceae”
• Indo-Burma region is believed to be the primary centre of
mango.
• The name Mangifera indica is given by Linnaeus in 1753.

7. The Mangifera indica germplasm is divided into 2
groups.
• 1. Seedling races
• 2. Horticultural races
• Seedling races are wild and cultivated types, which
are most common in Tropical Asia and almost all
commercial cultivars of mango are from this type.
• Horticultural races: these are vegetatively
propagating types. These include both Mono and
Polyembryonic types. Monoembryonic types are
predominant in India, South America, Africa and
Florida.
• Polyembryonic types are predominant in North
India.
Germplasm

8. • Germplasm resources:
• India is home for Mango diversity where more
than 1000 varieties are existing, which are
widely distributed over agro-ecological regions
of India.
• CISH (Central Institute for Subtropical
Horticulture), Lucknow has largest collection of
mango (633 accessions), further, IIHR, IARI,
Sabour(Bihar) are also maintaining the
germplasm.

9. Species Potential use
M. laurina,
M. gedebe, M. grifith
Root stock in inundated soils
M. pentandra Good polliniser
M.minor Resistant to anthracnose
M.odorata, M.foetida Good quality
M.zeylanica Salinity resistance
M.pajang Can be peeled like banana
M.Caesia Distinctive test
M. Pajang
Good parent for breeding Stone free
Mango -
M. mangifica completly free from fibre
M rufocostata Off season beaeing habit
Important Species

10. Species Potential use
M. indica var,
Mekongenesis
Twice year fruiting
M. decendra
M.inocarpoides M.gebede
Root stock for water logged conditions
M.zeylanica Root stock for salinity tollerence -
M.lauriana Resistance to anthracnose
M.altisima Resistant to hopper
M.odorata High TSS
M.Khasiana Small narrow leaves-
Bouea oppositifolia Plum mango-

11. • long juvenility.
• high clonal Heterozygosity.
• one seed per fruit.
• recalcitrant seeds.
• Polyembryony.
• early post-zygotic auto-incompatibility.
• large area requirement for assessment of
hybrids.
Breeding problems in Mango

12. • Dwarfness
• Precocity
• Profuse and regular bearing
• Attractive, good sized and quality fruit
• Absence of physiological disorders
• Disease and pest resistance and improved
shelf life
• High Productivity
Breeding objectives

13. • Floral biology: Mango inflorescence is
terminal with frequent emergence of the
multiple axillary panicles.
• Both perfect (2-70%) and hermaphrodite
flowers occur on the same panicle. Total
number of flowers in each panicle is 1000-
6000 depending upon the variety.
• Percentage of perfect flower varies from
variety to variety (0.74-Rumani, 30.6%
Dasheri, 42.9% Chausa, 69.8%Langra)
• Critical time of May-June and September-
October.
REPRODCUTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

14. • Sex ratio and pollen abnormalities are the
main problems in pollination eg:
Occurrence of few abnormal flowers
• Anthesis starts early in the morning and
completes at noon. Stigma receptivity remains
for 72 h but most receptive period is for the
first 6 h. Minimum pollen germination time is
1.5 h.
• Initial fruit set depends upon the ratio of the
perfect to male flowers. Proportion of perfect
flowers required for optimum fruit set must not
be less than 1%.

15. • Pollination:
• Mango is self-fertile but cross pollination
increases fruit set.
• The pollination is mainly entemophilous. It was
found that under natural pollination, about 40-
60% perfect flowers failed to receive any
pollen grain.
• Musca domestica, Melionia sps. Are reported
to be mainly involved in pollination
• Self incompatibility reported in “Dasheri” and
self unfruitfulness is reported in Langra,
Chausa, Bombay green cultivars.

16. • Hybridization:
• Mango inflorescence is amenable to Hybridization.
There fore several hybrids are produced so far.
• In 1911 Burns and Prayag has initiated Hybridization
work in Mango in Pune.
• Later, hybridization work begun at Research Stations
Sabour and Kodur during early forties.
• Sabour has released two hybrids “Mahmud bahar”
and “Prabha Shankar” from parental combination of
Bombai X Kalapady.
• Later research work started in Sharanpur (UP) in 1950’s
• Later on several hybrids are released from IARI,IIHR,
CISH, FRS Sangareddy, FRS Periakulam, AES
Peria, FRS Vengurla.
BREEDING METHODS

17. • Since all Mangifera species having same
chromosome number i.e. 40, they can be easily inter
crossable.
• Single day Pollination:
• limited no.of flowers are pollinated in a large
number of panicles.
• Later after crossing the panicles are bagged with
polythene bags or muslin cloths.
• CAGING Technique:
• This technique developed at IARI, New Delhi.
• This technique is followed in Self incompatible types.

18. Research In Mango Improvement
Mallika
•This hybrid between Neelum and Dashehari was
•released from IARI, New Delhi.
•It has a strong tendency to regular bearing.
•Fruits, on average, weigh about 350-400g
•and have a deep yellow pulp, high TSS,
•good odour, uniform fruit size and moderate keeping quality
Amrapali
•This is from the parentage Dashehari X Neelum.
•Plants are dwarf and have a regular bearing habit. Fruits
•weigh, on average, about 180-250g being borne on clusters,
•are sweet to taste and have a good keeping quality.
Ratna
•This is a hybrid from the cross, Alphonso X Neelum,
•released by Fruit Research Station, Vengurla. It is regularbearing,
•produces medium-sized fruits weighing,
•On average, about 250g. The pulp is orange in colour and is
•free from spongy tissue or fibre.

19. Sindhu
This is a hybrid progeny derived by backcrossing
Ratna with Alphonso, released by Fruit Research Station,
Vengurla. Fruits are borne in clusters and weigh, on average,
about 150-220g. The pulp is deep yellow with good sugar:
acid blend. Fruits are almost seedless, with a very thin stone,
although fruits weighting above 200g have a well-developed
seed.
Konkan Ruchi
This is a hybrid from the parentage, Neelum X Alphonso.
It bears medium-sized fruits.
Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, developed this variety, especially for
pickle-making.
Konkan Raja
This is a hybrid from the parentage,
Bangalora XHimayuddin, developed by Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Dapoli. It has a compact growth habit and bears large-sized
fruits (616g) in clusters. It is good in taste; immature fruits
are useful in salad making. Pulp percentage is relatively
high (83%), with good T.S.S. (16.8°Brix). It is a regularbearing
variety.

20. Alphonso 900
This is a selection from the variety, Alphonso. It is
an early-bearer with uniform-size fruits of excellent quality,
pleasing flavour, good in sugar:acid blend, attractive fruit
colour and a long shelf-life, suitable for processing. Konkan
Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, developed this variety.
Sai Sugandh
This is a late variety, maturing in June. It is semivigorous,
with fruits showing prominent lenticels and a
beak. Fruits are medium in size, of good quality, but
susceptible to anthracnose. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Dapoli, developed this variety.
Pusa Arunima
This is from the parentage, Amrapali X Sensation,
released by Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New
Delhi. Fruits are medium-sized, with an attractive skin
colour. The pulp is deep yellow with TSS of around 20°Brix.

21. Pusa Surya
This is a selection from the variety, Eldon, released
by Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. It
bears medium-sized fruits, has a red peel colour (similar to
that of ‘Sensation’).
Pusa Prathibha
This is a hybrid between the cross,
Dashehari X Amrapali, developed by Indian Agricultural Research
Institute, New Delhi.
It is a regular-bearing variety, with an attractive fruit shape,
bright-red peel and orange pulp. It has oblong, uniform-sized
fruits and good sugar: acid blend.
The plants are semi-vigorous.
Pusa Shresht
This is a hybrid between the cross, Amrapali X
Sensation, developed by Indian Agricultural Research
Institute, New Delhi. Trees are semi-vigorous, regularbearing,
with elongated fruits and an attractive red peel.
The pulp is orange in colour, fibreless and firm when ripe,
has a moderate sugar:acid blend, with uniform fruit-size
(228g). It contains good amounts of Beta-carotene and
ascorbic acid.

22. Pusa Pitamber
This is a hybrid between the cross,
Amrapali X Lal Sundari, developed by Indian Agricultural Research
Institute, New Delhi. The plants are semi-vigorous, regularbearing,
with attractive oblong fruits. Fruits turn a uniform
yellow on ripening. It has a good sugar:acid blend and
uniform-sized fruits.
Pusa Lalima
This is a hybrid between the cross,
Dashehari X Sensation, developed by Indian Agricultural Research
Institute, New Delhi. The plants are semi-vigorous, regularbearing,
with attractive oblong fruits and bright-red peel
on yellowish green background, with an orange pulp and
good sugar:acid blend.
Ambika
This is a hybrid between the cross,
Amrapali X Janaradhan Pasand, developed by Central Institute for
Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow. The fruits of this variety
are medium in size, with a slight sinus and beak, and a broadly
pointed apex. Peel is smooth and tough. Fruits are bright yellow
with a dark-red blush. Pulp is firm, with scanty fibre. TSS of this
variety is 21oBrix. It is a late-maturing variety.

23. Arunika
This is a hybrid between the cross, Amrapali X Vanraj,
developed by Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture,
Lucknow. Fruits of this variety are attractive, and with a
red-blush, high TSS (24oBrix) and high in carotenoids. Pulp
is firm. It is a regular bearer and plants are dwarf.
Pant Chandra
This is a clonal selection of ‘Dashehari’ from Govind
Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology,
Pantnagar. Plants are tall, with an erect growth habit. Fruit
at maturity remains green. It is a mid-season variety. Fruits
weigh upto 150g. Fruit pulp is reddish-yellow, with total
soluble solids at 18%, and having a pleasant aroma.
Pant Sinduri
This is a clonal selection of ‘Dashehari’ from Govind
Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology,
Pantnagar. Trees are medium in height, with a round top-
canopy. Fruit is yellow, with a pink shoulder. Average fruit
weight is 200g. Fruit pulp is yellow, with a pleasant aroma.
Total soluble solids vary from 16 to18%, with an average
yield of upto 150kg per tree. Fruits mature from the last
week of May to the first week of June.

24. PKM-1
This is a hybrid released from Horticultural Research
Station, Periyakulam. It is of the parentage,
Chinnaswarnarekha X Neelum. It is regular in bearing,
produces good quality fruits in clusters.
PKM-2
This is a hybrid released from Horticultural Research
Station, Periyakulam. It is from the parentage,
Neelum X Alphonso.
It is regular in bearing and produces good quality
fruits in clusters.
Neeleshan Gujarat
This is a hybrid from the parentage,
Neelum X Baneshan, developed by
Agricultural Experimental Station, NAU, Paria, Gujarat.
It is a mid-season variety maturing in
May. It is semi-vigorous and is a poor yielder.

25. Neeleswari
This is from the parentage, Neelum X Dashehari,
developed by Agricultural Experimental Station, NAU,
Paria, Gujarat. It is a mid-season variety maturing in May.
It is vigorous and a moderate yielder. Fruits are medium in
size and good in quality, with high pulp content. In
appearance, the fruits are similar to ‘Langra’.
Neelgoa
This is a hybrid from the cross, Neelum X Mulgoa,
developed at Fruit Research Station, Sangareddy, Andhra
Pradesh. It has high flowering-intensity and percent perfect
flowers. Shape of the fruit is similar to ‘Banganapalli’.
It is semi-vigorous and a moderate yielder. Fruits are
medium in size, good in quality with a high pulp-content.
Neelphonso
This is from the parentage, Neelum X Alphonso,
developed by Agricultural Experimental Station, Navasari,
Agricultural University, Paria, Gujarat. It has low floweringintensity.
Fruits are large in size and excellent in quality,
but with low pulp content.

26. Niranjan
This is an off-season bearing selection from the
variety, ‘Royal Special’. ‘Niranjan’ flowers thrice a year
(August, October and December). Flowering intensity is
highest during December. It has a low flowering intensity
in general, and moderate percentage of perfect flowers.
Fruits are round, with low pulp content. This varity was
released by Gujarat Agricultural University.
Sonpari
This is a hybrid from the cross,
Alphonso X Baneshan, developed by Agricultural Experimental Station,
Navasari, Agricultural University, Paria, Gujarat. Fruits are
round and weigh about 550g. The peel attains golden-yellow
colour when ripe, with TSS of about 19.3°Brix.
Au-Rumani
This is a hybrid by the combination,
Rumani X Mulgoa, released by
Fruit Research Station, Kodur.
It bears large fruits of good flavor.
It is a heavy yielder, with moderately firm pulp.
.

27. KMH 1 (Kodur Mango Hybrid 1)
This is a hybrid released by Fruit Research Station,
Kodur. It is from the parentage, Cherukurasam X Khader.
Plants are semi-dwarf, regular in bearing; fruits are fibreless
with high Brix value and low acidity.
Manjeera
This was released from Fruit Research Station,
Sangareddy. It is from the parentage, Rumani X Neelum. It
produces round fruits, with a firm pulp, and bears regularly.
The pulp of the fruit is yellow with TSS of about 19oBrix
Swarna Jehangir
This is a hybrid from the cross,
China Suvarnarekha X Jehangir, developed
at Fruit Research Station, Sangareddy.
It is a late variety, maturing in June. Fruits
weigh upto 450g. TSS of the fruit is 19oBrix, acidity 0.58%,
and pulp content about 77%.

28. Neeluddin
This is from the parentage, Neelum X Himayuddin,
developed at Fruit Research Station, Sangareddy, Andhra
Pradesh. It is a mid-season variety maturing in May-June.
It has moderate flowering-intensity, with medium
percentage of perfect flowers. Fruits are large, with average
weight of 435g, with TSS and acidity at 18o Brix and 0.46%,
respectively.
Neeleshan
This was developed at Fruit Research Station,
Sangareddy, Andhra Pradesh. It is a hybrid between the cross
Neelum X Baneshan. It is a mid-season variety bearing ovalshaped
fruits weighing upto 400g TSS is 18.2oBrix, and the
pulp content 72%.
Sabri
This is a hybrid between the cross, Gulabkhas X
Bombay Green, developed at Bihar Agricultural University,
Sabour, and Bhagalpur. It is semi-vigorous with low yield
potential. Fruits are small but good in quality, with TSS of
19-20oBrix.

29. Mahmood Bahar
This is a hybrid from the cross, Bombay Green X
Kalapadi, developed by Bihar Agricultural University,
Sabour, Bhagalpur. It is a mid-season variety where fruits
mature in May. It is semi-vigorous and a moderate yielder.
Fruits are medium in size and good to taste.
Al Fazli
This is from the parentage, Alphonso X Fazli, released
by Fruit Research Station, Sabour. It is superior to Fazli
and does not have spongy tissue. Fruits are sweet to taste.
Jawahar
This is a hybrid between the cross, Gulabkhas X
Mahmood Bahar, developed by Bihar Agriculture
University, Sabour (Bihar). It is a mid-season variety. Fruits
are medium in size with average weight of 215g. The pulp
is light-yellow, sweet to taste, pleasant in flavor and remains
firm even after ripening. TSS, acidity and pulp percentage
are 22.5oBrix, 0.14% and 79.5%, respectively.

30. Menaka
‘Menaka’ is a selection arising from ‘Gulabkhas’
seedling. It is a regular-bearing and late-maturing variety;
fruits are attractive with deep-red basal portion. Pulp is deepyellow,
sweet and pleasant in flavour, low in fibre and
firm. Fruit shape is oblong-oblique. Average fruit weight is
300g, TSS of the fruit is 20oBrix, acidity 0.14% and pulp
content 75%.
Subhash
This is a selection from seedlings of ‘Zardalu’. It is a
mid-season variety. Ripe fruits are bright yellow as in
‘Zardalu’, with the shape of ‘Langra’ fruit. Fruits are
medium in size, with an average weight of 220g. TSS and
acidity of the fruits are 24oBrix and 0.29%, respectively.
Pulp content is 76%.
Sundar Langra
This is from the cross, Sardar Pasand X Langra. It is
regular-bearing and the fruit resembles ‘Langra’ in shape
and size. Fruits are medium-sized and sweet to taste (Hoda
and Ramkumar, 1993).

31. Arka Neelachal Kesari
This is a variety released from Central Horticultural
Experiment Station, Bhubaneswar. It is a clonal selection
from ‘Gulabkhas’. Fruits are medium-sized and average fruit
weight is 220g per fruit; pulp is light-yellow, sweet to taste
and excellent in quality, with a good sugar-acid blend.
Arka Aruna
This was developed at Indian Institute of Horticultural
Research, Bangalore. It is from the parentage, Banganapalli
X Alphonso. It is regular-bearing; pulp is free from fibre or
spongy tissue, pale-yellow in colour, moderately firm, good
for making mango bars. Fruit size is large. Plants are dwarf
in stature.
Arka Puneet
This was developed at Indian Institute of Horticultural
Research, Bangalore. It is from the parentage, Alphonso X
Banganapalli. It has an attractive fruit skin colour, mediumsized,
fruits free from spongy tissue, with good keeping
quality and sugar-acid blend.

32. Arka Anmol
This was developed at Indian Institute of Horticultural
Research, Bangalore. It is from the parentage,
Alphonso X Janardhan Pasand.
It is regular-bearing, has fruits with
uniform yellow skin colour. It is free from spongy tissue,
has good keeping quality and a good sugar-acid blend.
Arka Neelkiran
This was developed at Indian Institute of Horticultural
Research, Bangalore. It is from the parentage, Alphonso X
Neelum. It is regular-bearing, with medium-sized fruits free
from spongy tissue, good pulp colour, excellent skin colour,
and the tree is semi-vigorous.
Arka Udaya
This is from the cross Amrapali X Arka Anmol. Fruits
weigh 225 to 250g, and are oval in shape; pulp is deeporange
in colour, firm and fiberless. TSS is 21°Brix, and
pulp recovery is over 70%. Fruits have an excellent shelflife.
It is a late-season variety, with a semi-vigorous growth
habit.

33. Introduction:
• For incorporation of good colour and to boost the
Mango exports some varieties are introduced.
• Eg. Tommy, Zilete, Haden, Sensation, Julie are
colored varieties are introduced from Miami,
Florida.
• PI24927, M 4336 (Cabrao) from USA.
• EC201556 (Cabrao) from Philippines were
introduced for regular bearing.
• Amolie and Sweet were Introduced from Belgium
and
Thailand resp.

34. Variety Country
Tommy Akins, Irwin, Kent,
Kensington, Zilete, Haden,
Sensation, Zill and Julie
From Miami, Florida
(USA)
Contribute colour
Carabao, Corazon, Paho,
Phautan, Pico,
Senora,Strawberry
From Philippines Polyembryonic
Amolie From Belgium
Sweet From Thailand
Ambalavi From Ceylon Produce 5 crops
Eldon From Brazil Excellent shelf life; table
purpose
Shelly, Tango From Isreal
Introduction

35. • Clonal Selection:
• Dasheri 51 a clonal selection from CISH, Lucknow.
• Subhash a chance seedling from Zardalu (Sabour)
• Dasheri 35 a new clone from FRS, Sangareddy.
• Polyploidy:
• Vallaicollamban is tetraploid in nature.
• Biotechnology:
• Arka Anmol a somatic embryo is achieved through
Somatic embryogenesis.

36. • Selection:
• The Florida varieties are leading varieties of
world.
• In 1889 Introduction made from India in
which Mulgoba became popular.
• Cultivar Haden was a seedling of Mulgoba.
• Subsequently many promising varieties
became popular cultivars.
• Tommy Atkins from Haden, Keitt from Mulgoba,
Dyke and Palmer from Unknown origin, Irwin
from Lippins, Sensation from Unknown origin
are some promising seedlings.

37. Variety Parent
Haden, Keitt Mulgoa
Tommy Atkins haden Tolerant to anthracnose
Panxi Hongmang Luzonmang From China, purple red
skin
Celebration Unknown parent From Australia, glossy
skin with red blush
Dyke and Palmer Unknown origin
Irwin Lippins
Golden Nuggets & Brooks Sandersha
Pusa Surya Eldon
Osteen Haden
Seedling selection: Alphonso, Dashehari, Langra, S.B.Chausa, Rataul, Swarnarekha

38. Variety Parent
Dashehari-51 (syn.
Akshay)
Dashehari Tolerant to mango hopper, malformation &
high temperature
Paiyur-1 Neelum Suitable for HDP
Pairi Selection Regular bearer & early maturing
Gulab Khas Selection Rose flavor, late, good keeping quality
Kesar Selection Suitable for processing
Manipur I & Manipur II Selection From N E India, dwarf, polyembryonic &
regular bearer
Menaka Chance
seedling of
Gulab Khas
Mid season, late maturity Selection
Neelum Kasaladdu Monoembryonic, regular bearer & late
season
Neeranjan Local
selection Off
season
variety;
regular
bearing in October

39. Variety Parent
Rumani Selection Apple shaped variety
Rajapuri Selection Very large 2-3 kg fruits, distinct beak
Alphonso Khader or Badami or
Gundu Most suitable
for
canning, export but susceptible for spongy
tissue
Dashehari Local selection
Malihabad place
near Lucknow
Mid season, suitable for canning but
susceptible to mango malformation
Mulgoa Selection Late season & shy bearing
Langra Selection Biennial, mid-season & most popular in
north India, turpentine flavor
Parbhani
Bhushan/
Parbhani Hapus
Local selection from
Pimpri Deshmukh
village
Similar to Alphonso; high pulp to stone
ratio
Saikheda Selection from
Gangakhed tehsil
Suitable for
pickling; regular bearing: harvesting
between June- August
Subhash Chance seedling of
Zardalu
24% TSS
Elaichi Selection Fruit wt. 54 g: free from floral malformation

40. • Hybridization
• With improvement in hybridization
techniques, several improved varieties have
been released in India from various regions
Adoption of these in different environments
depends on Genotype and Environment
interaction. Some of these are listed below.

41. Variety Parent
Shelly - Tommy Atkins x Keitt From Isreal, late ripening
Tango - Naomi x Tommy
Atkins
From Isreal
Kensington Red
-
Kensington off type x
Kensington Pride-
From Australia, very juicy, aromatic
Alfazali- Alphonso x Fazali Regular bearer, late maturing, free from
spongy tissue
Ambika- Amrapali x
Janardhan Pasand
Regular bearer, late ripening, yellow
colour with red bluish. Suitable for
domestic & export markets
Amrapali Dashehari x Neelum Regular bearer, Desert variety
Arunika Amrapali x Vanraj -
Arka Aruna Banganpalli x
Alphonso
Regular bearer, dwarf & suitable for HDP
Arka Puneet Alphonso x
Banganpalli
Regular bearer & suitable for canning
Arka Neelkiran Alphonso x Neelum Regular bearer & suitable for export
Arka Anmol Alphonso x
Janardhan Pasand
Regular bearer & suitable for export

42. Variety Parent
Konkan Raja
-
Bangalora x
Himmayuddin
Suitable for table purpose
Pusa
Pitambar
(H-8-11)
Amrapali x Lal Sundari Yellow colour variety
Pusa Arunima Amrapali x Sensation Regular bearer
Pusa Lalima- Amrapali x Sensation Red colour variety
Pusa Pratibha Amrapali x Sensation Regular bearer Regular
Pusa
Shreshth
Amrapali x Sensation Regular beare
Mallika Neelum x Dashehari Regular bearer, mid-season variety
Ratna Alphonso x Neelum Regular bearer
Safari Gulabkhas x Bombai Red blush at base
Sindhu Ratna x Alphonso Regular bearer, seedless (papery seed),
cluster bearing & free from spongy tissue
Suverna Alphonso x Neelum Regular bearer & free from spongy tissue
Manjira - Rumani x Neelum Precocious, high yielding
A. U. Rumani- Rumani x Mulgoa Regular & prolific bearer, round &
fiberless fruits

43. Variety Parent
PKM-2 Neelum x Mulgoa Regular bearer
Swamajehangir Chinnaswarnarekha x
Jehangir
Regular, prolific bearer & fiberless
Neeludin Neelum x Himayuddin Regular bearer, fibreless
Neelgoa Neelum x Para Mulgoa Regular bearer
Neelshan
Gujarat
Neelum x Baneshan Regular bearer & suitable for canning
Neelphonso Neelum x Alphonso Dwarf, late ripening
Neeleswari Neelum x Dashehari Dwarf; regular bearer, dwarf, high TSS,
Vit.C
Sai Sugandh Kesar x Totapuri Regular bearer, free from malformation
& suitable for pulp
Prabha Sankar Bombay x Kalapady Regular bearer & late season
Sunder Langra
(RM-1)
Langra x Sunder
Prasand
Regular bearer & free from
malformation
Alfazli (RM-2) Alphonso x Fazli Tall, regular bearer
Jawahar Gulabkhas x Mahmood
Bahar
Regular bearer, high pulp (79.5%),
fibreless, very sweet
A.U. Rumani Rumani x Mulgoa Regular, prolific bearer, round fruit

44. Mutation
Bud mutants occur frequently and are a valuable source of variation. Albino mutant
occurrence is quite frequent in mango seedlings and in certain shoots in mature trees.
There are only two cases of somatic mutants yielding new cvs. ‘The Davis’ sport of
‘Haden’ (Young &
Ledin, 1954) and ‘Rosica’ bud mutant of Peruvian cultivar ‘Rosado de Ica’ (Medina,
1977).
The mutants are high yielding, regular bearing and seedy. Induced mutations
by radiations were first used by Siddiqui et al. (1966). He exposed dormant buds of
Langra to gamma radiations and grafted on one-year-old seedlings.
Bud graft exposed to 3.0 kR of radiations bore heavier and larger fruits than
control. Singh and Chadha (1981) located four superior clones from orchards of
Dashehari while Singh et al. (1985) isolated high yielding clones from ‘Langra’
orchards. Sharma and Majumdar (1988b) irradiated bud sticks of Dashehari with
chemical mutagens (EMS and NMU) and top worked them on to 10 years old
seedlings. The mutants showed dwarfness, changes in shape, leaf serration and TSS.
Mutations can be successfully propagated asexually. The techniques used need to be
perfected in mango to make mutation breeding more urposeful.

45. Variety Parent
Rosica From Peruvian cv
Rosado de lca
Precocious & regular bearer, large fruits
Davis Haden Haden Large fruits
Hongmang 6 From Chinese cv. Zill Purplish-red skin, dark yellow flesh
IAC 100
Bourbon
Bourbon Resistant to wilt
Vanlaxmi Farmer's selection

46. THANK
YOU