Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., which is commonly known as jackfruit is a tropical fruit, belonging to Moraceae family, native to Western Ghats of India and common in Asia, Africa, and some regions in South America. It is known to be the largest edible fruit in the world. The Jackfruit is an extremely versatile and sweet tasting fruit that possess high nutritional value. Jackfruit is rich in nutrients including carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. The jackfruit has diverse medicinal uses especially antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties, anticancer and antifungal activity, anthelminthic activity. Traditionally, this plant is used in the treatment of various diseases especially for treatment against inflammation, malarial fever, diarrhoea, diabetes and tapeworm infection. Jackfruit is a good natural source of phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids and tannins, saponins. The health benefits of jackfruit have been attributed to its wide range of physicochemical applications. The use of jackfruit bulbs and its parts has also been reported since ancient times for their therapeutic qualities. The beneficial physiological effects may also have preventive application in a variety of pathologies.
Manilkara zapota (l.) p.royen (sapodilla) a reviewIJARIIT
Manilkara zapota, also known as Sapodilla, is very commonly distributed in Indian subcontinent. It is an important
member of Sapotaceae family as it is well known all over the world for its traditional medicinal uses. Numerous phytoconstituents
have been reported from the plant by different authors that are responsible for many biological effects such as anti-inflammatory,
anti-arthritis, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor and anti-diabetic activities. The present article describes a
detailed review of literature for this plant species including taxonomy, pharmacology and photochemistry in an organized way.
This review paper will surely serve as an important source for the future scientific investigations on this plant.
Manilkara zapota (l.) p.royen (sapodilla) a reviewIJARIIT
Manilkara zapota, also known as Sapodilla, is very commonly distributed in Indian subcontinent. It is an important
member of Sapotaceae family as it is well known all over the world for its traditional medicinal uses. Numerous phytoconstituents
have been reported from the plant by different authors that are responsible for many biological effects such as anti-inflammatory,
anti-arthritis, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor and anti-diabetic activities. The present article describes a
detailed review of literature for this plant species including taxonomy, pharmacology and photochemistry in an organized way.
This review paper will surely serve as an important source for the future scientific investigations on this plant.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
In recent years, dragon fruit has become a more popular tropical fruit.
Even though most people like it for how it looks and tastes, there is some evidence that it may also be good for your health.
This article talks about dragon fruit, including what it is good for, how to eat it, and what it tastes like.
Most of us are familiar with Aloe Vera, here is the description related to this plant. I tried to include most of the parts if there is anything i forgot to include then leave me a comment.
@Wood apple,Bael,Aegle marmelos and its cultivation intro and its medicinal v...Saimon Pankaj
@Medicinal values of wood apple,,Introduction,habitat,varietal selection,planting pattern,flowering and fruiting,production,harvesting and other research article proofs on medicinal values of wood apple in several diseases like cancer,stomach disorder ,blood purifier,Antimicrobial,anti pyre tic property and many more.....
Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis ProceraYogeshIJTSRD
Plants growing in arid regions have elicited increased attention, because the hostile environment, in which these plants survive, forces them to develop chemical protective systems through adaptation which is rarely found in vegetation of other ecosystems. Furthermore, many of the plants grow in areas, where the dependence on traditional, plant based medicines over industrially produced pharmaceuticals persists to this day. The two plants, Calotopris Procera giant milkweed, also named C. Persica and Calotropis gigantea crown ower , have been used widely in traditional medicine in North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Asia. This has led to extensive research on the chemical constituents of the plants. Both plants are known to be sources of cardenolides, and newer research has yielded a number of interesting cancer active constituents. In addition, extracts of both plants have remarkable nematocidal, molluscidal and insecticidal activities. In many regions, the wood of Calotropis plants has been used as a building material and as a source of fuel. In addition, certain parts of the plants have been used as feed for livestock. In other regions, Calotropis plants are seen as invasive species that threaten local plant life and that due to their toxicity also pose a threat to grazing eld animals. Jaffar Khan | Pankaj Chasta | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis Procera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45145/standardization-and-formulations-of-calotropis-procera/jaffar-khan
In the early twentieth century, major representatives of the Jadid movement became active participants in the socio-political processes in the Turkestan region. Usmonkhoja Polatkhoja, a progressive from Bukhara, was one of the beams not only in the Emirate of Bukhara, but also in Turkestan. He first participated in the reforms and progressives, and later in the national liberation movements, and fought for the prosperity and independence of the country.This article provides information about Usmonkhoja's life and work in Jadidism, revolts, national liberation struggles, and emmigiration.
Flood is one of the natural disaster known to be part of the earth biophysical processes, which its occurrence can be devastating; due to mostly anthropogenic activities and climatological factors. The aim of the research is to identify and map the extent at which the impact of flood due to intense rainfall and rise in water in the study area using geospatial techniques and the specific objectives are to carry out terrain analysis of the study area and to generate flood indicator maps of the study area. The study analyzed rain fall data;, the drainage system and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM 30m) of the area. ArcGIS 10.8 was to modelled and to generate the contributing factors map of the study area. The drainage system was generated through on-screen digitization of topographic map of scale 1:50,000 of Ondo South-West. The mean annual rainfall of Lagos State was generated in the ArcGIS environment from the rainfall data through spatial analysis tool. The SRTM was used in terrain analysis of the study area. The results generated showed the lowest mean annual rain fall of the area 1,700mm and the highest mean annual rain fall was 2,440mm. Digital elevation model (DEM), slope, flow direction were generated from the SRTM. Drainage density of the area was generated using the drainage system. The slope map of the entire area which are classified into five slope classes of very high (14%-48.5%) to high (7.6%-13.9%) to moderately high (4.2%-7.6%) to low (1.5%-4.2%) and very low (0. % - 1.2%).
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
In recent years, dragon fruit has become a more popular tropical fruit.
Even though most people like it for how it looks and tastes, there is some evidence that it may also be good for your health.
This article talks about dragon fruit, including what it is good for, how to eat it, and what it tastes like.
Most of us are familiar with Aloe Vera, here is the description related to this plant. I tried to include most of the parts if there is anything i forgot to include then leave me a comment.
@Wood apple,Bael,Aegle marmelos and its cultivation intro and its medicinal v...Saimon Pankaj
@Medicinal values of wood apple,,Introduction,habitat,varietal selection,planting pattern,flowering and fruiting,production,harvesting and other research article proofs on medicinal values of wood apple in several diseases like cancer,stomach disorder ,blood purifier,Antimicrobial,anti pyre tic property and many more.....
Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis ProceraYogeshIJTSRD
Plants growing in arid regions have elicited increased attention, because the hostile environment, in which these plants survive, forces them to develop chemical protective systems through adaptation which is rarely found in vegetation of other ecosystems. Furthermore, many of the plants grow in areas, where the dependence on traditional, plant based medicines over industrially produced pharmaceuticals persists to this day. The two plants, Calotopris Procera giant milkweed, also named C. Persica and Calotropis gigantea crown ower , have been used widely in traditional medicine in North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Asia. This has led to extensive research on the chemical constituents of the plants. Both plants are known to be sources of cardenolides, and newer research has yielded a number of interesting cancer active constituents. In addition, extracts of both plants have remarkable nematocidal, molluscidal and insecticidal activities. In many regions, the wood of Calotropis plants has been used as a building material and as a source of fuel. In addition, certain parts of the plants have been used as feed for livestock. In other regions, Calotropis plants are seen as invasive species that threaten local plant life and that due to their toxicity also pose a threat to grazing eld animals. Jaffar Khan | Pankaj Chasta | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis Procera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45145/standardization-and-formulations-of-calotropis-procera/jaffar-khan
In the early twentieth century, major representatives of the Jadid movement became active participants in the socio-political processes in the Turkestan region. Usmonkhoja Polatkhoja, a progressive from Bukhara, was one of the beams not only in the Emirate of Bukhara, but also in Turkestan. He first participated in the reforms and progressives, and later in the national liberation movements, and fought for the prosperity and independence of the country.This article provides information about Usmonkhoja's life and work in Jadidism, revolts, national liberation struggles, and emmigiration.
Flood is one of the natural disaster known to be part of the earth biophysical processes, which its occurrence can be devastating; due to mostly anthropogenic activities and climatological factors. The aim of the research is to identify and map the extent at which the impact of flood due to intense rainfall and rise in water in the study area using geospatial techniques and the specific objectives are to carry out terrain analysis of the study area and to generate flood indicator maps of the study area. The study analyzed rain fall data;, the drainage system and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM 30m) of the area. ArcGIS 10.8 was to modelled and to generate the contributing factors map of the study area. The drainage system was generated through on-screen digitization of topographic map of scale 1:50,000 of Ondo South-West. The mean annual rainfall of Lagos State was generated in the ArcGIS environment from the rainfall data through spatial analysis tool. The SRTM was used in terrain analysis of the study area. The results generated showed the lowest mean annual rain fall of the area 1,700mm and the highest mean annual rain fall was 2,440mm. Digital elevation model (DEM), slope, flow direction were generated from the SRTM. Drainage density of the area was generated using the drainage system. The slope map of the entire area which are classified into five slope classes of very high (14%-48.5%) to high (7.6%-13.9%) to moderately high (4.2%-7.6%) to low (1.5%-4.2%) and very low (0. % - 1.2%).
Work study is a catch-all phrase encompassing a variety of methodologies, including method research and work measurement, that are applied in a variety of contexts and lead to a systematic assessment of all elements that affect the efficiency and economy of the situation under evaluation that is meant to be improved. The main aim of this study is to examine and enhance the process token in manufacturing a Perfume of the famous, well-known, aromatic, and beautiful Taif Roses. Some changes in the process has been suggested using method study and time study method which lead to reduction in process time, labor cost and production cost.
Workers are the maximum precious method of an association. Their importance to institutions requires not most effective the want to draw the trendy bents but additionally the need to preserve them for a long term. This paper specializes in reviewing the findings of former research carried out with the aid of colourful experimenters with the quit to identify determinants factors of hand retention. This exploration almost looked at the subsequent broad factors improvement openings, reimbursement, work- lifestyles balance, operation/ management, work terrain, social aid, autonomy, training and improvement.
Watering plants during the correct time is very important due to scientific reasons. Both underwatering, as well as overwatering, can lead to the growth of unhealthy plants or in extreme cases, the death of the plant/tree. These issues which are the case with most self-gardeners and plant lovers can be solved using the smart irrigation technique. The main purpose of this innovation is to assist plant lovers to continue their passion to grow plants at home with ease. Smart irrigation system helps in monitoring the moisture level which majorly affects plant growth besides other factors such as sunlight, fertility of the soil, etc. The digital planting pot has been designed in a way that it effectively incorporates the idea of smart irrigation. Arduino Uno R3 has been used as the main chip in this project along with a few other components like a soil moisture sensor, relay, and water pump. This project requires coding to synchronize all the components, and function properly. A required test has been carried out to review the functioning of the mechanism. The project was tested by once using the soil with enough moisture in the pot and then the soil with the least moisture. Both times, it worked exactly how it was supposed to function. When the soil with the least moisture was tested, there was a clear indication of a low level of moisture and accordingly, the water pump got triggered to water the plant, and when the soil with enough moisture was tested, there was again the clear indication of the correct level of moisture and the water pump was inactive. All the readings which were displayed on the LCD were checked back and forth during the project. The outcomes were the same as expected. Hence, it shows that every component in this project is actively functioning and the whole project is effectively designed.
Because of its accessibility and flexibility, cloud technology is among the most notable innovations in today's world. Having many service platforms, such as GoogleApps by Google, Amazon, Apple, and so on, is well accepted by large enterprises. Distributed cloud computing is a concept for enabling every-time, convenient, on-demand network access to processing resources including servers, storage devices, networks, and services that may be mutually configured. The major security risks for cloud computing as identified by the Cloud security alliance (CSA) have been examined in this study. Also, methods for resolving issues with cloud computing technology's data security and privacy protection were systematically examined.
This study's goal is to present Solutions for Determining the importance level of criteria in creating cultural resources’ attractiveness from tourists’ evaluation. Data were collected from 558 international tourists who chose Vietnam as the destination for tourism.
The study points out that we need to resolve challenges such as: building a safe, friendly destination, etc., destinations need to review and re-evaluate the services of their products and tourist attractions to prepare for the largest number of visitors and stimulate the domestic tourism market is a good solution: To boost the domestic tourism market, it is necessary to increase domestic flights and train connections to major tourist destinations.
A new convenient and efficient route for the synthesis of two very important hydroxo-bridged stepped-cubane copper complexes viz: [Cu4(bpy)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (1) and [Cu4(phen)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (2) have been obtained. This synthetic route from the mononuclear CubpyCl2 complex is easier, more reproducible and afforded the complex in a much higher yield than the other two previously reported procedures which were equally serendipitously discovered. The purity and formation of the complexes were confirmed with elemental (C,H,N) analysis and the details of the UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared, electrospray ionization mass spectra of both complexes and the single crystal X-ray crystallography of 1 are presented and discussed. X-ray crystallography confirms the absolute structure of the complexes. The complexes were formed via the connection of four copper atoms to four hydroxide bridging ligands and four bipyridyl ligands with two chloride ligands. There are two coordinate environments around two pairs of copper atoms (CuN2ClO2 and CuN2O3) and each copper atom is pentacoordinate with square pyramidal geometry.
Myogenic differentiation requires to be exactly explored for the effective treatment of fracture. The speed of healing is affected by skeletal muscle, linked to activation of specific myogenic transcription factors during the repair process. In previous study, we discovered that psoralen enhanced differentiation of osteoblast in primary mouse. In the current study, we show that psoralen stimulates myogenic differentiation through the secretion of factors to hone the quality of repair in fractured mice. 3-month old mice were treated with corn oil or psoralen followed by a tibial fracture surgery. Fractures were tested 7, 14, and 21 days respectively later by histology and images observation. Skeletal muscles including soleus muscle and posterior tibial muscle around the damaged bone were collected for quantitative real-time PCR, HE staining, as well as western blot. Daily treatment with psoralen at seven, fourteen days or twenty-one days improves protein or mRNA levels responsible for the whole myogenic differentiation process, makes the muscle fibers more tightly aligned, and promotes callus formation and development. This data shows that high levels of myogenic transcription factors in the process of fracture healing in mice foster the repair of damaged muscles, and indicates a pharmacological approach that targets myogenic differentiation to improve fracture repair. This also reflects the academic thought of "paying equal attention to both muscles and bones" in the prevention and treatment of fracture healing.
The current pandemic has generated the search for new reliable and economic alternatives for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, which produces the COVID-19 disease, one of the recommendations by the World Health Organization, is the detection of the virus by RT-qPCR methods from upper respiratory tract samples. The discomfort of the pharyngeal nasopharyngeal swab described by patients, the requirement of trained personnel, and the generation of aerosols, are factors that increase the risk of infections in this type of intake. It is known that the main means of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is through aerosols or small droplets, which is why saliva is important as a relevant means of detecting COVID-19. In this study, a modified method based on SARS-CoV-2 RNA release from saliva is described, avoiding the isolation and purification of the genetic material and its quantification of viral copies; the results are compared with paired pharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swab samples (EF/EN). Results showed good agreement in saliva samples compared to EF/EN samples. On average, a sensitivity for virus detection of 80% was demonstrated in saliva samples competing with EF/EN samples. The use of saliva is a reliable alternative for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by means of RT-PCR in the first days of infection, having important advantages over the conventional method. Saliva still needs to be studied completely to evaluate the detection capacity of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, however, the described process is viable, due to the decrease in materials and supplies, process times, the increment in the sampling and improvement of laboratory performance.
A recent study establishes that since 1970, there has been an ecological gap between human needs and the planet's resources, with annual resource demand exceeding the bio-productivity of the planet. Specifically, humanity utilises equivalent of 1.75 earths to produce the ecological resources used, with half of this attributable to food consumption. The present work therefore seeks to provide an empirically-based insight into the environmental sustainability of the EF of food consumption in Ijebu Ode. A descriptive cross-sectional approach was used, and primary data were collected from 400 systemically sampled households via structured questionnaires and analysed descriptively using Microsoft Excel and inferentially using mathematical models for calculating ecological footprints. Findings revealed that the household EF of food consumption in Ijebu Ode is 0.05gha per capita, with the footprint of cereal consumption (0.17gha; 37%) taking the major share, followed by meat with a footprint of 0.11gha (23.9%). As a result, it was concluded that Ijebu Ode has sustainable food consumption, which is necessary for its environmental sustainability. However, the sustenance of the former requires creating awareness of the need for sustainable consumption and prioritisation of integrated and population-wide policies and food intervention initiatives to encourage attitudinal change in favour of sustainable food consumption while fostering sustainable food production strategies amidst current environmental realities.
The symmetry occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics, for example, a particle has positive or negative charges, and the electric dipoles that have the charge (+q) and (-q) which are at a certain distance (d), north or south magnetic poles and for a magnetic bar or magnetic compass with two poles: North (N) and South (S) poles, spins up or down of the electron at the atom and for the nucleons in the nucleus In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and mass cloud. The mass cloud is located in the respective orbitals given by the Schrödinger equation. The orbitals represent the possible locations or places of the particle which are determined probabilistically by the respective Schröndiger equation.
Metal-organic molybdenum complexes were synthesized by the hydrothermal method using ammonium heptamolybdate as the metallic source, and as the organic ligand terephthalic acid (BDC) or bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), obtained via glycolysis of poly(ethylene)terephthalate (PET). The BDC-Mo and BHET-Mo complexes were characterized by XRD, N2 physisorption, TGA, ATR-FTIR, SEM, XPS and their in vitro biocompatibility was tested by porcine fibroblasts viability. The results show that molybdates (MoO4-2) are coordinated to the carbonyl functional groups of BDC and BHET by urea bonding (-NH-CO-NH-) which is related to their high biocompatibility and high thermal stability. These organic molybdate complexes possess rectangular prism particles made up of rods arrays characteristics of molybdenum oxides (MoO3). The organic complexes BDC-Mo and BHET-Mo do not show to be cytotoxic for porcine dermal fibroblasts growing on their surface for up to 48 h of culture.
Exercise training with varying intensity increases maximal oxygen intake (VO2max), a strong predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Purpose: The aim of this study was to find out the influence of low intensity aerobic training on the vo2 max in 11 to 14 years school girls in Hyderabad district. Methodology: The research scholar has randomly selected thirty (N=30) high school girls were selected as subjects and their age ranged between 11 to 14 years. The subjects were divided into two equal groups, each group consist of 15 total 30. Group one acted as experimental group (EG) and group two acted as control group (CG). The dependent variable vo2 max was selected and it is measured by manual test. Statistical Tool: The statistical tool paired sample ‘t’ test was used for analysing of the data and the obtained ‘t’ ratio was tested for significance at 0.05 level of confidence. Results: The analysis of the data revealed that there was a significant improvement on vo2 max by the application of low intensity aerobic.
Hybrid rice has the potential to outperform existing inbred rice and was said to have the potential to produce 14-20 % more yield. In response, Malaysia Government has introduced its very own first Hybrid Rice Variety knew as Kadaria 1 developed by MARDI. This is in line with one of the strategies outlined in Dasar Agromakanan Negara (DAN) 2011-2020 as an approach to increasing rice productivity within Malaysia. The next step would be developing our hybrid seed rice production system. Therefore, an experiment to determine the planting ratio and planting distance between 0025A (A)-a hybrid with MR283 (R)-inbreed variety was carried out. Planting ratios studied in this study were 2:4, 2:6, 2:8, and 2:10 while planting distance was 14 x 30 cm, 16 x 30 cm, and 18 x 30 cm. Statistical analyses suggested that yield R, yield A, and panicle number A were significantly affected by planting ratios while yield A was significantly affected by an interaction between planting distance and planting ratios. Panicle number A performed significantly higher at planting ratios of 2:4 compared to 2:10. Yield R shows higher significant performance under ratio 2:6 compared to 2:4 and 2:8. Relatively, yield A performed the best under planting distance of 18 x 30 cm. Furthermore, under this particular planting distance, the planting ratio of 2:10 shows the highest significant figure while 2:8 exhibits statistical parity. Both yield R and yield A were significantly affected by planting ratios and have a significant positive association with each other. Therefore, the planting ratio of 2:10 should be the best since it contributed to significantly highest value for yield A while yield R under 2:10 shows statistical parity with 2:6 which was the highest significant value. In conclusion, the combination of 2:10 with a planting distance of 18 x 30 cm was the best since it shows best potential for both yields A and yield R
Cassava plays an important role in improving food security and reducing poverty in rural areas. Despite its importance, its production in Senegal remains low compared to other African countries. Nowadays, it is confronted with numerous constraints. It is in this context that a study was conducted on the cassava production system in the Thiès "cassava granary" region, with the objective of examining farmers' cultivation practices. It was conducted in eight communes located in the department of Tivaouane, some of which are located in the Niayes agro-ecological zone and others in the central-northern groundnut basin. Surveys were conducted among the largest cassava producers in these communes. Analysis of the results showed that cassava is only grown in the rainy season with the same cultivation practices that have been used for years. Of the five varieties listed by the President of the Senegalese Cassava Interprofession, only four are grown in the areas surveyed. The Terrasse (43%) and Kombo (36%) varieties are grown more by our respondents in the Niayes area. Soya (75%) and Wallet "Parydiey" (20% of our sample) dominate in the central-northern groundnut basin.
Cassava plays an important role in improving food security and reducing poverty in rural areas. Despite its importance, its production in Senegal remains low compared to other African countries. Nowadays, it is confronted with numerous constraints. It is in this context that a study was conducted on the cassava production system in the Thiès "cassava granary" region, with the objective of examining farmers' cultivation practices. It was conducted in eight communes located in the department of Tivaouane, some of which are located in the Niayes agro-ecological zone and others in the central-northern groundnut basin. Surveys were conducted among the largest cassava producers in these communes. Analysis of the results showed that cassava is only grown in the rainy season with the same cultivation practices that have been used for years. Of the five varieties listed by the President of the Senegalese Cassava Interprofession, only four are grown in the areas surveyed. The Terrasse (43%) and Kombo (36%) varieties are grown more by our respondents in the Niayes area. Soya (75%) and Wallet "Parydiey" (20% of our sample) dominate in the central-northern groundnut basin.
We are witnessing very demanding and stressful times in which we live, and an occupation that is particularly exposed to stress and different working conditions is the job of a nurse. Exposing themselves to everyday challenges and stressful situations, nurses reach a stage of great emotional and physical exhaustion, lethargy, dissatisfaction, and poorer work achievements, which we know as burnout. The aim of this paper was to determine whether there is and to what extent professional burnout is present in nurses and technicians working in nursing homes across Slovenia and Croatia. The paper is answering the questions of the extent of the burnout influenced by individual characteristics (age, education, years of service and work experience at the current workplace). The study involved a validated questionnaire “The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI)” to measure professional burnout. Surveying of the nurses was conducted online at their home institutions. The results show that all respondents have a medium or high level of professional burnout, while no one has a low level or shows no signs of burnout. In terms of age, the group from 55-65 years of age had the highest relative level of burnout in the age group category. With regard to education, the highest burnout was measured in registered nurses.
Hepatitis B and C are one of the most commonly transmitted viral infections through needlestick injury apart from HIV. It is highly prevalent in India and many other developing countries. It accounts for high mortality rate globally amongst low socio-economic groups of individuals. Healthcare workers, especially dental professionals are at higher risk of infection due to high exposure to saliva, blood and sharps. Accidental occupational exposure to non-sterile conditions and its development to more critical and fatal conditions can be reduced through vaccination, prophylactic medications and practicing high safety measures.
This review article focuses on transmission of hepatitis through sharps injuries in medicine, especially dentistry, its prevention, management, post-exposure prophylaxis and the corresponding content.
Radicular cysts are the most common cystic lesions affecting the jaws. They are most commonly found at the apices of the involved teeth, however they may also be found on the lateral aspects of the roots in relation to lateral accessory root canals. Quite often a radicular cyst remains behind in the jaws after removal of the offending tooth and this is referred to as a residual cyst. Radicular cysts are the most common of all jaw cysts and comprise about 52% to 68% of all the cysts affecting the human jaws.
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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(Artocarpus hirsutus), chaplaish (Artocarpus chama) and marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus). Breadfruit and
jackfruit are cultivated widely in the tropical Southeast Asia. Other species are cultivated locally for their timber,
fruit or edible seeds. A. hirsutus, is grown for fruit and timber in the Western Ghats.
History and distribution
Historical reports suggest that jackfruit tree is supposed to have originated in the rain forests of the Western Ghats
in the South Western part of India. However with time, the trees have been introduced to other parts of India and
tropical regions of the world. Garcia de Orta- a physician & naturalist, in his book ‘Coloquious dos simples e
drogasda India’ written in 1563 gives reference of ‘Jackfruit’. Later botanist Ralph Randles Stewart suggested that
it was named after a Scottish Botanist who worked for East India Company in Bengal, Sumatra & Malaysia. In
1782, few plants from one of the French ship were taken to Jamaica. In the 1800 century it was a common fruit in
Florida. It was introduced into northern Brazil in the mid of 19th
century and became very popular there.
Jackfruit tree is native to India and is popular in several tropical and sub-tropical countries. Being a native tree of
India and Malaysia, the plant Artocarpus heterophyllus was brought into Africa by Arabs and afterwards into South
America and has got acclimatized in Mexico also. It has got great commercial, nutritional and medicinal value in
Southeast Asia. Today the tree is widely growing in Australia, Bangladesh, Malaysia Central and Eastern Africa,
Florida, Brazil, Burma, Indonesia, in the Caribbean islands, in parts of USA, Brazil, Pacific islands, Yap, Samoa
and other islands (Hemalatha et al., 2017).
Botanical description
Tree
Jackfruit tree is 15 to 20 meters (50 to 70 feet) tall at maturity and has large stiff glossy green leaves about 15 to 20
cm (6 to 8 inches) long. The tree is monoecious: tiny male flowers are borne in oblong clusters 2 to 4 in (5-10 cm)
in length; the female flower clusters are elliptic or rounded. Jackfruit takes about 3-6 months to reach maturity. In
the northern hemisphere, main season for its maturity is between March and September. A few fruits mature in the
winter. Jackfruit trees produce a heavier yield when compared to other trees and it bears the largest known edible
fruit weighing upto 35 kg. Jackfruit height increases 1.5m/year, when the tree reaches maturity, it slows to 0.5m.
The tree has a life span of 60-70 years.
Flowers
The small unisexual flowers are borne on dense inflorescences that emerge directly from the trunk and branches.
Artocarpus heterophyllus is a bisexual plant, both male and female flowers are found on the same plant. At the
early stage the male flower is green in color, at the maturity it becomes yellowish. The pollen grains which are
yellow in color, they gets dispersed widely. The female flower is an aggregate of the small flowers, later develop as
fruits. The small unisexual flowers are borne on dense inflorescences that emerge directly from trunk and branches.
Fruit
Jackfruit is the largest fruit in the world, reaching up to 60 cm (about 2 feet) long and weighing up to 18 kg (about
40 pounds). The interior consists of large "bulbs" (fully developed perianths) of yellow, banana-flavored flesh,
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massed among narrow ribbons of thin, tough undeveloped perianths (or perigones), and a central, pithy core. Each
bulb encloses a smooth, oval, light-brown "seed" (endocarp) covered by a thin white membrane (exocarp). The fruit
weighs upto 50 kg in which only 30 to 35% of bulb is edible. It comprises of approximately 100 to 500 seeds which
make up 8-15% of whole fruit. Jackfruit consists of a lower fleshy edible (bulb), middle fused (syncarp), and an
outer spiny region (spike). When fruits are ripen this fruit flakes get fleshy, outer spines widen, and flesh becomes
soft and yellow in color. The thorny outer bark and axis of the fruits are not edible. Jack fruit bears a compound or
multiple fruit with a green to yellow brown exterior rind which is composed of hexagonal, bluntly conical carpel
that covers a thick, rubbery, and whitish to yellowish interior matrix. The flesh (aril) surrounding each seed is
acidic and sweetish (when ripe) with a banana like flavor and taste. The fruit color changes from yellowish green to
yellow due to the conversion of chlorophylls, anthocyanins, and carotenoids like pigments during ripening.
Depending on the variety, the color of the bulb can be cream, white, light yellow, yellow, deep yellow, lemon
yellow light saffron, saffron, deep saffron, or orange.
The fruit is made up of three main regions. They are (1) the fruit axis (2) the persistent perianth (3) the true fruit.
Due to the presence of lactiferous cells that produce latex, which helps to hold the fruits together, the axis and the
core of the fruit are inedible. The perianth is made up of three regions (1) the bulb (the lower fleshy edible region)
(2) the middle-fused region that forms the rind of the syncarp (3) horny non-edible region commonly known as the
spikes.
Figure 1. Jackfruit
Seeds
The seed is 3/4 to 1 1/2 in (2 - 4 cm) long and 1/2 to 3/4 in (1.25 - 2 cm) thick and is white and crisp within. There
may be 100 to 500 seeds in a single fruit. The seeds are let untreated or less utilized and wasted due to the bland
taste and texture of the seeds.
Leaves
Leaves simple, alternate, spiral; stipules oblong or lanceolate, to 5 x 1.8 cm, caducous, leaving annular scar; petiole
1-3 cm long, Plano convex, glabrous; lamina 9-23 x 5-12 cm, usually narrow obovate sometimes elliptic, apex
shortly acuminate or obtuse, base cuneate, margin entire (or 3-lobed in saplings), coriaceous, dark green above,
glabrous; midrib raised above; secondary nerves 6-10 pairs, ascending; tertiary nerves broadly horizontally
percurrent.
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Figure 2. Jackfruit leaf
Wood
The wood is strong, hard, durable and easy to carve, with saw or machine. It changes with age from orange or
yellow to brown or dark red, is termite proof, fairly resistant to fungal and bacterial decay, seasons without
difficulty, resembles mahogany and is superior to teak which is used to make furniture, house construction such as,
windows, doors, roofs in making oars, masts, rafters, implements and some musical instruments.
Figure 3. Jackfruit tree wood
Figure 4. Jackfruit seeds Figure 5. Jackfruit pulp
Classification
The morphological features of particular variety of A. heterophyllus may vary due to many factors including variety
feature, soil, climatic parameters and management practices. The nutritional qualities differ in fruits, leaves, seeds,
flowers, stem and bark. Some varieties of Jackfruit have a significant difference between them, while they may
exhibit only slight morphological character differences.
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Jackfruits are classified based on their phenotypic and organoleptic with the variation in their flake’s and seed
color, shape, size, odour and period of maturity. In this fruit, the flake characteristics belong to the two categories
namely Varikka and Koozha. Varikka consists of hard flakes and the Koozha consisting of soft and fibrous flakes.
In South India, jackfruits are classified into two general types: 1) Koozha chakka, the fruits of which have small,
fibrous, soft, mushy, but very sweet carpels and 2) Varika chakka, more important commercially, with crisp carpers
of high quality.
These types are apparently known in different areas by other names such as Barka, or Berka (soft, sweet and
broken open with the hands), and Kapa or Kapiya (crisp and cut open with a knife). The equivalent types are
known as Kha-nun nang (firm; best) and Kha-nun lamoud (soft) in Thailand and as Vela (soft) and Varaka,
or Waraka (firm) in Ceylon.
The Peniwaraka, or honey jack, has sweet pulp, and some have claimed it the best of all. The Kuruwaraka has
small, rounded fruits.
Cultivation and propagation of jackfruit
Climate: Jackfruit grows in a wide range of tropical to the subtropical environments. The hot and humid regions are
suitable for the growth of Jackfruit tree, so jackfruit tree cannot tolerate higher altitudes (Jack fruit tree grows well
in low land forests up to the height 250m but decreases in abundance at height of about 1000 m above sea level. It
grows best in moist tropical environments below 1000 m.
Soil: Jackfruit can be grown on a variety of soils as long as they are well-drained sandy loam soil. The tree can grow
in light and medium textured soils. A deep alluvial soil of open texture is best for Jackfruit cultivation.
Seeding: The most common method of propagation of Jackfruit is by sowing seeds. This method is easy and cost
effective. Germination starts within 10days and 100% of seeds germinate within 35-40 days.
Grafting: Grafting is a most reliable method of propagation. Jackfruit seedling may serve as root stocks. It takes
6-12 months to get root stock ready for grafting. The grafted trees will bear fruits in 2-3 years after planting. Trees
start fruiting quickly.
A mean annual rainfall of about 1000-2400mm is ideal for the growth of the Jackfruit tree. The effective method for
irrigation of Jackfruit plants is drip Irrigation.
Harvesting: The fruits mature 3 to 8 months from flowering.
Storage: The ripe jackfruit should be stored at 85-90% relative humidity and at 11-13⁰C. A ripe Jackfruit can stay
fresh for 3 to 10 days.
░ NUTRITIONAL STATUS
Phytochemicals means plant (phyto) chemical referring to a wide variety of bioactive compounds that occur
naturally in plants which help the body to react to free radicals and oxygen species. The protective role of
phytochemicals has been associated with their antioxidant activity. This effect leads to the pathogenesis of some
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chronic diseases such as CVD, some cancers, ageing and diabetes. Phenolic acids and flavonoids are higher in
jackfruit seeds than jackfruit pulp.
Generally, phytochemicals have been classified into six major categories based on their chemical structures and
characteristics. These categories include carbohydrate, lipids, phenolics, terpenoids and alkaloids and other
nitrogen-containing compounds.
The phytochemical components of jackfruit reduces various diseases such as lowering blood pressure, preventing
heart disease and strokes, preventing bone loss and improving muscle and, nerve function. The jackfruit is a rich
source of phenolic compounds and phytonutrients such as lignans, isoflavones and saponins which have anti-cancer
and anti-aging properties. These phytonutrients help to eliminate cancer causing free radicals from the body, can
lower blood pressure, can fight against stomach ulcers, and can slow down the degeneration of cells that make the
skin look young and vitae.
Phytonutrients are natural compounds that give plants their rich pigmentation, as well as their distinctive taste and
aroma. They are essentially the plant’s immune system and offer protection to humans.
The Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam is a rich source of phytochemicals including phenolic compounds and these
offers opportunities for the development of value added products, such as nutraceutical and food products to
enhance health benefits. Jackfruit is a good source of vitamin C which is an anti-oxidant that protects the body
against free radicals, strengthens the immune system, and keeps our gums healthy. Jackfruit also contains niacin
(vitamin B3) which is necessary for energy metabolism, nerve function, and the synthesis of certain hormones. The
Jackfruit pulp provides 4mg/100g niacin. The recommended daily amount of niacin for males is 16mg and for
females is about 14mg. Jackfruit is gluten-free and casein-free, thus offer systemic anti-inflammatory benefits to
skin. Jackfruit is enriched with vitamin C and it strengthens the immune systems.
The anti-oxidant and the amount of potassium present in the jackfruit is found to assist in lowering blood pressure
and helps in preventing heart disease and strokes. Potassium also helps in preventing bone loss as well as improves
muscle and nerve function. Jackfruit contains vitamin B6, which triggers a reduction in homocysteine levels in the
blood thus lowering the risk of heart disease.
The Jackfruit also contains various chemical constituents, free sugars, fatty acids and amino acids like arginine,
cysteine, histidine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan and many others.
Fruit
Jackfruit is a good source of vitamins (A, C, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and minerals (calcium, potassium, iron,
sodium, zinc) (Swami et al, 2012). Jackfruit is heavy and bulky and actual recovery of bulbs or edible portion varies
from 20 to 25% which is easily digestible. A 100 g portion of edible raw jackfruit provides about 95 calories and is
a good source of the anti-oxidants and vitamin C, providing about 13.7 mg. The fruit is also rich in vitamin B6,
potassium, calcium, and iron. The bulb of ripe jackfruit is eaten fresh and used in fruit salads. It possesses high
nutritional value; every 100 g of ripe fruit pulp contains 18.9 g carbohydrate, 1.9 g protein, 0.1 g fat, 77% moisture,
1.1 g fiber, 0.8 g total mineral matter, 20 mg calcium, 30 mg phosphorus, 500 mg iron, 540 IU vitamin A, 30 mg
7. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST)
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thiamin, and 84 calories. Jackfruit is a good source of anti-oxidant vitamin-C, provides about 13mg or 23% of
RDA. Consumption of foods rich in vitamin-C helps the body develops resistance against infectious agents and
scavenges harmful free radicals.
The major components identified in the aroma concentrate of hard jackfruit variety were isopentyl isovalerate
(28.4%) and butyl isovalerate (25.6%). The aroma concentrate of soft jackfruit are isopentyl isovalerate (18.3%),
butyl acetate (16.5%), ethyl isovalerate (14.4%), butyl isovalerate (12.9%) and 2-methylbutyl acetate (12.0%)
(Maia et al., 2004).In Brazil, three varieties are recognized: jaca-dura, or the "hard" variety, which has a firm flesh,
and the largest fruits that can weigh between 15 and 40 kg each; jaca-mole, or the "soft" variety, which bears
smaller fruits with a softer and sweeter flesh; and jaca-manteiga, or the "butter" variety, which bears sweet fruits
whose flesh has a consistency intermediate between the "hard" and "soft" varieties.
The jackfruit bulb consists of carotenoids that are important for prevention of several chronic degenerative
diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, cataract, and age-related macular degeneration.
Jackfruit constitutes trans-β-carotene which is an important anti-oxidant for human health. The main carotenoids in
jackfruit bulb are all-trans-lutein (24–44%), all-trans-β-carotene (24–30%), all-trans-neoxanthin (4–19%),
9-cis-neoxanthin (4–9%), and 9-cis-violaxanthin (4–10%). Jackfruit is a good source of provitamin A carotenoids.
Thus increased consumption of ripe jackfruit helps to prevent and control vitamin A deficiency.
Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring polycyclic phenols found in certain plants that may, when ingested and
metabolized, have weak estrogenic effects. Two important groups of phytoestrogens present in Jackfruit pulp are
isoflavones and lignans. The jackfruit is a rich source of phytochemicals, including phenolic compounds, and offers
opportunities for the development of value-added products, such as neutraceutical and food applications to enhance
health benefits.
Table 1. Nutritional value of A. heterophyllus per 100g
Principle Nutrient value Percentage of RDA
Energy 95 Kcal 5%
Carbohydrates 23.5 g 18%
Protein 1.72 g 3%
Total Fat 0.64 g 3%
Cholesterol 0 mg 0%
Dietary Fiber 1.5 g 4%
Vitamins
Folates 24 µg 6%
Niacin 0.920 mg 6%
Pyridoxine 0.329 mg 25%
Riboflavin 0.055 mg 4%
Thiamin 0.105 mg 9%
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Vitamin A 110 IU 3.5%
Vitamin C 13.7 mg 23%
Vitamin E 0.34 mg 2%
Electrolytes
Sodium 3 mg 0%
Potassium 303 mg 6.5 %
Minerals
Calcium 34 mg 3.4 %
Iron 0.60 mg 7.5 %
Magnesium 37 mg 9.0 %
Manganese 0.197 mg 8.5 %
Phosphorous 36 mg 5.0 %
Selenium 0.60 mg 1.0 %
Zinc 0.42 mg 4.0 %
Phytonutrients
Carotene-β 61 µg --
Crypto-xanthin--β 5 µg --
Lutein-zeaxanthin 157 µg --
SOURCE: Swami et al., (2012)
Figure 6. Types of Phytochemicals
(SOURCE: Harborne et al., 1993)
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Studies have shown that jackfruit contains many classes of phytochemicals such as carotenoids, flavonoids, volatile
acids sterols and tannins, with varying concentrations depending on the variety. According to Wongsa and
Zamaluddien, total phenolic content in jackfruit is 0.36 mg GAE/g DW (milligrams of gallic acid equivalent per
gram of dry weight).
Seeds
The seeds of jackfruit are reported to be more nutritious than its bulb. Seeds are rich in protein, carbohydrate, fat,
potassium and with fair amount of phosphorus and calcium (Rahim and Quaddus, 2000). According to United
States of Agriculture Department report (2016) Jackfruit has the unique nutritional values. The jackfruit seeds are
around 10–15% of the total fruit weight and have high carbohydrate and protein contents. Seeds are normally
discarded or steamed and eaten as a snack or used in some local dishes. The fresh seeds cannot be kept for a long
time, seed flour can be an alternative product, which can be used in some food products. The jackfruit seeds are a
good source of starch (22%) and dietary fiber (3.19%). Jackfruit seeds contain lignans, isoflavones, and saponins
that are called phytonutrients, and their health benefits are wide-ranging from anticancer to antihypertensive,
anti-aging, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer, etc. The seeds of fruit have been reported to be a good source of nutrients,
containing approximately 14% protein and 80% of carbohydrates. The seeds are also rich in starch which is
approximate 60-70% of its dry weight. Jackfruit seed powder is rich in manganese and magnesium elements. Seeds
also contain lectins namely jacalin and artocarpin. Jacalin has been proved to be useful for the evaluation of the
immune status of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus
Wood
Tetracyclic triterpenoids, 9,19-cyclolanost-3-one-24,25-diol and 9,1-cyclolanost-3-one-24, 2S diol along with
cycloartenone and cycloartenol, flavonoids such as Artoheteroids A-D, morin, artocarmin A, albanin A,
euchrenone A, norartocarpanone and steppogenin have been isolated from A. heterophyllus. A new prenylated
flavonoid, 3-prenyl luteolin (1) was isolated from A. heterophyllus wood extract. The wood contains yellow
coloured morin, colourless cyanomaclurin and a new yellow colouring matter, artocarpin. Two new natural
compounds,2,3-dihydro-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-4H benzopyran-4-one and 6-[(1S,2S)-
1,2-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl]-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-4H-1-b
enzopyran-4-one were also isolated from the ethanol extract of A. heterophyllus wood. Zheng et al., isolated furano
flavone,7-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3dihydr furo(3,2-g)chromen-5-one (art-
ocarpfuranol), together with 14 known compounds, dihydromorin, steppogenin, norartocarpetin, artocarpanone,
artocarpesin, artocarpin, cycloartocarpin, cycloartocarpesin,artocarpetin, brosimone I, cudraflavone B, carpac-
hromene, isoartocarpesin, and cyanomaclurin were isolated from the wood of A. heterophyllus. Zheng et al.,
isolated phenolic compounds, including one isoprenylated 2-arylbenzofuran derivative, artoheterophyllin A, and
three isoprenylated flavonoids, artoheterophyllin B, artoheterophyllin C, and artoheterophyllin D from the ethanol
extract of the twigs of A. heterophyllus.Zheng,et al. isolated new phenolic compounds, artoheterophyllins E-J,
4-geranyl-2’,3,4’,5-tetrahydroxy-cis-stilbene, and 5-methoxymorican M. In a study by Septama, et al.,
dihydromorin and norartocarpetin were isolated from A. heterophyllus heartwoods.
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Leaves
An 2-arylbenzofuran derivative, artocarstilbene B and benzaldehyde derivative, (E)-3, 5- dihydroxy-4-(3-
methylbut-1-enyl) benzaldehyde were obtained from the leaves of A. heterophyllus. Seven prenylated chromones
and five prenylated flavonoids, including two new prenylated chromones, artoheterophines A and B were isolated.
░ PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
The yellowish bulbs of the fruit are fleshy, fibrous and rich in sugars, as well as carotenoids. The bulbs are a rich
source of carbohydrates, minerals, carboxylic acids, dietary fibres and vitamins such as thiamine (Vitamin B1) and
ascorbic acid (Vitamin C). The ripe bulbs are sweet, cooling, aphrodisiac, laxative and are also used as brain tonic.
The young fruits are astringent, acrid, and carminative. These phytonutrients have wide range of health benefits,
especially anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-hypertensive, anti-ulcer, anti-oxidant, and anti-aging properties.
It is rich in dietary fiber, which makes it a good bulk laxative. This fiber content helps to protect the colon mucous
membrane by decreasing the exposure time and as well as binding to the cancer-causing chemicals in the colon.
This fresh fruit has small amounts of vitamin A, and flavonoid pigments such as carotene-β, xanthine, lutein and
cryptoxanthin-β.
These compounds play vital role in anti-oxidant and vision functions. Jackfruit has abundance of important
minerals. It is rich in magnesium, which is important for the absorption of calcium and helps strengthen the bones
and prevents bone related disorders such as osteoporosis. Iron in jackfruit helps to prevent anemia and aids in
proper blood circulation and copper plays an important role in thyroid gland metabolism.
They contain anti-oxidant phenyl flavones. The fruit provides 2 MJ of energy per kg/wet weight of ripe perianth. It
contains high levels of protein, starch, calcium, and thiamine. The prenyl flavonoids present in jackfruit had shown
strong antioxidant properties and is expected to act against lipid peroxidation of biological membranes.
Vitamin A is required for maintaining integrity of mucous membranes and skin. Consumption of these fruits rich in
vitamin A and carotenes have been found to protect from the lung and oral cavity cancers. It is one of the rare fruits
that is rich in the B-complex group of vitamins. It contains very good amounts of vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine), niacin,
riboflavin, and folic acid. This fresh fruit is good source of potassium, magnesium, manganese and iron. Potassium
is an important component of cell and body fluids that helps in controlling heart rate and blood pressure.
The root is found effective against asthma, skin diseases, diarrhoea and fever. The presence of phytonutrients
further enhances the scope for the development of value added products.
Jackfruit seeds and are thin, smooth white with coriaceous testa. Seeds account for about 10-15% of total fruit
weight and have high carbohydrate and protein contents. The jackfruit seeds are nutritious, rich in fat,
carbohydrates, minerals and potassium. The elements such as manganese and magnesium have also been detected
in the seed powder. The seed contains two lectins namely Artocarpin and Jacalin. The occurrence of Jacalin (lectin)
in the Jackfruit seeds was first reported in 1979 which is a tetrameric two chain lectin with a molecular mass of
65KDa combining a heavy ɑ-chain (133 amino acids) with light ß-chain(20-21 amino acids). Jacalin is the major
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protein representing over 50% in jackfruit seeds and can bind to human IgA and T-antigen. In addition to Jacalin,
Artocarpin, a polyspecific lectin which can react with a variety of monosaccharide is also present in Jackfruit seeds.
The wood is used in convulsions and is nervine, anti-diabetic, sedative. The seeds contain ß-carotene, ɑ-carotene,
ß-zeacarotene, ɑ-zeacarotene and crocetin which are mostly present in the trans form.
A sticky, white milky latex is exuded from all parts of tree when it gets injured. The entire tree has several
medicinal properties. The plant has anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-fungal, and
immune dilatory properties.
Anti-inflammatory activity
The anti-inflammatory properties of phenolic compounds isolated from the ethyl acetate extracts of A.
heterophyllus fruits. Three phenolic compounds were characterized as artocarpesin [5,7,2′,4′-
tetrahydroxy-6-(3-methylbut-3-enyl) flavone], norartocarpetin (5,7,2′,4′-tetrahydroxyflavone) and oxyresveratrol
[trans-2,4,3′,5′-tetrahydroxystilbene] by spectroscopic methods. The anti-inflammatory properties of these isolated
compounds were evaluated by determining their inhibitory effects on the production of proinflammatory mediators
in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. These three compounds exhibited
potent anti-inflammatory activity. The results indicated that artocarpesin suppressed the LPS-induced production
of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) through the down-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase
(iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) protein expressions. Extracts of jackfruit pulp showed anti-inflammatory
activity by suppressing the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2
reactive oxygen species in RAW264.7 cells.
Anticancer activity
Swami et al. reported about the dietary supplementation with jackfruit pulp help to prevent and control the
development of certain cancers. Organic extracts obtained from jackfruit pulp reduced the number of revertants
caused by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and proliferation of cells M12.C3.F6.
Anti-osteoporotic activity
Cathepsin-K (Cat-K) is known to play a pivotal role in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and is evidenced as an
important target for the treatment of osteoporosis. Flavonoids from A. heterophyllus found to have suppression
capabilities against Cat-K with IC50 values ranging from 1.4 to 93.9 μM.
Anti-fungal activity
Ethyl acetate extract of A. heterophyllus fruit flour showed activity against all the fungal species studied. A zone of
inhibition of 12 mm was noted against Aspergillus niger for aqueous extract. The largest zone of inhibition of 29
mm was observed against C. albicans in ethylacetate extract. Chloroform extract produced a zone of inhibition of
25mm against R. oryzae and C. albicans. Hexane extract showed negative result for all fungal species tested except
P. chrysogenum.
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Anti-bacterial activity
The crude methaolic extracts of the stem and root, barks, stem and root heart-wood, leaves, fruits and seeds of
Artocarpus heterophyllus and their subsequent partitioning with petrol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and butanol
gave fractions that exhibited a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. The butanol fractions of the root bark and
fruits were found to be the most active. Methanolic extracts of 13 plants were studied for their antibacterial activity
against cariogenic bacteria. Among them, the extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus showed the most intensive
activity.
Anti-viral Properties
Jackfriut lectin (JFL) from A. heterophyllus has been found to have inhibitory activity in vitro with a cytopathic
effect toward Herpes Simplex Virus type HSV-2. Varicellazoster virus (VZS) and cytomegalovirus (CMV)
(Wetprasit and et al.2000). Several plant lectins have been shown to inhibit infectivity of viruses.
Anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic activities
Lipid peroxidation is a marker of cellular oxidative damage initiated by reactive oxygen species. It was reported
that diabetics are highly sensitive to oxidative stress. In STZ-diabetic animals, STZ generates nitric oxide, which is
a powerful free radical oxidant resulting in an increase in lipid peroxides as noticed in this study due to cellular
oxidation. The production of lipid peroxides was more in Ethanol extract than in n-Butanol extract and significantly
declined in GLB-treated Streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The presence of quercitin flavonoid (resembles isoquercitrin
present in Jack fruit Extract) that could attenuate the diabetic state by decreasing oxidative stress and preserving
pancreatic ß-cell integrity. Abnormalities in lipid profile are common complications found in 40% of diabetics.
Anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant activity of aqueous fruit extracts of Artocarpus heterophyllus. Studies show that fruit
has anti-oxidant activity which is measured by hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, and
chelating effect of ferrous iron.
Anthelminthic activity
The ethyl acetate ethanol and aqueous extracts of A. heterophyllus seed exhibited significant anthelminthic activity
in comparison with the control in vitro. Amongst all the extracts, Ethyl acetate extracts showed a good activity. It
indicates that certain non-polar constituents are responsible for the activity. This anthelmintic activity is mainly due
to the presence of secondary metabolites namely alkaloids, flavonoids and triterpenoides.
Anti-oxidant Effect
The anti-oxidant properties of prenylflavones, isolated from Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., were evaluated.
Cycloheterophyllin andartonins A and B inhibited iron-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate and
scavenged 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl. They also scavenged peroxyl radicals and hydroxyl radicals that were
generated by 2, 2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride and the Fe3+
- ascorbate- EDTA-H2O2 system,
respectively. However, they did not inhibit xanthine oxidase activity or scavenge superoxide anion, hydrogen
peroxide, carbon radical, or peroxyl radicals derived from 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) in hexane.
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Cycloheterophyllin and artonins A and B inhibited copper-catalyzed oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein,
as measured by fluorescence intensity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and conjugated-diene formations and
electrophoretic mobility.
Sexual behavior
Roasted seeds of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Family: Moraceae) showed aphrodisiac activity. In a sexual
behavior study using receptive female rats, an oral administration of 500 mg/kg dose markedly inhibited libido,
sexual arousal, sexual vigour and sexual performance within 2 hr. Further, the treatment induced a mild erectile
dysfunction. These actions on the sexual behavior was not due to general toxicity, liver toxicity, stress or reduction
in blood testosterone level but due to marked sedative activity.
Maintaining a healthy thyroid gland and preventing anemia
Copper (10.45 mg/kg) plays an important role in thyroid gland metabolism, especially in hormone production and
absorption and jackfruit is loaded with this important micro minerals. Jackfruit also contains iron (0.5 mg/100 g),
which helps to prevent anemia and also helps in proper blood circulation.
Inhibition of melanin biosynthesis
Jack fruit wood extract and the phytochemical artocarpanone was effective and inhibited both mushroom
tyrosinase activity and melanin production in B16 melanoma cells. Artoheterophyllin A, artoheterophyllin B,
artoheterophyllin C, and artoheterophyllin D isolated from the twigs also possess a tyrosinase inhibitory activity.
░ APPLICATIONS
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam is a rich source of several high-value compounds with potential beneficial
physiological activities. It is well known for its anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and
anti-oxidant activities. Jackfruit has anti-oxidant properties that plays vital role to cure the human disorder and
improving health such as improving cardiovascular health, skin health, stomach ulcer, improving digestion,
strengthening the bone, preventing anemia, and maintaining a healthy thyroid gland.
Jackfruit contains a wide range of phytonutrients such as carotenoids that can act as anti-oxidants. Anti-oxidants are
the compounds that are able to delay, retard or prevent oxidation process. They protect the body and biomolecules
from the damage caused by generation of excess free radicals. Jackfruit contains functional compounds that have
capability to reduce various diseases such as high blood pressure, heart diseases, strokes, and bone loss. It is also
capable of improving muscle and nerve function, reducing homocysteine levels in the blood.
Roots- Studies proved that the Jackfruit roots are good for the treatment of asthma, skin diseases, fever, and
diarrhea. The root extract heals fever and diarrhea. The butanol fraction of root, bark and fruit extracts was active
against a range of bacteria and protozoa.
Bark- The heartwood shows two active compounds such as 6-(3methyl-l-butenyl)-5, 2’ and 4’-trihydroxy-3-
isoprenyl-7- methoxyflavone and 5,7,2’, 4’-tetrahydroxy-6-isoprenylflavone. These isoprenylflavones are potent
compounds for the prevention of dental caries.
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Leaves- Leaves from the Jackfruit tree are useful for curing fever, wounds, boils and skin diseases when heated.
The ash of Jackfruit leaves heal ulcers. Tender jackfruit leaves and young male flower clusters may also be cooked
and served as vegetables. The leaves are used as a casing material for baking dishes and they are also secured
together in the form of a round plate and used as a single use biodegradable. Extracts of leaves have been found to
promote glucose tolerance when tested on diabetics. Hot water extraction of leaves contains flavonoids,
anthocyanins, tannins, and proanthocyanidin which increase the glucose tolerance of diabetics. The hot water
extract of mature leaves are utilized in Ayurvedic treatment for hyperglycemia and diabetes. The flavonoids present
in the extract have been identified to be responsible for the non-toxic hypoglycemic action.
Latex- The latex of the fruit are used in treating dysopia, ophthalmic problems, and pharyngitis. The latex mixed
with vinegar heal absesses, snake bites and glandular swellings.
Seeds- The seed starch is believed to be useful in relieving biliousness, while the roasted seeds regarded as an
aphrodisiac. The seeds and pulp of Jackfruit are used as cooling and nutritious tonic. Jackfruit seeds are very
nutritious and an important source of diet. They are boiled or roasted and eaten like chestnuts, or cooked in some
local dishes. The seeds are also marketed in canned forms, in boiled form like beans, in brine and in tomato sauce.
The seed flour is rich is protein and carbohydrates and contains a good water as well as oil absorption abilities, and
it is also used as an alternative to wheat flour. Lectins present in the seeds have shown antifungal properties.
Fruits- The ripe sweet bulbs of the fruit can be processed into ice cream, jam, jelly, alcoholic beverages, nectars
and fruit powder. Jackfruit pulp can be eaten fresh and used in the fruit salads. They possess high nutritional value.
The bulbs of ripe Jackfruit are consumed fresh or processed into canned products, ice cream, jelly, jam, alcoholic
beverages, nectars or fruit powder, can be processed by ripe, sweet bulbs of Jackfruit. The Jackfruit powder is used
in instant soaps, snacks, Bakery products, Dairy products, beverages, Pasta, candy, baby foods.
Various value added products developed from the jackfruit are candy, finger chips, fruit bars, fruit leather, halvah,
papad, beverages, toffee and milk based srikhand, ice cream and kulfie. Half ripened bulbs can be processed into
bulb powder and this is then utilized for the preparation of traditional snacks such as, pakoda, biscuits and muffins.
Jackfruit jam is full of natural sugars and low in calories, making it an ideal food source to reduce the body weight.
Jackfruit wine protects against antioxidant and DNA damage and could become a valuable source of antioxidant
rich neutraceuticals. The ripe Jackfruit contains a good amount of fermentable sugar, which may be exploited for
the commercial production of vinegar and wine. The fermented Jackfruit preserves vitamin C.
The dehydrated jackfruit is a nutritious snack item when made from ripe jack fruit pulp. The Jackfruit chips are rich
in vitamin E. Jackfruit leather is dried sheets of the fruit pulp which can be used as an ingredient in the manufacture
of cookies, cakes and ice creams. The raw fruits are used in vegetable curries and pickles. The rind is a good source
of pectin.
Jackfruit is also a good source of vitamin C, which protects the skin from the damage that occurs as a consequence
of the natural aging process and prolonged exposure to sun. Some studies have also reported the anti-inflammatory
effects of isolated bioactive compounds from the fruits of Artocarpus heterophyllus.
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Figure 7. Principal Functional and Medicinal Effects of Jackfruit
SOURCE: (Swami et al., 2012)
The functional components of jackfruit is to reduce the various diseases such as lowering blood pressure,
preventing heart disease and strokes, preventing bone loss and improving muscle and, nerve function, reducing
homocysteine levels in the blood. Another heart-friendly property found in the jackfruit is due to vitamin B6 that
helps reduce homocysteine levels in the blood thus lowering the risk of heart disease.
Jackfruit peel extract contains phenolics, flavonoids in which prenylflavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids and
glycosides are the predominant bioactive compounds. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of morachalcone A from wood
of A. heterophyllus was determined by Nguyen, et al. Similarly, bioactive compounds from A. heterophyllus wood
showed strong mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC50 values lower than 50 μM, more potent than kojic
acid, a well-known tyrosinase inhibitor. It was also found that norartocarpetin and artocarpesin in the twigs and
woods of A. heterophyllus, contributed to the tyrosinase inhibitory activity (10).
Table 2. Phytonutrients in fruit part of Artocarpus heterophyllus
S. No. Phytonutrients Phytochemicals
1. Carbohydrate Starch, Sugar, Dietary fiber
2. Protein
Arginine, Cysteine, Histidine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Threonine,
and Tryptophan
3. Mineral Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, Iron
4.
Vitamins
Vitamin A (Retinol), Vitamin E (Tocopherol), Vitamin B1 (Thiamine),
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin), Vitamin C ( Ascorbic acid)
5. Fatty Acids Capric, Myristic, Lauric, Palmitic, Oleic, Stearic
6. Organic acid Acid-Malic acid, Citric acid
7. Carotenoids 2-carotene, 1-carotene, 1-Zeacarotene, Dicarboxylic Carotenoid
8. Flavonoids
Artocarpetin, Artocarpetin, Artonins A, Morin, Artocarpanone,
Artocarpesin
9. Volatiles Isopentyl isovalerate, Butyl isovalerate, Butyl Acetate
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Table 3. Pharmacological Activities of Artocarpus heterophyllus (fruit)
Pharmacological
activities
Phytoconstituent Reference
Anti-bacterial Isoprenyl Flavone Loizzo and Tundis, (2010)
Anti-inflammatory Flavonoids Chanda and Dutta, (2009)
Anti-Oxidant Prenyl Flavones Gupta et al., (2011)
Anti-atherosclerosis Flavonoids Jagpat and Bapat, (2010)
Anti-arthritic Flavonoids Ngoc and Catrina, (2005)
░ METHODS FOR ESTIMATION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS
Various extraction methods were followed for the estimation of phytochemicals from the fruits of A. heterophyllus
in different studies until now. The methods carried out involves the collection of fully ripened fruits, which was
cleaned and separated into pulp and seeds. The pulps obtained were blended properly by mechanical blender and
was filtered through cheesecloth and stored at freezing temperature for further use.
The Jack fruit pulps were extracted by homogenizing in different solvents such as acetone, methanol, ethanol, and
water in an orbital shaker for 24 hour at room temperature. This homogenates were centrifuged at 15,000 rpm at
4⁰C for 10 minutes and the supernatants were recovered and stored at 20⁰C.
Total Phenolic content
The total phenolic content of jackfruit pulp in four different solvents were determined spectrophotometric ally
using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay.
According to the studies of Jagtap et al., (2010) ethanol was the best solvent for extracting phenolic compounds
followed by water, methanol, and acetone. The Jack fruit pulp contains lower amounts of total phenolics as
compared to A. odoratissimus flesh. The seeds of the Jackfruit showed higher amounts of total phenolic content
than the edible portions. The studies of Shafiq et al., (2017) the total phenolic content of the analyzed ripe jack fruit
pulp extracts illustrated that high phenolics content is present in the methanolic extract, followed by the aqueous
extract, ethyl acetate- methanol extract and acetone extract. However ethyl acetate extract showed the minimum
phenolics content.
Total Flavonoid content
Total flavonoid content of the crude jack fruit extracts was determined by the aluminium chloride colorimetric
protocol. The fibers had the highest flavonoid content in methanol and distilled water samples) that were incubated
with a solvent for 48 hours, while the peels showed the highest flavonoid content in samples that were
homogenized and centrifuged. The methanolic extract gave the highest composition in all parts. The fiber had the
highest flavonoid content in the 48 hours extraction in both methanol and distilled water while the peels had the
highest compositions in homogenized extracts.
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Tannin
In the studies conducted by Adan et al., (2020) the amount of tannin in the Jackfruit pulp was estimated using the
Folin–Ciocalteu method. According to this study, homogenization method was found to be the best method for
extraction of tannin while distilled water was proved to be the best extraction solvent for tannin. The fiber
consistently gave high values in all extraction methods and solvents. There was a significant variation in the
extraction solvents used with distilled water and 70% methanol recording high values compared to the methanol.
This could be attributed to the fact that tannin compounds are soluble in water.
Estimation of Ascorbic acid
Ascorbic acid content in the Jackfruit extracts were determined by UV-VIS spectrophotomete. The acetone extract
of ripe Jackfruit pulp exhibits the maximum ascorbic acid content of dry extracts, followed by methanol, aqueous,
ethyl acetate-methanol combination extracts and ethyl acetate.
DPPH (1, 1- diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl) Radical scavenging activity
The anti-oxidant activity of the Jack fruit pulp extract evaluated by DPPH assay showed that the methanolic and
water extracts of jackfruit showed maximum activity.
FRAP (Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power) Assay
The radical scavenging capacity of fruit pulp decreased with increasing ripening status. The phenolic
phytochemicals exhibited redox properties. Therefore the reducing ability of extracts was strongly correlated with
the phenolic and flavonoid content.
DMPD (N, N-dimethyl-p-phenylendiamine) Assay
The DMPD assay has advantages as high stability of the end point, quick reaction time, cost effective. In the
presence of an oxidant solution (ferric chloride) at acidic pH, DMPD is converted to stable and coloured DMPD
radical cation (DMPD·+). The anti-oxidant compounds, present in sample able to transfer a hydrogen atom to
DMPD·+ and caused discolouration, which was proportional to their concentration. It was observed that all Jack
fruit pulp extracts exhibited lower free radical scavenging activity than the standard ascorbic acid (Jagtap et al.,
2010).
Proximate composition of jackfruit pulp
Various studies conducted for the analysis of moisture content, TSS (total soluble solid), ash, protein, fat, reducing
and non-reducing sugar reported the jackfruit pulp contain moisture 77.2%, TSS 20%, ash 0.88%, fat 0.1%
Jackfruit pulp contain little fat, reducing sugar 6.80% and non-reducing sugar 8.98% respectively. Carbohydrate
content was determined by difference:
Total carbohydrates (% dry weight) = {100- moisture (%) - protein content (% dry weight) - crude fat (% dry
weight) – total ash (% dry weight)}.
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Determination of Total Nitrogen and Crude Protein Contents
The total nitrogen and crude protein contents determination, was done for pulp and seed samples. Determination of
the crude protein contents of the seeds and the pulps was done by Biuret and micro Kjedahl according to AOAC
928.08. The total crude protein was calculated from total nitrogen using the formula
Protein content = Nitrogen content x 6.25
Determination of Crude Lipid Contents
The fat contents of the samples were determined using chloroform/methanol as a solvent according to AOAC
method 991.36. The jackfruit pulps were found to have a lipid content of 0.09-0.12%.
Protein and Carbohydrate Contents
The protein and carbohydrate content of the pulp, ranged from 10.56 to 13.67% and 21.65 to 24.91%), respectively,
while that of the seeds ranged from 14.11 to 16.26% and 31.41% -34.95%, respectively. The seeds had the highest
carbohydrates and proteins content, while the pulps had the least
Estimation of Saponins
In studies to estimate the presence of saponins, Foam test was performed. The presence of saponin in higher
quantities was observed in jack fruit seed and it has been known for their medicinal uses, including anti-spasmodic
activity and toxicity to cancer.
Reducing power assay
The reducing power of jackfruit pulp ranged from 43.54 to 45.38 μg/ml (Ojwang et al., 2018). The reducing power
of dichloromethane : methanol in 1:1 extract was found to be higher than that of acetone extract, whereas FRAP
was reported as 5 mg/ml for Jack fruit pulp methanolic extract.
Carotenoid Composition of Jackfruit
Studies carried out by A. F. de Faria et al confirmed the carotenoid composition of jackfruit by high-performance
liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry detectors. The main carotenoids detected in this study were
all-trans-lutein (24–44%), all-trans-β-carotene (24–30%), all-trans-neoxanthin (4–19%), 9-cis-neoxanthin (4–9%)
and 9-cis-violaxanthin (4–10%).
░ CONCLUSION
This review reveals that Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. is a chemically and pharmacologically studied tree having
diverse secondary metabolites present in its fruits and seeds such as phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids,
glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, and tannins. Thus, jackfruit is considered to be a functionally, nutritionally, and
medicinally important fruit in all respects.
Jackfruit is a good natural source of phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids and tannins. That the solvent
used and the extraction technique affects the levels of phytochemicals extracted and hence their functional
properties (antioxidant and antimicrobial) to various magnitudes. Jackfruit is a good source of essential minerals.
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The fruit was also found to be rich in minerals such as potassium, calcium, sodium and iron, which are essential in
the body. The jackfruit seeds and pulp are rich in proteins and carbohydrates. Artocarpus heterophyllus is an
excellent plant due to its multifaceted medicinal properties like anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic activity,
anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-cancer, anti-helminthic, anti-malarial, anti-osteoporotic activity,
anti-inflammatory activity, sexual behaviour, maintaining a healthy thyroid gland and preventing anemia,
Inhibition of melanin biosynthesis, and show wound healing effect. Artocarpus heterophyllus also has food value
with numerous also culinary uses. The jackfruit pulp, seed, and leaves had low phytic acid, oxalates, tannin and
alkaloid content and possess high flavonoid content that promote good health.
In Ayurveda the jackfruit is used as a cooling tonic and pectorial, roots in diarrhea and fever, leaves to activate milk
in women and animals, as a source to treat anti-syphilic and vermifuge, leaf ash applied to ulcers wounds and the
warmed leaves have healing properties if pasted on the wounds. The richness of jackfruit in bioactive natural
metabolites encourages their consumption.
An activity of certain phytochemicals along with their anti-oxidant properties further supports the cause of
commercial utilization of the fruit. The anti-oxidant constituents present in the fruits play important role in
scavenging free radicals and reactive oxygen species which are responsible for a number of human disorders. The
jackfruits and fruit products hold potential in the diet as they possess not only pleasant taste but also source of
naturally and readily available source of instant energy. Studies have suggested a significant increase in the
nutritional content of jackfruit-fortified products in terms of the ash, protein, dietary fiber and phytochemical
contents.
The research evidence shows that the routine dietary supplementation with jackfruit not only protects against
stomach ulcers and cardiovascular disease but also helps to protect certain cancers and prevent mouth and skin
diseases. Side effects due to its consumption may be very rare and so far it is not reported. Using standardized
jackfruit products offers consumers a way of reaping the broad spectrum of health benefits of this fruit.
░ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Department of Biochemistry, Bangalore University is kindly acknowledged for the support provided.
Declarations
Source of Funding
This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing Interests Statement
The authors declare no competing financial, professional, or personal interests.
Consent for publication
The authors declare that they consented to the publication of this research work.
Authors’ Contributions
All authors equally contributed to research and paper drafting.
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░ Cite this article
Krupa, S., Sadaf, T. & Rohini. A Review on the Distribution, Nutritional Status and Biological Activity of
Various Parts of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology 6(4),
01–20 (2022).
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