Biodiversity and Conservation of Papaya.

1. Biodiversity and conservation of
papaya

3. Human beings can’t survive without biodiversity
because of total dependance.They use
resources directly or indirectly.
 Biodiversity is something which is cherished
and priceless.

4. Introduction :
Scientific name Carica papaya
Chromosome no (2n=18)
Family Caricaceae.
Origin Tropical america

5. Geographical Origin and
Distribution
 Carica papaya is believed to have originated in the
lowlands of eastern Central America, from Mexico to
Panama (Nakasone and Paul, 1998).
 The genus Carica L., is presumed to have originated
from natural hybridization involving C. peltata Hook. It
spread to the Caribbean and Southeast Asia during the
16th century. It was introduced to India during early part
of 16th century from Philippines through Malaysia and
has only one species of papaya namely C. papaya.
Genetic diversity studies among thirteen commercially
grown cultivars of India have shown that dioecious
cultivars form a separate group from that of monoecious
cultivars (Kanupriya etal,2012).

6. Distribution
 Caricaceae consists of six, relatively small genera with 35 species,
all of which are American except Cylicomorpha which is from West
Africa.
 Until recently, the Caricaceae was thought to comprise 31 species
in three genera (namely Carica, Jacaratia and Jarilla) from tropical
America and one genus, Cylicomorpha, from equatorial Africa
(Nakasone & Paull 1998).
 However, a recent taxonomic revision proposed that some species
formerly assigned to Carica were more appropriately classified in
the genus Vasconcellea (Badillo 2002). Accordingly, the family’s
classification has been revised to comprise Cylicomorpha and five
South and Central American genera (Carica, Jacaratia, Jarilla,
Horovitzia and Vasconcellea) with Carica papaya as the only
species within the genus Carica (Badillo 2002). Apart from Carica
papaya, none of the Vasconcellea spp are grown in India.

7. The distributionof different generais as follows:
i. Cyclicomorpha: It is the only genus of the family that is restricted to
humid habitat and occurs in mountainous forests of equatorial Africa.
ii. Horovitzia: It is a monotypic genus of hairy herbaceous plants, endemic
to Mexico.
iii. Jarilla: This genus consists of three herbaceous species; all restricted to
southern Mexico and Guatemala.
iv. Jacaratia: It contains seven species of trees with compound leaves,
distributed from Mexico to the north of Argentina.
v. Vasconcellea: The largest genus of the family with 21 species, has only
recently been resurrected on a generic level based on morphological and
genetic characteristics (Aradhya et al., 1999 and Badillo (2000).Due to their
morphological resemblance to the common papaya and occurrence in
higher altitudes of Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela and North of Argentina,
Vasconcellea spp. are often referred to as highland or mountain papayas.
However the fruits are smaller, less succulent and quite different in taste.

8. Since Vasconcellea seems to be a young complex network of closely related
species, the following species complexes with different subspecies might be
recognized within Vasconellea.
Complex1:
V. stipulata, V. × heilbornii, V. weberbaueri, V. Parviflora
Complex 2: V. quercifolia, V. chilensis, V. candicans ( V. crassipetala)
Complex 3: All other analyzed taxa ( V. crassipetala).
vi. Carica: Carica is mono specific containing the best known and
economically most important species of this family, namely papaya. C.
papaya diverged from the rest of Carica species early in the evolution of this
genus Kim et., al (2002).It is the only cultivated genus of the family.

9. Species
1- Vasconcellea candicans
2- Vasconcellea cauliflora
3- Vasconcellea pubescens(Syn. Vasconcellea
cundinamarcensis) (mountain papaya)
4- Vasconcellea crassipetala
5- Vasconcellea glandulosa
6- Vasconcellea goudotiana
7- Vasconcellea horovitziana
8- Vasconcellea longiflora
9- Vasconcellea microcarpa
10- Vasconcellea monoica
11- Vasconcellea omnilingua
12- Vasconcellea palandensis

10.  13- Vasconcellea parviflora
14- Vasconcellea pulchra
15- Vasconcellea quercifolia
16- Vasconcellea sphaerocarpa
17- Vasconcellea sprucei
18- Vasconcellea stipulata
19- Vasconcellea weberbaueri
20- Hybrid: Vasconcellea ×
heilbornii (babaco)

11. Genera of the Family Caricaceae
that have edible fruits
 Genus Carica - one species, Carica
papaya (Papaya), America
 Carica papaya

12. Genus Cylicomorpha - two
species, Africa
1. Cylicomorpha parviflora .
2. Cylicomorpha solmsii.
Genus Horovitzia - one species, Mexico
1.Horovitzia cnidoscoloides

13.  Genus Jacaratia - seven species,America
 1- Jacaratia chocoensis
2- Jacaratia corumbensis
3- Jacaratia digitata
4- Jacaratia dolichaula
5- Jacaratia heptaphylla
6- Jacaratia mexicana
7- Jacaratia spinosa

14.  Genus Jarilla - three species, America
 1- Jarilla chocola
 2- Jarilla heterophylla
 3- Jarilla nana

15. Varieties of papaya
 Varieties: Coorg Honey Dew, Pusa Dwarf,
Pusa Giant, Pusa Majesty, Pusa Delicious,
Pusa Dwarf, Solo, Ranchi, Taiwan-785 and
Taiwan-786
 •CO 1, CO 2, CO 3, CO 4, CO 5, CO 6, CO 7,
CO 8, Coorg Honey dew and Surya. CO 3, CO
7 and Surya are highly suitable for table
purpose and CO 2, CO 5 and CO 6 are dual-
purpose varieties for table and papain
production.

17. Papaya Varieties and Their
Characteristics
 Coorg Honey Dew : Popularly known as 'Madhubindu' and is cultivated
for table as well as processing purpose. The variety bears greenish-yellow
oblong-shaped fruits with orange thick flesh and good flavour. The variety
can be maintained pure by growing in isolation. Due to its excellent fruit
quality it fetches good market value.
 Pusa Dwarf : It is a dioecious variety with dwarf plants and medium-sized
(1-2 kg) oval fruits. The plant starts bearing from 25 to 30 cm above-ground
level and is comparatively drought hardy. This variety is very suitable
for high-density planting.
 Pusa Giant : Plants are vigorous, sturdy and tolerant to strong wind. It is a
dioecious cultivar with big-sized (2.5-3 kg) fruits, suitable
for canning industry.
 Pusa Majesty : A gynodioecious line, tolerant to viral diseases and root
knot nematodes. The variety is suitable for papain production and is
comparable to C0.2 variety for papain yield. The fruits are medium-sized, 1-
1.5 kg in weight, round in shape and have better keeping quality. It starts
fruiting 146 days from the time of transplanting. The variety is tolerant to
root knot nematode.

18.  Pusa Delicious : This is a gynodioecious line with
medium-tall plants, starts yielding 8 months after
planting and has good quality fruits (10°-13° Brix). The
fruit is medium-sized (1-2 kg) with deep orange flesh
having excellent flavour. It is grown as a table
purpose variety. Pusa Dwarf : Medium size fruits,
oval in shape and suitable for high-density planting.
 CO.1 : It is selection from cultivar Ranchi done by
TNAU, Coimbatore. The plant is dwarf in habit,
producing the first fruit within 60-75 cm from the
ground level. Fruit is medium-sized, spherical, has
smooth greenish-yellow skin, flesh orange-yellow,
soft, firm. It is moderately juicy with good keeping-
quality. The objectionable papain odour is practically
absent in the fruits.

19.  CO.2 : It is a selection purified from a local type at
Agricultural College and Research Institute,
Coimbatore. Fruits are medium-sized, obovate,
greenish yellow, ridged at the apex, flesh red in
colour, soft to firm, moderately juicy with good
keeping-quality. It is a suitable type for extraction
of papain. It gives 4-6g dried papain/fruit or 250-
300 kg papain/ha.
 CO. 3 : The fruit of this hybrid (CO. 2 x Sun Rise
Solo) is larger in size when compared with Solo
and exhibits all the desirable attributes of Solo.
Total soluble solids (TSS) is as high as 13.8° Brix
and average fruit weight ranges from 1-1.5 kg.
The fruits have a good keeping quality. Each tree
yields 100-120 fruits in two years.

20.  CO. 5 : It is a selection from Washington and
isolated for its high papain production. It
produces consistently 14-15 g dry papain/fruit. It
gives 75-80 fruits/tree in two years with an
average yield of 1,500-1,600 kg dried papain/ha.
Washington : It is a table purpose variety. Fruits
are round to ovate, medium-large in size with few
seeds. When ripe, skin attains a bright yellow
colour. The average weight of fruit ranges from
1.5-2 kg. Male and female plants are separate.
 Solo : It is a table purpose variety. The fruits are
small with deep pink pulp and a sweet taste.
Excellent for kitchen garden.

21.  Ranchi : It is a variety from Bihar and popular in
south India. The fruits are oblong with dark yellow
pulp and sweet taste.
 IIHR39 and IIHR54 : Developed at IIHR,
Bangalore. This variety bears medium sized
sweet fruit with high TSS (14.5° Brix) and better
shelf life. Taiwan-785 : This variety is cultivated
for table as well as processing purpose. The
plant is dwarf in habit, producing the first fruit
within 60-75 cm from the ground level. Fruits are
oblong with thick orange red sweet pulp. Each
tree yields 100-125 fruits in one year. It has a
good keeping quality and disease tolerant.

22. CO-1 CO-2 CO-3 CO-4
CO-5 CO-6 CO-7

23. Varieties of papaya (TNAU)
VARIETIES BREEDING METHOD SPECIFIC FEATURE
CO-1 SELECTION from
variety Ranchi
CO -2 Selection local type
CO-3 CO-1 X Washington Gynodioecious
CO - 4 CO-1 X Washington
CO-5 Inbred selection from
Washington
Suitable for papain
extraction.
Co-6 Inbred selection from
Giant
Dual purpose (Both
table and papain )
CO-7 Coorg Honew Dew x
CP-85
Gynodioecious variety

24. IARI VARIETIES
VARIETIES BREEDING METHOD SPECIFIC FEATURE
Pusa Delicious Gynodioecious type
Pusa Majesty Gynodioecious type
Pusa Giant Dioecious type, suitable
for canning.
Pusa Dwarf Dioecious type.
Pusa Nanha Mutant variety Suitable for HDP

25. Other varieties
Variety Breeding method Specific features
Washington Gynodioecious
Solo Gynodioecious
Sunrise Solo Gynodioecious
Taiwan Gynodioecious
Thailand Gynodioecious
Waimanalo Gynodioecious
Wilder Gynodioecious

26. VARIETY BREEDING METHOD SPECIFIC FEATURE
Coorg Honey Dew Sunrise SoloxPink Flesh
Sweet
Gynodioecious
Arka Surya Sunrise SoloxPink Flesh
Sweet
Gynodioecious
Arka Prabhath Surya x Taichung x
Local Dwarf
Gynodioecious
Solo Gynodioecious
Pant Papaya -1 Dioecious
Sunup and Rainbow Transgenic variety

27.  Ranchi variety All three sex forms are
present
(male,female and
hermaphrodite)

28.  Crossability between different spp. Of papaya:
As india has only one spp. Of papaya there is no concern of this.
 Wild relatives in india: Wild relatives of carica do not occur in india.
 Potential for gene transfer from papaya: There is no informataion on
the gene transfer of papaya with other spp of plants. As it is safe to
assume that gene transfer from papaya to other spp. does not
occur.
 Natural interspecific and intergeneric crossing: India does not have
any population of wild spp of papaya.Hence there is no likelihood
for the genes transferring of papaya to wild spp.
 Free living population of papaya : Since it is not native of india,free
living populations are not found in india.

29. Varietal testing systemin India
 Varietal testing in papaya is carried out under the ‘All India
Coordinated Research Programme’ of Fruits (AICRP). Research
and evaluation is carried out in various institute located in different
agro climatic zones(AICRP) was initiated during Fourth Five Year
Plan.
 Testing is carried out both by the State Agricultural Universities
(SAUs) and ICAR research institutes co-ordinatedly to find solutions
to various problems and to evaluate the suitability, adoptability and
transferability of the technology in different ecological regions of the
country.
 At present there are 6 centers on papaya. In the east it is being
carried out at Fruit Research Station, Kovvur, in the West at the
ICAR-IARI center of Pune, in the North at Pusa and Ranchi and in
the south at TNAU, Coimbatore and at Indian Institute of
Horticultural Research (ICAR IIHR), Hessaraghatta. Germplasm
collection of cultivated varieties and different species of papaya are
being maintained at both TNAU and ICARIIHR

30. Conservation of papaya
germplasm
 Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a popular tropical
fruit crop. However, because of extensive
monoculture and a narrow gene-pool, it is
susceptible to numerous diseases including
Papaya Ring Spot Virus (PRSV-P), which has
caused widespread damage in many countries.
 Conservation of the germplasm of the crop
genepool is important to provide a source of
genes for the future development of resistant
varieties, either via genetic manipulation or
through conventional plant breeding.
 Papaya seeds have generally been classified as
having intermediate seed storage capacities and
storage for periods greater than 5 years is difficult.

31.  Loss of viability has been reported at moisture contents below 8 to 10% (Ellis et al.,
1991),
although viability has been reported when seed was desiccated to 5% (Magill et al.,
1994).
 More recently, Wood et al. (2000) have reported that dormancy results from
desiccation of papaya seeds and that desiccation–induced dormancy can be
reversed by
heat shock.
 However, no protocols for long-term conservation of papaya seeds are
currently available and work reported here aims to develop a method. An alternative
conservation approach is to cryopreserve shoot tips. By this method clonal material
from
superior genotypes can be preserved. Cryopreservation of shoot tips has been shown
for
three papaya genotypes using a vitrification-based procedure, and >65% of tips were
successfully thawed and regenerated for all three genotypes (Ashmore et al., 2001).
Two procedures, desiccation and cryopreservation of seeds and vitrification-based
cryopreservation of shoot tips, have been employed and growth of regernerated

32. CONCLUSION
 Cryopreservation of shoot tips and seeds of
papaya can be considered for maintenance of
papaya germplasm.
 Work is being undertaken to further optimize
these
techniques.
Papaya seed has been stored for 12 months at
a range of moisture contents and temperatures
including cryostorage and was germinated
after GA3 treatement.