gene centres, exploration and collection of germplasm, inventory of germplasm, introduction and plant quarantine

1. Biodiversity in Custard
Apple, Ber, Aonla, Litchi and
Nuts
1

2. custard apple
2

3. Introduction
 Family: Annonaceae
 Genus: Annona
 Species: Annona squamosa
 Related species
 Annona atemoya
 Annona cherimoya
 Annona glabra
 Annona muricata
 Annona reticulata
3

4. Origin
 Wester, 1912- Tropical South America and the West Indies
 Pinto et al., 2005- Lowland Central America
Spread to Mexico and tropical America
 Introduction
 Spaniards to Philippines
 Portuguese to India (1590)
 India- secondary centre of diversity
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5. 5

6. Germplasm collections
 IIHR Banglore- 48
 CISH Lucknow- 8
 CIAH Bikaner- 9
 CHES, Ranchi- 7
 NBPGR
6
Species Cryo-bank Field bank
Annona glabra 4 1
Annona reticulata 6 1
Annona squamosa 70 1

7. Introduces cultivars
 Thai Lessard
 Kampong Mauve
 Israeli Selection
 Israeli Hybrid
 Pink’s Mammoth
 K J Pinks
 African Pride
 Bradley Page
 Gefner
7
 Mammoth, Barbados, British Guiana - West Indies
 Exotic varieties in India

8. Pests of National Significance
 Insect pests
 Mealybug
 Fruit fly
 Scales
 Fruit borer
 Diseases
 Fruit rot & anthracnose
 Alternaria leaf spot
 Cylindrocladium leaf spot
 Diplodia rot
 Black canker 8

9. Ber
9

10. Introduction
 Family: Rhamnaceae
 Species: Ziziphus mauritiana
var. hysudrica- which is wild or cultivated with
large fruit
var. fruiticosa- small shrub in the sub-Himalayan
tract, with small fruit
 Origin: South and Central Asia and China
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12. Germplasm collections
 CIAH Bikaner
 Ziziphus mauritiana- 373
 Z. rotundifolia- 22
 CAZRI Jodhpur- 68
 CCSHAU Hisar- 74
 IIHR Banglore- 38
 CHES, Ranchi- 31
12

13. NBPGR germplasm
collection
Species
Cryo-
bank
field
bank
Ziziphus mauritiana 30 4
Ziziphus mauritiana var.
fruticosa
- 1
Ziziphus nummularia 21 1
Ziziphus rotundifolia 18 -
Ziziphus rugosa 4 2
Ziziphus xylopyrus 3 2
Ziziphus oenoplia - 2
Ziziphus jujuba 9 - 13

14. Aonla
14

15. Introduction
 Family: Euphorbiaceae
 Species: Emblica officinalis
 Known in India for last more than 3500 years
 Mentioned in: Vedas, Askandhpuran, Shivpuran, Padma-
puran, Ramayana, Kadambari, Charak Shanghita, Sushrut
Shanghita, etc
15

16. Origin and distribution
 Origin: Tropical Southeast Asia
 Distribution: India, Sri Lanka, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Hawaii,
Florida, Iran, Iraq, Java, West Indies, Trinidad, Singapore,
southern Thailand, Pakistan, Malaya-China and Panama
Canal regions
 Natural distribution in India: Vindhyan hills in Madhya
Pradesh, Khasi and Garo hills of Meghalaya, Chattisgarh,
Jharkhand, Mizoram, Tripura
16

17. Domestication
 Domestication in India started in Varanasi, UP
 Cultivating states: Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan,
Maharashtra, Haryana, Mizoram, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Bihar
 Promising selections: Banarasi, Chakaiya, Francis, NA-
4(Kanchan), NA-5(Krishna), NA-6,
NA-7, NA-8, NA-9, NA-10
17

18. Germplasm diversity areas
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19. Field gene banks
Institute/centre No. of accessions
Dryland Agricultural Research Station, Anantpur, Andhra Pradesh 12
Regional Research Station, Aruppukottai, Tamil Nadu 5
Nadrendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology, Faizabad,
U.P.
21
Dryland Agriculture Research Station, Sardakrushinagar, Gujarat 12
G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar,
Uttaranchal
10
National Research Centre for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner, Rajasthan 24
Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 35
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra 6
CHES, Ranchi 5 19

20. NBPGR- germplasm
Species
Cryo-
bank
Field
bank
Emblica officinalis 15 12
Phyllanthus emblica 7 1
20

21. Pests of National Significance
 Insect pests
 Bark eating caterpillar: Inderdela tetraonis Moore
 Apical twig gall maker: Betonsa stylophora Swinhoe
 Mealy bug: Ferrisia virgata Cockerell
 Aphids: Setaphis bougainvilleae Theob
 Diseases
 Leaf rust: Phakopsora phyllanthi Diet.
 Ring rust: Ravenelia emblicae Stydlia.
21

22. Litchi
22

23. Introduction
 Family: Sapindaceae
 Species: Litchi chinensis
 Origin: Southern China and Northern Vietnam
 Reach India in 18th centuary
23

24. Major cultivars
 Bangladesh : Bedana, Bombai, China 3, Muzapharpur, Brazil Bengal
 China : Bah Lup, Baitangying, Fay Zee Siu, Kwai May Red, No Mai Chee, Souey Tung,
Sum Yee Hong
 Florida : USA Brewster, Mauritius
 India : Bedana, Bombai, Calcutta, China, Longia, Rose Scented, Shahi
 Israel : Floridian, Mauritius
 Madagascar, Mauritius and Reunion: Mauritius
 Nepal : Calcutta, China, Dehradun, Mujafpuri, Raja Saheb
 Philippines : Sinco, Tai So, UPLB Red
 South Africa : Mauritius, McLean’s Red
 Thailand : Chacapat (Chakrapad), Haak Yip, Kom, Tai So, Wai Chee
 Vietnam : Vaithieu
24

25. Germplasm collections
 NBPGR, New Delhi - 19
 CISH, Lucknow - 35
 Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bihar- 21
 Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, Bihar- 15
 ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Ranchi, Jharkhand- 51
 Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidhalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal- 15
 GBP University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand-20
 CHES, Ranchi - 17
25

26. PGR distribution
26

27. Pests of National Significance
 Insect pest
 Fruit borer
 Leaf roller
 Litchi bug
 Mealybug
 Litchi mite
 Litchi trunk borer
 Red weevil
 Bagworm
 Fruit sucking moth
 Oriental fruit fly
 Diseases
 Fruit rot
 Powdery mildew
 Leaf rust
 Downy mildew
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28. Nuts
28

29. Almond
 Family: Rosaceae
 Species: Prunus dulcis
var. dulcis- sweet
var. amara- bitter
 Origin: Iran
 distribution: USA, Spain, Iran, Morocco, Turkey,
Italy, Australia etc.
29

30. PGR map of
almond
30

31. Chestnut
 Family: Fagaceae
 American chestnuts - Castanea dentate, Castanea pumila
 Asian chestnuts - Castanea mollissima, Castanea
henryi, Castanea seguinii, Castanea
crenata
 European chestnut - Castanea sativa
 Origin: Mediterranean region
 Production: China, Turkey, S. Korea, Italy, Greece,
Portugal, Japan, Spain, France etc…
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32. 32
PGR map of
chestnut

33. Hazelnut
 Family: Betulaceae
 Species: Corylus avellana
 Origin: Europe and Western Asia
 Production: Turkey, Italy, Azerbaijan, United states, Chile,
China etc…
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34. 34
PGR map of
hazelnut

35. Pecan nut
 Family: Juglandaceae
 Species: Carya illinoensis
 Origin: Mexico and California
35

36. 36
PGR map of
pecan nut

37. Walnut
 Family: Juglandaceae
 English walnut
 Juglans regia
 Origin- Iran (Persia)
 Black walnut
 Juglans nigra
 Origin- eastern North America
 Production: China, USA, Iran, Turkey
37

38. 38
PGR map of
walnut

39. Macadamia nut
 Family: Proteaceae
 Species:
 Macadamia integrifolia
 Macadamia ternifolia
 Macadamia tetraphylla
 Macadamia jansenii
 Origin: Australia and Queensland
 Production: S. Africa, Australia, Brazil, USA, Costa Rica,
Isarael, Kenya, China etc..
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40. 40
PGR map of
macadamia nut

41. Pistachio nut
 Family: Anacardiaceae
 Species: Pistacia vera
 Origin: central Asia
 Production: Iran, USA, Turkey, China, Syria
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42. 42
PGR map of
pistachio nut

43. Nuts in cryo gene bank, NBPGR
Species IC EC
Prunus amygdalus 105 1
Prunus dulcis 122 0
Corylus ferox 1 0
Corylus jacquementii 2 0
Carya illinoinensis 0 5
Macadamia integrifolia 0 3
Juglans nigra 0 3
Juglans regia 96 7
Juglans sp. 28 0
43

44. NBPGR field gene bank
Species IC EC
Corylus jacquementii 1 0
Juglans sp. 1 0
44

45. CITH- field gene bank
Crop No. of accessions Important varieties
Almond 26
California Paper shell, IXL,
Primorskij, Non Pareil, Local
Selections and Mission
Walnut 143
SPB-3, HCB-1, HCB-3, KB-
1, GKB-1,GKB-2, PSB-2,
PSB-1, HKB-4, No-7, RKB-1
Hazel nut 01 Bersaron
45

46. Germplasm evaluation in nuts
 Done by CITH Srinagar
 Done with the help of morphological descriptors and
markers
46

47. Walnut
S.No Trait Best land races identified
01. Nut Weight (g)
LG-5 (27.16), LG-10 (24.62 g), LG-9 (21.90), LG-7
(21.75), SPS-3 (19.45), LG-11 (18.64), LG-18 (18.63)
02. Kernel Weight (g)
LG-5 (12.76), LG-10 (12.61), LG-9 (11.24), LG-7
(11.26), SPS-3 (11.54), LG-11 (10.69), LG-18 (10.02)
03. Kernel recovery (%)
SPS-3 (59.39), BBW-8 (58.38), AB-A (59.69), LG-18
(58.07), GB-2 (53.00), YKB-4 (52.70), NU (51.63)
04. Shell colour (light) LG-5,LG-7,SPS-3,HN-1,YKB-4
05. Shell texture (smooth)
CG-5, LG-10, SPS-3, LG-11, LG-18, PPM-4, HN-1,
YKB-4
06. Kernel colour (extra light) SS-7, BBW-8, YKB-4, KPT-5
07. Yield (Kg/tree)
HN-1 (100), CG-5 (60), LG-9 (60), LG-11 (50), PPM-4
(50)
08.
Soft to very soft shelled
walnut genotypes
LG-5, LG-10, LG-9, LG-7, SPS-3, LG-11, LG-18, PPM-
4, HN-1, YKB-4 47

48. Almond
Name of variety / shell type
Nut yield expected in
10th year (t/ha)
Kernel
recovery (%)
IXL (Soft shelled) 2.50 54.96
MERCED(Papery) 2.00 56.2
PRIMOSKIJ(Papery) 2.50 55.38
PRANAYAJ (Soft shelled) 2.50 50.00
NON-PARIEL(Papery) 2.50 59.48
SHALIMAR(Papery) 2.00
49.64
MAKHDOOM(Soft shelled) 2.00 42.36
WARIS(Soft shelled) 3.00 48.44
California paper
shell(Papery)
2.00 50.00
48

49. 49