Jagathesan K
2016653402
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Introduction
• Botanical name - Capsicum annum L.
• Family - Solanaceae
• Chromosome number - 2n=24, 26
• Pungency - Capsaicin C18 H27 NO3,
• Red color - Capsanthin
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Origin
• Mexico is the center of diversity for C. annuum
• Introduce Spain 1493 by Columbus – spread Mediterranean region to
England in 1548 - central Europe in the 16th century
• Brazil to India in 1885 by Portuguese
• In china it came under cultivation during the late 1700s
• Five cultivated species in world wide
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Domesticated
around 5000BC
Carried by
Columbusto
Spain,1493
Brought by Portuguese
fromBrazil to India, 1584
Evolved as a wild
crop 7500BC
origin 4

Conti….
Cultivated species are:-
• C. annuum - Mexico
• C. frutescens - Amazonia
• C. chinense - Amazonia
• C. pendulum - Peru and Bolivia
• C. pubescens - Peru and Bolivia (Extinct)
• C. pendulum becomes C. baccatum var. pendulum ,
• C. microcarpum becomes C. baccatum var. baccatum
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Capsicum annuum complex
C. annuum var. annuum
C. annuum var. avicular
C. frutescens
C. chinense
C. chacoense
Capsicum baccatum group
C. baccatum var. praetermissum
C. baccatum var. pendulum
C. baccatum var. baccatum
Capsicum eximium complex
C. pubescens
C. eximium
C. cardenasii
white flowers
white flowers
with yellow
spots
purple flowers
X=13 species
• C. ciliatum
• C. buforum
• C. campylopodium
• C. cornutum
• C. schottianum
• C. villosum
• C. pereirae
• C. friburguense
• 3 unnamed Capsicum
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Capsicum annuum Capsicum frutescens
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Capsicum pubescens C. chinense
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Capsicum baccatum
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Glabriusculum Grossum AbbreviatumGlabriusculumAccuminatum
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Annuum Cross section accuminatum Hollowness - accuminatum Trilocular
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Variety Fruit character Color
Cerasiformae – cherry
peppers
1.2 to 2.5cm – diameter Red, yellow or purple
Conoides - Cone pepper,
tobasco type
3cm long fruits erect, tabasco
Fasciculatum – cluster
pepper
7.5cm long, Erect, relates C frutescens
Longum – long pepper 20-30cm long, Red, yellow or ivoy
Abbreviatum – wrinkled
pepper
5cm long ± ovate
Accuminatum - 9cm long Linear, oblong pungent
Grosssum – sweet pepper Basal depression, inflated Red or yellow 15

Horticultural classification of Pepper
Groups Size (inch) Common cultivars – pungency() Uses
Bell 3to5 X 2to4 California and yolo wonder (non &
few)
Fresh market, salad, and
canning
Pimiento 2.5to5 X 2to3 Pimiento and pimsan (non) - do -
Squash 1to2 X 2to4 Yellow cheese, (non) Processing, canning,
pickiling
Ancho 4to6 X 2to3 Ancho, Mexican chili(mild) Powder, dried chili
cayenne 5to10 X
0.5to1
Cayenne long red(high) Dried, powder, sause, salads
Jalapeno 1.5to3 X
.75to1
Jalapeno (high) Greeen,
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Horticultural classification of Pepper
Groups Size (inch) Common cultivars –
pungency()
Uses
Anahelm 5to8 X .75to1.75 Paprika (non pungent) Color, canning
Cuban 3to6 X 0.5to2 Cuban, golden greek (mild) Salads ,pickled
Small hot 1.5to3 X .25to1 Fresno chili, serrano (high) Seasoning and Sause
Cherry 0.5to2 Pungent Pickling
Short
wax
2to3 X 1to2 Cascabella, floral gem Processing, pickiling
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Groups Size (inch) Common cultivars –
pungency()
Uses
Long
wax
3to5X.75to1.5 Hungarian yellow wax, sweet
banana
Pickled and canning
Tabasco 1to2 X 1.25 Frutescence spp. (high) Sause, pickled
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Morphology of fruit
• Fruit type is berry
• Capsicin glands – between placenta and endocarp -
produce capsaicin
• Calyx – Persistent calyx
• Seeds – rich in lecithin, absent capsaicin, hotness
due to absorbance
• Placenta – metabolic exchange fruit to seed

Flower biology
 Flower -Actinomorphic, Bisexual, Pedicellate, Hypogynous
 Gynoecium -Superior ovary,
 Androecium -Stamens 5-6, Epipetalous
 Pollination -Self pollination (cross 16% bees, Ants & Thrips)
 Flower opening -5am to 6am – cool days cloudy delay
 Anther dehiscence -8am to 11am
 Receptivity -24 hours after flower opening.
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Male sterility
• GMS and CMS common in hot pepper
• Stigma shriveled and devoid of pollen
• Male-sterility in peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) was first documented
in the 1950’s. Since then considerable
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Crossing procedure
Remove male organs without
damage the female part
Emasculate unopened
flower
Collect the pollen from
opened male flower
Gently transfer the pollen
stigma
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Disease/insect /stress Resistant/tolerant source
Fruit rot (Colletotrichum sp.) C. chinense, Accr 1555, 1554, 906, Chinese Giant,
Hungarian Yellow Wax, Spartan
Cercospora leaf spot California Wonder, Hungarian Wax
Bacterial leaf spot PI 163192, PI 260435, PI 163189, PI 163192, PI
271322, PI 32219
Phytophthora root rot PI 201234
Phytophthora nicotianae PBG 631, UHF-1
Root knot nematode Santaba
TMV Sonnette, Keystone Resistant Giant, YW, Yolo Y
Tolerant to drought Arka Lohit
Tolerant to salinity PLR 1

Germplasm sources
• AVRDC, Shanhua, Taiwan – 7500 base/active collection
• Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigations y Enseanza (CATIE),
Rica
• Centre for genetic resources, Netherlands
• Central Institute of genetics and germplasm. Germany
• NBPGR, New Delhi
• IIVR, Varanasi
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Breeding objectives in Capsicumspp.
MAJOR OBJECTIVES
1. Higheryield
2. More pungency (capsaicin) andoleoresin inhot chilli
3. Zero pungency (capsaicin) andmore antioxidant insweetpepper
4. Resistance to anthracnose, virus complex, fruit rot and bacterial wiltetc.
5. More dry powder from green fruit
6. High vitamin C
7. Color retention
COMMONOBJECTIVES
1. Higher fruit weightandlarger size
2. More number of fruits per plant
3. Uniform fruit shape,sizeandcolor insweetpepper
4. Earliness
5. Wideradaptability
6. Improved nutritional quality
7. Longer shelflife
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Breeding methods
• Mass selection - Improve multiple traits
• Pureline selection - Land races/local cultivars
• Pedigree method - Hybridization
• Single seed descent - Generate inbred lines
• Backcross method - Resistance breeding
• Heterosis breeding - Hybridization
• Mutation breeding - Irradiation
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Variety Parentage breeding methods Remarks
G – 1(Lam) Nallapadu PLS
G – 2 NP 46 A PLS
G – 3 NP 46 A PLS Good retention of red colour
G – 4 (Bhagyalaxmi) Thohian chilli from Sri lanka PLS Fairly tol.To biotic stress.
G – 5 (Andhra Jyoti) G2 X B 31 (Bihar) Pedigree Cherry type fruit
NP 46 A (IARI) PLS Tol.To virus
K 1 (ARS, kovilpatti) B72A (Assam selection) PLS Tol.To thrips
K2 K1 X sattur samba Pedigree
MDU 1 K1 Irradiation mutation Dwarf plant, cluster bearing
Co 1 - (TNAU) Sattur samba PLS – reselection Throught the year, dry pod
Co 2 - (TNAU) Nambiyur local – Erode Selection Green & dry, Gundu type
Co 3 Open pollinated – sri lanka Introduction Close spacing green & dry
PKM 1 AC No. 1797 X Co 1 – F4 Hybridization Very bold seeds
PMK 1 Co 2 X Ramnathapuram gundu Hybridizaton Rainfed cultivation 27

K1 K2 Co1
KKM1 PKM 2
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Variety Parentage breeding methods Remarks
Arka haritha CMS F1 Green & dry..resist. PM & virus
Arka sweta CMS F1 Dual purpose 38t/ha
Arka meghna CMS F1 Dual,Tol. Pm & virus
Arka suphal PMR 57 CMS F1 Indeterminate, PM resist,Tol. virus
Arka lohit Ihr324 local collection PLS tol to pm
Arka abir Devanur dubha PLS Paprika var colour extraction
Kashi anmol IC-523656, Sri Lanka Introduction Dwarf, umberla type,
Kashi Surkh(CCH-2) Heterosis breeding (F1 ) Tall indeterminate (110-120 cm)
Kashi Early (CCH-3) Heterosis breeding(F1 ) Indeterminate (80-100 cm height)
VR-338 IIVR Mass selection indeterminate
IVPBC – 535 IIVR AccessionAVRDC Introduction Determinate, long pendent,
wrinkled 29

Variety Parentage breeding methods Remarks
Pant c 1 NP 46A Xkanthari PLS Tol.virus erect bearing
Pant c2 NP 46A Xkanthari PLS Pendint bearing
Pusa jwala NP46AX Puri red Pedigree Tol to thrips, mites ,aphids
Pusa sadabahar Pusa jwala xIc31339 Pedigree Virus resistants(C. chinense)
Ch1 (PAU) MS - 12XLLS GMS Tol viral, fungal
Ch3 (PAU) MS – 12 X s - 2530 F1 Mild pungent, processing
Punjab lal Perennial X long red Resist CMV,TMV, LCV
California wonder USA Introduction 3-4 lobed
Arka mokini Titan PLS Large 3-4 lobed
Arka gowrow Golden wonder PLS Medium 3-4 lobed
Arka basanth Soroksari PLS Cream conical
Pusa deepti Hybridization Conical, high yield
Kt1 (IARI, Katrain) Hybridization High yield potential 30

Achievement
Pusa Jwala Arka Lohit Arka Meghna
Resham patto Arka Gaurav Arka Mohini
GAVCH1
PusaMeghdoot 31

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Hotness in pepper
• Chilli hotness measured by SHU (Scoville Heat
Unit )
• Bhut jolokia – 1,001,304 SHU
• Naga morich – 1,598,227 SHU
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Reference
• Zhigila, D. A., Fruit Morphology as Taxonomic Features in Five
Varieties of Capsicum annuum L. Solanaceae. 2014
• Mark J. Bassett., Breeding of vegetable crops, 67-137
• Sigh, H. R., 1997. Vegetable Breeding - Principles and practices:381-
406
• Reddy, M.K., Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) breeding in india: an
overview.
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Thank you…..