The document discusses genetic resources of citrus in India. It provides an introduction to citrus history and classification. Several citrus species and cultivars found in India are described, including mandarins like Kinnow and Nagpur mandarin, oranges like Malta and Mosambi, acids like Assam lemon and Rangpur lime, and pummelos. The document notes that India's northeast region is a treasure house of citrus germplasm, containing 23 species, 1 subspecies and 68 varieties. It emphasizes the need for further collection of diverse genetic resources to support crop improvement efforts.

1. Department of Horticulture and Postharvest
Technology
Master's Seminar
on
Genetic resources of citrus in India
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Gangaram Rana
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2. Content
 Introduction
 History, origin and spread
 Botanical classification
 Cultivars found in India
 Exploration and collection
 Conclusion
 References
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3. Genetic resources of citrus in India
Buddhisatya Dowarah
Department of Horticulture and Postharvest Technology
Institute of Agriculture, Visva- Bharati
Sriniketan- 731236, WB
Email ID- gangaramrana095@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Citrus fruits are members of the Rutaceae family which contains more
than thousand species found in the tropical regions of South East of
Asia, Africa, Australia. Swingle’s and Tanaka’s attempt to classify
citrus evolved a key for identification of different citrus fruits. A large
number of citrus species/progenitors of commercial citrus fruits are
believed to have originated in India. Availability and wide gene pool in
the form of genetic diversity is a prerequisite for crop improvement .
The diversity within a species needs to be preserved for improvement
programme. The number of citrus accessions worldwide are listed to
be 6000 and in India 1495 inclusive of wild species, rootstock old
cultivars, advanced cultivars, and breeding lines are found. Thus
current efforts are need for collection of gene pool with distinct
desirable traits, which can be utilized for improvement
Keywords : Rutaceae, Genetic diversity, Accession, Improvement
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4. INTRODUCTION
 Citrus have a prominent place among tropical and sub-tropical fruits
 Wholesome nature, multifold nutritional and medicinal values made
them important
 Greater adaptability to different climatic condition
 Citrus is third most important fruit crop in India
 Citrus genetic resources spanning across 5 major groups, Acids,
Oranges, Mandarins, Pummelo-grapefruit, Wild and semi- wild species
and other related genera.
 Genetic diversity of citrus is conc in Northeastern and Northwestern
part of India. Genetic resources in NE indicated 23 spp,1 subspecies
and 68 varieties, thus act as treasure house of citrus germplasm
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5. History,Origin and Spread
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6. Continue……….
 Hooker( 1872) consider not less than 78 spp of family as natives of India.
 Bhattacharya and Dutta (1956) suggested at least two species of subgenus
Eucitrus- Citrus indica and Citrus assamensis and threaze species of subgenus
Pepeda- Citrus ichangensis, Citrus latipes and Citrus macreptera indigenous to
Assam
 Swingle (1944) considered southern Arabia as center of origin.
 Von Frimmel (1981) considered Mesopotamia as the place of origin, because
the seeds of citron, C. medica found in the ruins of Nippur.
 In India citron found under wild condition in Nilgiris, Assam and lower
Himalayas.
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7. Continue……
 Sweet orange believed to originated in Southern China, from there it
introduced to India during thirteenth century.
 Mandarins have their origin in China. Their spread over the country
have taken place since the time of Baber.
 Lemon said to be indigenous to India, however Bonavia (1888)
concludes Malaya to be home of lemon.
 Rumphius believes the malayan word “lemeus” is the origin of english
word and that species probably originated from Malaya.
 Bonavia and Tanaka believe that lime originated in the Malayan regions
pointing the possibility of both English word ‘ lime’and the Indian
‘nimbu’or ‘limgbu’ having origin from Malayan word ‘lemoeu’.
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8. Continue……..
 De Condolle thought that pummelo originated in the island of Malaya
Archipelago, however Tanaka and Dutta claimed that pummelo was
collected wild in Garohills by Brandis, consider that from this native
area it moved east into Yongtze citrus regions.
 The grapefruit have never found in old world. It owes its origin as
seedling or bud mutant from pummelo, in West Indies.
 Introduction of citrus fruits to America was in the later part of the
fifteenth century by Columbus and Spaniards while Captain Hunter
introduced orange seeds in Australia in the later part of the eighteenth
century. By the close of the15th century Citrus species had reached
almost all the tropical and subtropical regions of Eastern hemisphere
except South Africa.
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10. Bontany
The basic botanical classification of citrus fruits right from the natural
order to genus is as follows:
Order : Geraniales (21 families)
Sub- order : Garaniinea (12 families)
Family : Rutaceae ( 7 sub- families)
Sub-family : Aurantoidae( 2 tribes )
Tribe : Citrae ( 3 sub tribes )
Sub-tribe : Citrinae ( 3 groups, 13 genera)
Group C : Citrus fruit trees ( 6 genera)
Genus : Poncirus ( 1 species)
Fortunella (4 species)
Citrus ( 2 sub Genera)
(a) Eucitrus (b) Papeda
Generally three related genera Poncirus, Fortunella and Citrus are
included in the study of citrus fruits.
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11. Poncirus
Native home of trifoliate orange is Central and Northern China.
Small spiny trees or shrubs with deciduous trifoliate leaves, flower buds
produced in summer, protected by bud scales, flowers nearly sessile borne on
previous seasons’ s growth , finely pubescent fruit, and an abundant acrid oil
mixed with the acid juice in the pulp vesicles, seed many, polyembryonic,
fruits unpalatable
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12. Fortunella
 latab
Kumquats are native to South- eastern China. Small, evergreen tree or shrubs,
leaves unifoliate, blunt, thick, dark-green above and paler beneath, thickly
dotted with glands on the lower side, petioles narrowly winged, articulated or
not with lamina, flowers white, smaller solitary or in bunches in leaf axils ,
fruit small, oblong or globose, rind thick, sweet and edible, small seeds,
polyembryonic. Swingle separated kumquats and placed them in new genus
Fortunella
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13. Citrus
(i) Swingle (1948) has classified the genus Citrus as follows;
Genus Citrus : ( 2 sub genera, 16 species, 8 botanical varieties)
Subgenus 1. Eucitrus (10 species)
Species 1. C. medica (citron)
2. C. limon (Lemon)
3. C. aurantifolia (lime)
4. C. aurantium (Sour orange)
5. C. sinensis (Sweet orange)
6. C. reticulata (Mandarin)
7. C. grandis (Pummelo)
8. C. paradisi (Grapefruit)
9. C. indica (Indian wild orange)
10. C.tachibana (Tachibana orange)
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14. Continue……..
Subgenus 2. Papeda (6)
Species : 1. C. inhangensis
2. C. latipes
3. C. micrantha
4. C. celebica
5. C. macroptera
6. C. hystrix
(ii) Tanaka (1937) has recognized more than 144 species of citrus. He
grouped the genus Citrus into two subgenera viz., Archicitrus and
Matacitrus. His classification is as follows:
Genus Citrus (2 subgenera, 244 species)
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15. Continue…..
Subgenera 1. Archicitrus (5 sections, 98 species)
Section 1. Papeda (12 species)
2. Limonellus (16 species)
3. Citrophorum (21 species)
4. Aruntium (28 species)
5. Cephalocitrus (21 species)
Subgenera 2. Meta citrus ( 3 Sections, 46 species)
Section 1. Osmocitrus ( 9 species)
2. Acrumen (36 Species)
3. Pseudofortunella (1 species)
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16. Continue……
Hodgson (1961) made a study of both Swingle’s and Tanaka’s treatments,
he observed it to be too critical. Therefore made a simple classification
of citrus fruits (admittedly incomplete) by grouping the different citrus
fruits under four different groups-
A. The Acid members (6 species)
1. C. medica (Citron)
2. C. limon (Lemon)
3. C. aurantifolia (Lime)
4. C. jambhiri (Rough lemon)
5. C. limettioides (Sweet lime)
6. C. limetta (Lemon x Lime)
B. The Oranges (2 species)
1. C. aurantium (sour orange)
2. C. sinensis (Sweet orange)
C. The Mandarins (3 Species)
1. C. reticulata (Mandarin orange)
2. C. unshiu (Satsuma mandarin)
3. C. nobilis (C. reticulata x C. sinensis)
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17. Continue……
D. Pummelos (2 species)
1. C. paradisi (grapefruit)
2. C. maxima ( Shaddock or Pummelo)
Others of doubtful classification
1. Citrus limonia Osbeck- Rangpur lime. Conton lemon, cravo lemon,
mandarin lemon (C. reticulata Var austera or aurantifolia x reticulata)
2. Citrus bargamia Risso- Bergemot, (C. aurantium Var bergamia, C.
Limon x C. aurantium hybrid)
3. Citrus myrtifolia Raff- Chinnoto of Italy (C. aurantium Var
myritifolia)
4. Citrus madurensis Loureire or Citrus mitis Blanco- Calamondin (C.
reticulata Var austera x Fortunella sp)
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18. Important Citrus fruits
ACID GROUP
1. Citrus medica
2. Citrus lemon Burm( lemon)
3. Citrus aurantifolia Swingle (Acid Lime)
4. Citrus latifolia Tanaka (Tahiti or Persian lime)
5. Citrus limettioides Tanaka (Sweet lime)
6. Citrus jambhiri Lush ( Rough lemon; jambiri)
7. Citrus limetta Risso (limetta of the
mediterranean)
8. Citrus karna Raff ( Kharna Khatta)
9. Citrus limonia Osbeck ( Rangpur lime)
10. Citrus pennivesiculata Tanaka (Gajanimma)
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19. MANDARIN GROUP
1. Citrus aurantium Linn ( Sour, Bigarade or Soville orange)
2. Citrus sinensis Osbeck ( Sweet orange)
3. Citrus myrtifolia Raffinesque ( Myrtle leaf orange, Chinnoto (Italy),
Chinois (France).
4. Citrus bergemia Risso ( Bargmot orange)
5. Citrus natsudaidai Hayata ( Japanese summer grapefruit)
PUMMELO-GRAPEFRUIT GROUP
1. Citrus grandis Osbeck (Pummelo or Shaddock; Chakotra)
2. Citrus paradisi Macf (Grapefruit)
MANDARIN GROUP
1. Citrus reticulata Blance ( loose skinned orange or Santra of India)
2. Citrus unshiu M (Satsuma mandarin)
3. Citrus deliciosa Tenore ( Mediterranean mandarin; Willow-Leaf
mandarin)
4. Citrus nobilis Loureio ( King mandarin)
5. Citrus reshni Tanaka ( Spice mandarin)
6. Citrus medurensis Lou ( Calamondin)
7. Citrus madaraspatana Tanaka (Kichili, Vadlapudi orange)
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21. Citrus Cultivars found in India
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25. Mandarin group
Fairchild Kinnow
Nagpur Mandarin
Afourer
Willow Leaf Mandarin
King Mandarin
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26. Wilking Mandarin Khasi Mandarin
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27. Orange Group
Valencia late
Rhode Red Valencia Pineapple Jaffa Orange
Satgudi Hamlin
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28. Malta Mosambi
Chinotto (sour
orange)
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29. Acid Group
Pant Lemon 1
Galgal
Sharbati Lime
Eureka Lemon
Villa franca lemon
CRC3173004
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30. Assam lemon Rangpur lime
Seville lemon
Kusaie lime
Acid lime
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31. Grapefruit group
; gr
Frost marsh Duncan
Hudson Foster
RubyRed
Redblush
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32. Pummelo group
Honey Pummelo Red flesh
Pummelo
Honey white Pummelo China White flesh
Pummelo
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37. Exploration and Collection
 In India collection and conservation of citrus
species/types started in the middle of nineteenth
century it received major emphasis. In early part,
collection and conservation were primarily made
for the quality fruits, while current research efforts
are for collection of gene pool with distinct
desirable traits, which can be utilized for
improvement of cultivars.
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38.  NRCC lead total 12 exploration mission under
NATP(PB) and IPGRI/ADB project. A total of 384
Citrus collections were collected from different
locations representing as many as 14 states viz .,
Rajasthan, Punjab, H.P., Uttar Pradesh,
Uttaranchal, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra
Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Meghalaya,
Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim (Singh and
Singh, 2003). These collected materials were
added to the pool of National gene bank. The
germplasm of rootstocks and other wild and semi-
wild nature were collected as seeds and currently
being maintained in the field repository. The
germplasm of scion cultivars were collected as
budwood and being maintained under
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40. Exploration and collection of citrus
genetic diversity in North West India
 Citrus genetic diversity in northwest part of India comprising states like
Rajasthan, H.P., U.P, Punjab and Uttaranchal are by and large
maintained in home garden by farmers, except commercial cultivars
namely Kinnow mandarin and sweet orange.
 Local citrus species which were found in NW India includes ,lemon
locally known as galgal ( C. pseudolimon ) and Attanni, Chawanni (
C. regulosa ), local mandarin (Butwal) cultivation,wild relatives of
citrus spp known as Glycomis pentophylla were reported. Two new
types of citrus (probable hybrids) from Nanital area of Uttaranchal
were brought to notice ,seems to be a cross between Malta and
Pummelo. One potentially endangered citrus species (Athanni) was
sighted .Total 172 accession were collected through the NRCC survey
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41.  d
PUMMELO
GALGAL
KINNOW MANDARIN MALTA
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42. Exploration and collection of citrus genetic diversity in
West India
In west India not much citrus diversity reported except
in acid lime. Exploration tour were conducted by NRCC
under NATP (PB) project and total of 13 collections
were made from the location.
ACID LIME
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43. Exploration and collection of citrus genetic
diversity in NEH Region
Systemetic exploration and collection
programme started during 1950 (s) and total 56
accessions were collected and planted at
Burnihat (Assam) by Bhattacharya and Dutta
(1956) from NEH Region. In 1980-1995, ICAR
Research complex for NEH region, Barapani
Meghalaya collected 92 citrus accessions mostly
from NEH region and planted in field gene bank.
Citrus is almost universally present in various
forms. It has also been found to grow wild in Garo
hills and Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh.
Diverse forms of pummelo have been frequently
observed growing in lower hills of Assam,
Meghalaya and Tripura (Borthakur, 1993).
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44. Karl (1981), reported 17 citrus species with 52 varieties/types of citrus
occurring in NEH region having diploid chromosome number 2N=18. Many
edible species like C. indica, C. ichangensis, C macroptera, C. latipes are
found to growing wild and semi-wild in the region. Beside this, different
strains of citron ( C. medica ), sour pummelo ( C. megeloxycarpa ), rough
lemon ( C. jambhiri ) and sour orange ( C. aurantium ) are also reported to
grow in semi-wild condition in NEH region (Verma and Ghosh, 1979).
Area bordering Bangladesh have greater variability in pummelo, Satkara and
citron, while Kamrup district of Assam has different types of Assam lemon
and pummelo.
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45. During the year 2000 to 2002 NRCC lead 4 exploration
tours to collect citrus genetic diversity from the region.
During the exploration, it was observed that C. latipes was
concentrated in and around Shillong. Total of 16 accessions
mostly endangered and threatened citrus types were
collected.
Second exploration tour was undertaken in collaboration
with NBPGR, Regional Station, Umiam Meghalaya, . A large
number of promient citrus growing areas were explored .A
total of 79 collections were gathered from these area.
Third explorations was conducted in West Garo hills of
Meghalaya, area of Assam and West Siang District of
Arunachal Pradesh to collect citrus germplasm funded by
ADB. A total of 40 accessions of citrus germplasm
belonging to different citrus groups viz., mandarin, rough
lemon, sweet orange, citron, pummelo and acid lime and
species viz ., C. pseudolimon (1), C. jambhiri (5), C. karna
(2), C. reticulata (2), C. macroptera (1), C. sinensis (5), C.
medica (5), C. grandis (10), C. limon (2), C. aurantifolia (1),
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46.  The Indian wild orange ( C. indica ) locally
known as Memon Narang are well protected in
citrus gene sanctuary
 Garo Hills of Meghalaya one of the promising
potential areas for locating citrus genetic
diversity in its best form. Citrus gene sanctuary
Nokrek Biosphere Reserve has maximum
genetic diversity of citrus. Three types of
Memon Narang ( C. indica ) fruits from
biosphere reserve area were collected.
 Basar ,Arunachal Pradesh is another area rich
in citrus gene. Two indigenous sweet orange
materials namely Tasi and Soh Nairiang were
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47. Fourth exploration was carried out in two
main citrus growing belts of the country,
where famous Sikkim mandarin and
Darjeeling mandarin are grown on
commercial scale. In Sikkim West, South
and East Sikkim districts were covered.
Whereas in case of West Bengal,
Kalimpong, Mirik, Darjeeling and Bijanbbari
areas of Darjeeling district were explored.
A total of 12 accessions of citrus belonging
to different citrus species were collected.
Besides mandarin, the other species like
rough lemon, Rangpur lime and citron were
observed growing in middle hills of
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48. Citrus indica Citrus latipes Citrus kharna
Citrus
grandis
Citrus jambhiri Poncirus
trifoliate
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49. Citrus medica Citrus
macroptera
Citrus
assamensis
Citrange
Citrus limon Citrus aurantifolia Citrus reticulata
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50. Tasi Citrus pseudolimon
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51. Exploration and collection of citrus
genetic diversity in Central India
In Central India four main field gene banks
are established, one at NRCC, Nagpur,
MPKV, Rahuri, Ahmednagar, Dr. PDKV,
Akola and Katol. Details of gerpmplasm
maintained in these gene bank were
reported by Singh . Nagpur mandarin and
Mosambi ( Citrus sinensis ) are
commercially cultivated. In these areas
NRCC leads three exploration tours first
exploration total of 33 accession collected.
In second exploration a total of 19
collections were made. Third accession in
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52. Mosambi Nagpur mandarin
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53. Exploration and collection of citrus genetic
diversity in South India
Southern region includes, Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. In south India,
acid lime ( C. aurantifolia .) is commercially grown.
Famous Coorg mandarin is grown in Coorg area of
Karnataka. Sweet orange ( Citrus sinensis .) cultivar,
Sathgudi is famous in Anantpur area of A.P. Other
commercially important indigenous types include
Gajanimma ( C. pennivesculata Tanaka), Kichli ( C.
maderaspatana Tanaka) and some wild mandarin
types viz ., Kodaithuli, Billikichili, Nakoor lemon, Mole
Puli (sour orange type) are found in the area. In these
areas most of the materials are maintained in three
main field gene bank AICRP, Tirupati and IIHR,
Bangalore and its regional station Chethalli. IIHR,
Chethalli had maximum exotic collection. In the year
2002 NRCC made 19 collections from Tirupati,
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54. Satgudi Acid lime
Coorg Mandarin
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55.  During the year 1999 to 2003 NRCC
collected 384 accessions of citrus from
different parts of country and most of
them were characterized based on
physico-chemical characters of fruits
(Singh and Singh, 2003). The evaluation
of citrus germplasm comprising of 15
species and 8 hybrids maintained at
ICAR Research Complex, Barapani farm
indicated a wide range of variability in
growth and physico-chemical characters
within the different species and types
(Sheo Govind and Singh, 2002).
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56. Conclusion
The present situation of citrus genetic
diversity is alarming as enormous
destruction in the natural habitat is taking
place to fulfill various requirements of man
kind. Special drives need to be launched in
the remote areas to maintain a parallel
repository of germplasm ex situ, so that if a
diversity is extincted the species will be
available for future utilization.
At the same time every attempt should be
made to conserve the purity of the existing
germplasm in situ. Since some wild and
rare citrus species (like Citrus indica )
accessions failed to conserve in filed gene
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57. References
 1. Haribabu, R., Rajput, C.B.S.(1999) Citriculture.
Kalyani publisher, New Delhi.
 2. Singh, I.P., Singh, S.(2006) Exploration,
collection and characterization of citrus
germplasm - a review. Agric. Rev ., 27 (2) : 79 -
90
 3 http://en.wikipedia.org/citrus fruits
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti