Invasive Insect Pests in last Decade: Status, Bioecology and Management 2008-2018 ABSTRACT Global spread of insect pests has greatly increased in recent decades because of the increase in trade. Invasive species is described as plant, animal or other organism introduced by man into places out of their natural range or distribution where they become established and disperse, generating negative impact on local ecosystem and species. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) defined an invasive alien species (IAS) as a species that is established outside of its natural past or present distribution, whose introduction and/or spread threaten biological diversity. When an insect gets introduced in any area, for colonization they must be able to survive in new ecological conditions. Insects, mostly from superfamily Coccoidea are often cryptic in habit and can escape detection during quarantine inspection thus invade easily. When these insects are introduced without their natural enemies, they can establish themselves easily and become economically important pests. Invasive species can sometimes cause a change of biodiversity, modify the habitat and cause extensive environmental and economic harm (Muniappan, 2011). In last deacde, eight invasive insect pests were reported from India viz., Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Phenacoccus parvus Morrison (Hemiptera:Pseudococcidae), Wahlgreniella nervata (Gillette) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera:Thripidae), Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (Gupta et al., 2017) and Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) (Shylesha et al., 2018). Past experience indicates lack of pro-activeness to combat invasive pests may be responsible for their entry and establishment. There is need to establish emergency plant pest incursion management protocols to prevent further invasion of pest in to India through increased trade (Madhubala et al., 2017).

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3. With growing globalization migration of
people, goods, knowledge and technology is
taking place.

4. Plants
173
Animals
157
Mandal, 2011

5. Mahesh M Jadhav
Roll No: 20965
Chairperson: Dr. Shashank P.
R.
Seminar leader: Dr. Vinay Kalia

6. What is IAS
List of invasive till 2008
Phenacoccus madereinsis 2012
Pseudcoccus jackbeardsleyi 2012
Phenacoccus parvus 2012
Wahlgreniella nervata 2014
Frankliniella occidentalis 2015
Content
Tuta absoluta 2015
Aleurodicus rugioperculatus 2016
Spodoptera frugiperda 2018
Conclusion

7. Alien And Invasive?
Alien species
• An alien species is a species
introduced by humans – either
intentionally or accidentally -
outside of its natural past or
present distribution, however
not all alien species have
negative impacts, between 5%
and 20% of all alien species
become problematic.
Invasive Alien Species
• An invasive alien species (IAS)
is a species that is established
outside of its natural past or
present distribution, whose
introduction and/or spread
threaten biological diversity
(Convention on Biological
Diversity).

8. List of Invasive Pests in India (up to 2008)
Sujay et al., 2010
Scientific Name Common Name Year
Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim Erythinae Gall wasp 2006
Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La
Salle
Eucalyptus Gall Wasp 2006
Phenacoccus solenopsis
Tinsley
Cotton mealy bug 2004
Paracoccus marginatus
Williams and Granara de
Willink
Papaya Mealy Bug 2007
Ankita et al., 2017

9. Scientific Name Common Name Year
1 Phenacoccus madeirensis Green Madereia mealy
bug
2012
2 Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and
Miller
Banana Mealy
bug
2012
3 Phenacoccus parvus Morrison Lantana Mealy
bug
2012
4 Wahlgreniella nervata (Gillette) Rose Aphid 2014
5 Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) Western Flower
Thrips
2015
6 Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) Tomato Pin
Worm
2015
7 Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin Rugose White
Fly
2016
8 Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) Fall Army Worm 2018
Invasive Insect Pests Species In Last Decade

10. Madeira Mealy Bug
Phenacoccus madeirensis Green
Pseudococcidae
Phenacoccus madeirensis Green
Shylesha et al., 2012
Origin: Neotropical region South America
Introduction in India:2012 Bangalore
Introduced from: Myanmar
Reported by: Shylesha et al., 2012

11. Identification:
 Body oval; gray coloured; somewhat flattened dorsoventally;
legs red
 Dorsosubmedial bare spots on intersegmental areas of thorax and
abdomen, these areas forming 1 pair of dark longitudinal lines on
dorsum
 Ovisac covering entire dorsum; with 18 pairs of lateral wax
filaments, posterior pairs longest, about or less of length of the body

12. • Polyphagous
• Cotton
• Hibiscus
rosasinensis
• Lantana camera
• Clerodendron
viscosum
• Brinjal
• Acalypha
• Crossandra
• Tapioca
• Mulberry
Shylesha et al., 2012 first on Cestrum nocturnam
• Allotropa sp
• Anagyrus sp.
• Anagyrus qadrii
(Predominant)
• Anagyrus loecki
• Predator
• Cacoxenus persipicax
• Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri
• Scymnus sp.
(Shylesha et al., 2012)

14. Current Status In World
Karnataka Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu
CABI, 2018
• Established in Micronesia and Africa.
• Williams (2004)Pakistan in 1997.
• In Taiwan-2006
• In 2010 Philippines, Vietnam Thailand
(Muniappan et al., 2011)
• First Amendment, PQ Order, 2007 P. madeirensis is listed under the
quarantine pest and caution for the import from 45 countries enlisted
in the order.
• India Bangalore (Shylesha et al., 2012)
• Widely distributed in the Afrotropical, Australasian, Nearctic,
Neotropical and Oriental
(Ben Dov et al., 2012).

15. Jack mealybug
Banana mealy Bug
Pseudococcidae
• Origin: Neotropical region South America
• Report in India: 2012 Tamil Nadu
• Introduced from: Unkonwn
• Reported by: Sunil Joshi et al., 2012
• Host: Papaya Banana, Custard Apple, Hibiscus
• Polyphagous 93 plant species vegetable and fruit and
ornamental crop species (CABI, 2001).
• 22 Plant species of fruit and vegetables

16. • Grayish in color; thin filaments around the body
• Caudal pair about one half of the length of the
body
• Body of the female oval to elongate.
• Antenna 8 segmented.
• Translucent pores present on hind femur and
hind tibia.
• Cerarii 17 pairs.
PAPAYA CHRYASHTHEMUM
Host Plants

17. West Africa and Asian countries Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia,
Philippines, Brunei, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand and Maldives
(CABI,2018)

18. • P. solenopsis and P. marginatus, fast establishment on weeds and
ornamental crops.
• P. beardsleyi very slow establishing species and is expanding slowly.
• Under check by local natural enemies Cryptolaemus montrouzieri,
Spalgis epius and some species of gnats.
(Shylesha, 2013)
• No classical biological
control attempt in certain
invaded countries
• Coccinellid, Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri Mulsant
(Muniappan et al., 2011).
Management
• No need for any panic to cope
with the newly invasive P.
jackbeardsleyi in India.
• Proper quarantine measures
and emergency management
plans further spread may be
hindered or delayed
(Mani et al., 2013).

19. Lantana mealybug
Phenacoccus parvus Morrison
Pseudococcidae
Origin: South America
Spread Africa, Tropical pacific region Australia,
Southern Asia and China
Reported from India: Bangalore on China Aster
Callistephus chinensis by Shridhar et al., 2012
Host: >50 species of plant belonging to 26 families
(Ben Dov, 2005).
Lantana camera L. Vernbenaceae
Good biocontrol agent for Lantana camera Queensland,
Australia

20.  Body oval to elongate, dorso-ventrally flattened
 Body light yellow, covered with thin, white wax powder;
body without any naked areas. Horizontal segmental lines
darker than the wax-dusted inter-segmental area;
 Legs light yellowish-brown;
 Body periphery with small, wax filaments of uniform size
numbering 17-18; ovisac elongate on lower side of the
female;
 Occurring on roots and collar region of the host.
Marks Of Identification
Shridhar et al., 2012

21.  Biology of P. parvus has been extensively studied on lantana.
Adults feed on the underside of leaves and on green stems.
 Eggs are laid on the underside of fully expanded, mature
leaves.
 Crawlers cluster along leaf veins.
 Development from egg to adult takes about 26 days.
 Adults live for about three months
CABI, 2018

22. Origin: North America
Reported in India: Sunil Joshi et al., 2014
Bangalore on Rose.
Reported Hosts: Rosa sp.
Wahlgreniella nervata (Gillette)
Aphididae
Natural enemies of Introduced Rose Aphid,
 Betasyrphus linga Ghorpade
(Diptera:Syrphidae)
 Ischiodon scutellaris
 (Diptera:Syrphidae)
 Cheilomenes sexmaculata
(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae)
 No serious damage was observed as
the infestation level was kept low by
the natural enemies.

23. Western Flower thrips
Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)
Thripidae
Origin: Western half of North America
(Tommasini and Maini,1995).
Reported by: Tyagi and Kumar, 2015
Reported from :Tomato from Bangalore, Karnataka.
Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)

24. • Legs yellow
• Antennae 8 segmented,
segments III and IV
each with a forked
sense cone
• Pronotum with four small
setae
• Mesonotum with faint
transverse line of sculpture,
• Fore wings with two
complete rows of setae.
• Abdominal tergite VIII
with irregular comb of
microtrichia
• Body pale yellow
with brown patches
on abdominal tergites
Variety of hosts including
• Groundnut, Cotton, Tobacco,
• Vegetables (Cucurbits, Cabbage, Eggplant, Tomato, Carrot,
Peas, Beans, Capsicum, etc.)
• Fruits (Grapes, Apple, Peach, Plum, etc.)
• Ornamentals (Gladiolus, Hibiscus, Geranium, Roses, Orchids,
• Havoc by transmitting tospoviruses, Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus
NBAIR, 2018
Hosts Plants

25. Status in World
CABI,2018
Tomato Leafminer
Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)
Gelechiidae

26. Origin:Neotropical, oligophagous pest infesting many solanaceous crops
Reported in India: Pune (IARI)
No State Host Reported by
1 Maharashtra Tomato Shashank et al., 2015
2 karnataka Tomato,
Potao
Sridhar et al.,2014
Ballal et al., 2016
3 Telangana Tomato Anitha Kumari et al.,2016
4 Tamil Nadu Tomato Shanmugam et al., 2016
Ballal et al., 2016
5 Gujarat Tomato Ballal et al., 2016
Chavan et al., 2016
6 New Delhi Tomato Shashank et al., 2016
7 Andhra Pradesh Tomato Abdul et al., 2016
8 Madhya Pradesh Tomato Swathi et al.,2017
9 Punjab Tomato Sandeep Kaur et al., 2017
10 Himachal Pradesh Tomato Sharma and Gavkare., 2017
First report of "Invasive tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta from
India"
GenBank Acces. No. KP814055-57Larvae damage symptom
After four years of its
first report Spread to
(15 states) like
1. Maharashtra
2. Andhra Pradesh
3. Telangana
4. Tamil Nadu,
5. Madhya Pradesh
6. Uttar Pradesh
7. Punjab
8. Himachal Pradesh
9. New Delhi
10. Haryana
11. Rajasthan
12. Uttarakhand
13. West Bengal
14. Chhattisgarh
15. Meghalaya

27. Life Cycle of Tuta absoluta
Host: Tomato as well as Potato; Higher on Tomato than potato.
Solanaceous weeds, Solanum nigrum
Datura stramonium
Solanum melongena
Capsicum annuum
(Pereyra and Sanchez, 2006).
Early instars white or
cream black head.
Older, greenish to pink
with brown head. The
prothoracic shield pale,
darker shading along
posterior margin.

28. A NEW INVASIVE PEST
Explosive spread -fruit import (Potting, 2009)
Dissemination packaging materials from infested countries(EPPO, 2010).

29. • Immediately after the occurrence of Tuta absoluta in
2014, (DPPQS), GoI a nodal agency for quarantine
along with (ICAR) monitored the pest status in India.
• In 2015, CIBRC part of DPPQS made adhoc
recommendation of few insecticides
• Chlorantraniliprole 10.26% OD @ 0.3 ml/L,
• Cyantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 0.3 ml/L,
• Flubendiamide 20%WG @ 0.3 ml/L,
• Indoxacarb 14.5% @ 0.5 ml/L
• Imidacloprid 17.8%SL @ 0.3 ml/L)
• For a period of two years provisionally for
immediate management.
• However, No proposal on domestic quarantine
restrictions for this pest in India.
(in Minutes of 355th meeting of registration committee held on
29.04.2015 up to March, 2017) (Shashank et al., 2016).

30. Monitoring
Identify pest occurrence and to take timely control measures.(Ex. Pest
Control (India) Pvt. Ltd ; Eprheromone Ipm Solutions etc.).
Trapping of 20-50 moths/trap
Cultural methods:
 Do not use seedlings from pest infested areas.
 Two months gap between two crops avoid carry over population
 After ploughing cover soil with plastic mulch or perform
solarisation.
 Removal of alternate weed host viz., Datura sp. (Datura) and
Nicotiana glauca (Tree tobacco).
Rapid Action Plan
Shashank et al., 2016
Biological Control
Conservation and augmentation
Nesidiocoris tenuis (Mirid bug),
wasps like Neochrysocharis formosa,
Goniozus sp.
Trichogramma achaeae. and Trichogramma bactrae
Ballal et al., 2016

31.  Randomised Block Design with 12 treatments including control.
 Three replications for each treatment.
 Transpalnting at 2nd week of June in 2016 (cv. Shivam) kharif
first week of October 2016 for the Rabi
 Incidence of T. absoluta during 4th week after transplanting first
spraying given .
 11 chemical treatments of solutions were prepared and sprayed
using gutter sprayer at fortnightly interval.
 In a cropping season, a total of three sprays were given.
Case
Study
1
Materials and Methodology

32. Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3ml/L,
Spinetoram 12 SC @ 1.25ml/L,
Flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.3ml/L,
Indoxacarb 14.5 Sc @ 0.75ml/L,
Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 Sc @ 0.3ml/L,
Cyantrainiliprole 10 OD @ 1. 8 Ml/L,
Neemazal 1 EC @ 4 ml /L,
Neemazal 5 EC @ 2 ml /L
Triazophos 40 EC @ 2 ml/L,
Emamectin Benzoate 5 SG @ 0.4 G/L,
Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.5 ml /L.
• Leaf damage Live mines
(larvae) on five randomly
selected plants,
• Two leaves each from top,
middle and bottom of the
plant per replication.
• Pre count was taken before
spraying and 3, 7, 10 and 14
days after the sprays
Cont…
Sridhar and Nitin,2016
Spinetoram was found Significantly Superior followed by Cyantraniliprole
and Flubendiamide with the tested doses with a mean mortality of
87.74%, 85.15% and 82.92 %, respectively
Result
Application of Spinetoram 12 SC at 1.25 ml L-1 followed by
Spinosad 45 SC at 0.25 ml L-1, Chlorantranaliprole 18.5 SC at 0.3 ml
L-1 and Indoxacarb 14.5 SC at 0.75 ml L-1 were found effective.
Sridhar and Nitin,2016

33. Rugose white fly
Aleurodicus rugioperculatus
Martin
Aleyrodidae

34. Origin: Belize, Guatemala, Mexico (Martin, 2008)
Hosts
Spread to: 22 other countries in Central and South America,
including Florida, USA.
Reported in India: Pollachi area of Coimbatore district, Tamil
Nadu Selvaraj et al.,2016 in Coconut farm
Host Plants:
Coconut
Banana
Apple
Several Ornamental crops
India is the only country in the oriental region where the whitefly
has been introduced.
(Sampathkumar et al., 2018)
Banana Cocoa Jackfruit Annona
Hosts
Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin

35. • Easily identified under field conditions by
its larger size and sluggish nature.
• RSW colonized underside (abaxial) of the leaves with
• white waxy matter dispersed in a spiraling pattern.
• Established on mainly broad - leaved plants..
• On close examination, under 10x lens, brown patches on the
forewings similar to color of the cinnamon bark
• Sometimes the patches were not clearly indistinguishable.
• Males, at the tip of the abdomen, a pair of sword - like pincer
(Martin,2004)

36. Immature stages:
• 5 developmental stage.
• The first instar,yellowish crawler stage
• only mobile begins feeding with
• its needle-like mouth parts.
• Molt into immature immobile stage, oval
and flat initially but become more convex with the progression of its
life cycle. (Mannion 2010).
• Nymphs 1.1 - 1.5 mm long. light to golden yellow in color, and will
produce a dense, cottony wax as well as long, thin waxy filaments
• (Stocks and Hodges, 2012)
• Different from the spiralling whitefly by larger size and in having
two pale brown wavy markings on the forewings, one medial and
one apical.
The eggs underside of leaves a
spiralling pattern, very short
stalk.
Life cycle

37. Biological control
• Encarsia guadeloupae Viggiani
• E. noyesi
• Alueroctonus vittatus
• Nephaspis oculata.
(Karthick et al., 2018)
• Menochilus sexmaculatus
• Diadiplosis sp.
• Larvae of Cecidomydiae

38. •Application of 1 % starch solution on leaflets to flake
out the sooty moulds
• In severe case, spray neem oil 0.5 %. Neonicotionoid
•Soil applications: Drenching granular formulations on the
soil surface or burying pellets.
•Trunk application, basal bark sprays and trunk injection
• Systemic insecticides used:
Acetamiprid, Clothianidin, Dinotefuran and Imidacloprid
(Mannion, 2010).
Kerala Department of Agriculture
• Spraying a mixture of neem oil,
soap, and garlic.
CPCRI,Kasargod recommended,
• Spraying starch solution (1%)
• Use of yellow sticky traps to trap adult whiteflies
• Severe infestation, spray neem oil 0.5%
Cont…

39. Host plants:
• Mainly coconut palms and other broad-leaved hosts in its native range
(Martin, 2008). Coconut and Banana common and preferred hosts
• Smaller infestations:
Guava, Citrus, Mango, Sapota, Bhendi, Custard apple, Jatropha,
and Hibiscus.
Weather factors
• Deficit monsoon primary reasons of immediate upsurge of spiraling
whitefly.
• Sensitive to wet season and heavy rains
• Reason for the flare up: Deficit in monsoon (> 35% in Kerala),
triggered a drop in relative humidity (up to 7%).
• Increase in temperature over 2oC during summer is another pre-
disposing factor

41. • Origin: Western hemisphere tropics from US to Argentina
• Spread to Africa in 2016 maize crop
(Goergen et al., 2016).
• Report from India: Chikkaballapur, Hassan, Shivamogga,
Davanagere and Chitradurga during July-
August 2018. (Ganiger et al., 2018)
• Reported Hosts in India: Maize and Sorghum in southern
Karnataka (NBAIR, 2018)
July`18
Modified from Muniappan et al., 2017

42. • Inner side of the whorl and also
on the under surface of the leaf
dome shaped
• Dirty white to gray in color.
• 10-200 eggs per egg mass
• Eggs single or in two or more
layers 3-5days
• Six larval instars
• Fully-grown larvae 3.1 –3.8 cm long
• Variable color pale green to black
• 3 yellowish stripes running down
the back
• Wider dark stripe and a wavy yellow-
red blotched stripe on each side.
• White, inverted Y-shaped suture on
the head capsule
• Larval duration 14 days during the
summer 30 days during Winter
• Pupa reddish brown in soil.
• Pupal duration 8-9days during
the summer, longer than two
weeks under winter conditions
• No diapause

43. • Prefers young maize
plants
• Attacks all stages of
maize plant, foliar
consumption major
• Heavy infestations, feed
on maize ears
• Foliar damage ragged
feeding, and moist
sawdust-like frass near
the whorl and upper
leaves of the plant
Cont…. Hosts:
>100 recorded plant
species in 27 families
• Maize
• Millet
• Sorghum
• Sugarcane
• Rice
• Wheat
• Other field crops
• Cowpea
• Groundnut
• Potato
• Soybean
• Cotton.etc.
(Goergen et al., 2016).

44. • Male forewing greyish brown with reniform indistinct spot, light
brown orbicular spot, somewhat oval and oblique in shape
• White patch at the apical margin of the wing
• Female forewing mottled colouration of grey and brown, with brown
markings and without white patch near apical margin Adults 10
days sometimes three weeks
Sushil et al., 2018

45. Telenomus sp.
Trichogramma sp.
Glyptapanteles creatonoti;
G. creatonoti;
Campoletis chlorideae
Forficula sp. (Dermaptera)
EPF: Nomuraea rileyi
Gupta et al., 2018

46. Monitoring
Black light traps and
pheromone traps
A mixture of
i. (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol
acetate
ii. (Z)-9-14:Ac;(Z)-7-
dodecen-1-ol acetate
iii. (Z)-7-12:Ac;(Z)-9-
dodecen-1-ol acetate
iv. (Z)-9-12:Ac and (Z)-11-
hexadecen-1-ol acetate
In the ratio of 81: 0.5: 0.5: 18,
respectively
(Tumlinson et al., 1986)
Management
• Handpicking egg masses and
larvae
• Deep plowing to kill pupae in
the soil
• Placing sand or ash in the
whorls
• Recommended insecticides:
pyrethroids, carbamates and
organophosphates
• Insecticides main control
option: > 25 % plants damaged
• Spot treatment for isolated
areas effective
• Granular insecticides for young
plants (whorl stage)
Cont….

47. • Intercropping with beans has shown to reduce the FAW
infestations by 20‐30 percent
• Adoption of trap crops. (castor plants to attract moths to lay
eggs; planting young maize plants in mature crops)
Cont….
Muniappan, 2017

48. Current Status in World
CABI, 2018

49. Case Study 2
Light brown apple moth (LBAM)
Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
 Native of Australia and introduced to New Zealand
The study took place in a Pinus radiata plantation forest northwest
of Christchurch, New Zealand
Pheromone composition is E-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate

50. Ground-applied pheromone formulations
1. Isomate -‘twist-tie’ polyethylene tubing dispenser
125 mg a.i.
These were applied to trees at 1.5 m above ground.
1. CheckMate- Microencapsulated suspension, capsule size of 120 μm,
17.6% a.i
2. NoMate- Micro-encapsulated suspension, capsule size of 40–60 μm,
20.3% a.i.
3. Disrupt Bio-Flake-13.6% a.i, applied in slurry with X3221 Micro-
Tac II sticker with 2.5% guar gum as a suspension agent.
4. Splat LBAM- is an amorphous polymer (wax) carrier containing
10% a.i
Aerial applied pheromone formulations

51. Effects of application of
pheromone formulations on trap
catch (percent disruption) of
light brown apple moth.
Pheromone release rates (mg/ha/hr) of
the main component (E-11-tetradecen-
1-yl acetate) of four formulations
applied for mating disruption.

52. Result
Trap catch of light brown apple moth and percent
trap disruption following application of pheromone
formulations for mating disruption over 13 weeks
following treatment.

53. Alien pest First Report Containment Impact Spread
reported
Phenacoccus
madeirensis
Shylesha
et al.,2012
No report Minor pests
status
MH,KA,TN
Pseudococcus
jackbeardsleyi
Sunil Joshi
et al., 2012
No report Non invasive -
Phenacoccus
parvus
Shridhar et al.,
2012
No report Minor pest Karnataka,
Meghalaya
Wahlgreniella
nervata
Sunil Joshi et
al., 2014
No report Minor pest Karnataka
Frankliniella
occidentalis
Tyagi and
Kumar, 2015
No report Vector AP Bihar KA
Tuta absoluta Shashank et al.,
2015
No report Major pest 15 States
Aleurodicus
rugioperculatus
Selvaraj et
al.,2016
No report Pest 38% Nut
10%Gauva
Kerala AP TN
Spodoptera
frugiperda
Shylesha et
al.,2018
No report Emerging MH KT AP WB

54. • Till date we have frequent episodes of invasive pests, despite
well advance communication means; introduced pests are
spreading countrywide quickly.
• Containment measure fails to play their role and spreading
continues
• Timely quarantine measures are expected from both state and
centre Govt. to tackle the issue of invasive pests.
• Preventing the entry of pests is more prudent tool.
Cont…