perssimon fruit crop

1. Persimmon
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2. Persimmon
• National fruit of japan
• Major producers are china(80%), Spain, South Korea and
Japan
• Introduced in India by European settlers about 1921
• In India cultivation is in highly limited scale in J&K, HP, hills of
UP, and some eastern parts
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3. Taxonamy
• Kingdom:Plantae
• Clade: Angiosperms
• Order: Ericales
• Family: Ebenaceae
• Genus: Diospyros
• 2n=6x=90
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4. Species
• Diospyros kaki
• Diospyros lotus
• Diospyros virginiana
• Diospyros nigra
• Diospyros discolor
• Diospyros peregrina
• Diospyros texana
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5. Diospyros kaki
• Asian persimmon, Japanese persimmon
• Commercially most important persimmon
• Native to Japan, China, and Korea
• Deciduous, with broad, stiff leaves, and is known as the shizi
in Chinese, and also as the Japanese Persimmon or kaki in
Japanese
• fruits are sweet and slightly tangy with a soft to occasionally
fibrous texture
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6. Diospyros lotus –date plum
• Also known as lotus persimmon
• Native to southwest Asia and
southeast Europe
• Taste of this fruit is reminiscent
of both plums and dates
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7. Diospyros virginiana (American persimmon)
• Native to the eastern United States
• Harvested in the fall or after the first
frost
• its fruit is eaten fresh, in baked goods,
or in steamed puddings in the Midwest
• sometimes its timber is used as a
substitute for ebony
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8. Diospyros nigra
• Black sapote / chocolate
pudding fruit / black
persimmon
• Native to Mexico
• Fruit has green skin and white
flesh that turns dark brown to
black when ripe
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9. Diospyros discolor
• The mabolo or velvet-apple
• Native to east Asia, ranging from
China down into the Philippines
• Bright red when ripe
• In China, it is referred to as shizi
• Also known as Korean mango
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10. Diospyros peregrina
• Indian persimmon
• Slow-growing tree, native to
coastal West Bengal
• Fruit is green and turns yellow
when ripe
• Relatively small with an
unremarkable flavor and is better
known for uses in traditional
medicine rather than culinary
applications
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11. Diospyros texana- Texas persimmon
• Native to central and west Texas and
southwest Oklahoma in the United
States, and northeastern Mexico
• Subglobose berries with a diameter
of 1.5–2.5 cm, ripen in August
• Fleshy berries become edible when
they turn dark purple or black, at
which point they are sweet
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12. Climate
• Can cultivate in subtropical and warm temperate climate
• It is deciduous and under go dormancy
• Dormancy period- 888hrs at 8-11°C
• Some cultivars can tolerant upto -15°C in dormant season
• Alternate warm- cold cycles cause freezing damage
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13. Contd…
• Non astringent cultivar need warmer climate about 16-22°C
in autumn and 1400 hrs sunshine hours in growing season
• Non astringent cultivars under cooler climate will not loose
astringency during ripening ,not ripe properly, have low
sugar content
• In warmer climate fruits are comparatively sweet
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14. Soil
• Grow best in well drained, lighter soils with good subsoil
containing clay
• Fruit drop is higher in heavy alluvial soil and yield wil be
reduced
• pH-6- 6.8
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15. Varieties-Astringent type
• Himachal Pradesh-Hachiya, Hyakuma
• California - Hachiya
• Australia- Nightingale, Flat seedless
• Israel- Triumph(Can remove astringency by CO2 treatment)
• Florida-Giombo, Tanenashi, Eurella, sheng
• Italy- Hiratanenashi, Aizumishirazu, Amankaki, Kakitipo
• Japan-Hiratanenashi
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16. Non astringent type
Cultivars with dark coloured flesh
• India-Fuyu, Jiro
• Japan-Fuyu, Jiro
• Italy-Fuyu, Suruga, O Gosho, Hana Fuyu, Jiro, Kawabata
• Florida- Ichikikei Jiro, Fuyu, Jiro
• California- Fuyu, Hana Fuyu, Twenteeth Century
• Others-Izu, Matsumoto
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17. Hachiya
• astringent cultivar grown in India
• Commercial cultivar in California
• Usually seedless
Fruits are oblong, conic, apex rounded, terminating
in black point, skin glossy, deep orange- red, fles deep
orange, rich and sweet when ripe
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18. Propagation
• Grafting
• Whip graft- for smaller diameter stock
• Cleft, veneer grafting- for larger stock
• Veneer grafting in September- 80% success
• Tongue grafting -60-65% succes
• Budding done in spring or early autumn
• Rootstocks- date plum, American persimmon, Asian
persimmon
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19. Planting
• Winter planting-January to February
• Pit size -1x1x1m, filled with FYM and soil
• Bud union kept 75 mm above ground level
• Thatching of dry grass is used for protection from frost
• Spacing
• Ichkikei Jiro- 5x2.5m
• Fuyu- 5x3m
• Vigorous cultivars- 6x4.5m
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20. Training and pruning
• At planting- headed back plant at 60cm to keep low head
• Dwarf and semi dwarf cultivars- modified central leader
system
• Vigorous cultivars- vase or palmette system
• Pruning done in January when plants are dormant(winter)
• As flower borne on current seasons growth heavy pruning
reduce crop setting
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21. Contd…
• Summer pruning in mature trees- thicken laterals, increase
fruit size and colour
• Cincturing, limb spreading- induce higher and earlier
production
• Removal of weak crowded and infected branches are done
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22. Manuring and fertilization
• Up to 3 year old plant
• Complete fertilizer(11:4:14) before bud break
• 3-4 follow up urea application at monthly interval
• In bearing tree
• Complete fertilizer- 4-6 weeks before harvesting
• Ca applied in acidic soil and if necessary MgSO4 and MnSO4
are applied as foliar spray
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23. Irrigation
• Dry periods during fruit growth reduce size, quality, and
increase fruit drop
• High level of soil moisture is required for leaf growth and
flowering
• Irrigation done on regular basis to maintain soil moisture
during fruiting stage
• One irrigation is done before dormancy
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24. Flowering
• Trees are typically dioecious, Some trees have both male and
female flowers and in rare cases also bear the 'perfect'
flower
• Male flowers are pink, appear in groups of 3, have 4-parted
calyx, a corolla, and 24 stamens in 2 rows
• Female flowers are creamy-white, appear singly, have a large
calyx, a 4-parted, yellow corolla, 8 undeveloped stamens and
a rounded ovary bearing the style and stigma
• Pollination- insect & wind
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25. Fruit
• Fruit matures late in the fall and can stay on the tree until
winter
• Color range from glossy light yellow-orange to dark red-
orange depending on the species and variety
• Vary in size from 1.5 to 9 cm in diameter, shape may be
spherical, corn, or pumpkin-shaped
• Flesh is astringent until fully ripe
• Morphologically fruit is berry
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26. Harvesting
• Bearing start with in 4-5 years( in dwarf plants 2-3 years)
• Harvesting stage-
• Colour changes to yellow or reddish but fruits are still firm
• Calyx becomes easy to remove
• Season – mid September
• Brix level- 14-17°
• Yield
• Fuyu- 50kg/tree
• Jiro- 80kg/tree
• Hachiya- 100 kg/tree
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27. Post harvest handling
• To remove astringency
• Treatment with CO2
• Dipping in 500 ppm ethephon solution for 2 min
• Used for consumption after 2-3 days of storage
• Storage- 2-3 months at 30-32°C and 85-90% RH
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28. Physiological disorders
1. Fruit drop
• Due to fruit rot, lack of pollination, water stress, excessive nitrogen
application, insect damage
• Drop occur in 2 stage
• June drop- at petal fall
• Late drop- due to nutritional factors
2. Calyx cavity- avoid excessive N and K fertilizers
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