6. Casew.pptx

Common name: Cashew
Botanical name: Anacardium occidentale L.
Family: Anacardiaceae
Origin: Brazil

Introduction
 Name cashew is derived from Portuguese name
 Anacardium – shape of the fruit, inverted heart
(Ana : upwards & Cardium : heart)
 The word cashew is derived from Portuguese word
“Caju” who introduced it into India during 16th
Century.
 Important export oriented crop
 Grown mainly for its nuts / kernels
 Introduced to India during 16th century by
Portugese for the purpose of afforestation, soil
conservation and waste land development
 It gained commercial importance and emerged as
major foreign exchange earner after tea and coffee

IMPORTANCE OF CASHEW
 It is export oriented crop.
 3rd important agriculture commodity in exported from
India.
 Kernel do not have cholesterol.
 Kernel used for all culinary purposes widely used
cookies and bakery products.
 Kernel fried with salts and sugar.
 Apple is used juice, jam and alcoholic beverages and bio-
ethanol production.
 Fallen and dried leaves materiel used for preparation of
compost and vermicompost.
 Cashew nut shell is used for Cashew nut shell liquid
extraction(CNSL).

Uses
 In Brazil, the apple is used to manufacture jams and soft
and alcoholic drinks.
 Shell oil is used in the manufacture of brake linings. shell
oil is used in the manufacture of numerous materials that
have to be resistant to heat , friction, acids and caustic
products, for example clutch plates, special isolators etc.
 The cashew kernel is a rich source of fat and is a good
source of calcium, phosphorous, and iron.
 It has a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids, in
particular, the essential fatty acid in oleic acid.
 Furthermore, the fruit has medicinal properties, it is used
for curing scurvy and diarrhoea as it is effective in
medicinal properties.

 The cashew apple is highly perishable but very
healthy. It can be eaten fresh or made into juice,
Syrup, wine, preserved fruits , pickles and glazed
fruit are also made from the cashew apple.
 The indigenous people in cashew producing
regions use different parts of the plant such as
leaves, bark, gum, wood ,juice, and roots for the
preparation of local medicines or insect-repellent
mixtures.
 The bark is rich in tannins is used in leather
tanning.
 Cashew nut kernel uses: Edible oil, roasted and
eaten as nuts

Cashew Nut Shell
Liquid
Cashew Butter

COMPOSITION
Nutritional
22 % Protein
47% Fat
22% Carbohydrate
0.45% Phosphorus
0.55% Calcium
0.50% Iron
Cashew apple is rich in vitamin C
Cashew is often referred as” Wonder Nut”. Its nutritional
composition compares well with almond, hazel nut and
walnut.

Origin and distrubution
 Cashew was originated in Brazil and distributed to
Vietnam, Nigeria and Indonesia.
 It was introduced to India by the Portuguese in the
16th century at Goa for the purpose of soil
conservation.
 Commercial cultivation began in the early 1920s
 It is hardy, drought resistant and comes up well in
poor soil hence cashew is considered as gold mine
of waste land.
 Cashew is commonly called as” Poor man’s
crop but rich man’s food”

Distribution
World:
 World cashew production: In the world about
32 countries are growing cashews (Between
30 °N to 30°S).
 African countries: Angola, Kenya,
Madagascar, Mozambique, Nigeria,
Tanzania, etc
 North Central America: El Salvador,
Honduras, South America, Brazil
 Asia: India, Vietnam, China, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand

Source: Food & Agricultural Organization (FAO), 2020

Cashew Cultivation in India
 India is one of the leading producer and exporter of
cashews in the world
 Currently, India has approximately 0.97 million
hectares under cashew cultivation with productivity
of 770 kg/ha.
 Maharashtra, Kerala and Karnataka are the primary
producers of cashew along the western coast of the
country.
 In Karnataka Udupi, Dakshina kannada, Bidar,
Belagaum, Kolar, Shivamogga and Uttara kannada
district are growing.

Source CEPCI and DGCI&S, Kolkatta

State leading in area, production and productivity
Area Production Productivity
Andhra
Pradesh
Maharashtra Maharashtra

EXPORT
 India accounts for about 65% of the world's total
exports
 India exports kernels to more than 60 countries across
the world
 16,000ton nuts/ha so for demand for processing
factories in india.
 9.39 l ton nuts are imported during 2014-15.
 1.18 l ton of exported with a worth of 5432.82 crores.
 1093ton of CNSL with a worth of 55.81crores
exported.

 Indian requirement : 15-20 lakh tonnes.
 Indian target (2050) : 45 – 50 lakh tones.
 Potential yield : 3-4 tonnes/ha.
DEMAND

MARKETING
 Importing countries of processed cashew nut
(90% of total of world's imports) BY USA, UK,
Japan and the former USSR countries.
 Brazil act as a monopoly in export market in
European countries.
 India is monopoly in export market in USSR
countries.

Compact
type
Dwarf
A.
microcarpu
m
A.
orthonianu
m
A. pumilum
Purple
Nut size Kernel size
CNSL free
Coloured
apples
A.
occidentale
Variability in nut and apple
VARIABILITY OF CASHEW IN INDIA

Research stations
 Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur (Karnataka)
 Directorate of Cashew and Cocao Development, Cochin
 AICRP centres, Vengurla, Bhuvaneshwar, Madakatara,
Chintamani.
 HRS Ullal (KRN)
 Cashew research station, Bapatla(AP)
 Cashew research station, Anakkayam(KRL)
 Cashew Export promotion council of india (CEPC),
Ernakulam, kerala

BOTANY OF CASHEW NUT
 Cashew is an evergreen perennial tree with
extensive tap root system
 Tree may grow to an height of 15 m
 It is a highly cross pollinated crop.
 Leaves – Glabrous, leathery, oblong-
obovate, rounded at tip, simple, pinnately
arranged, veins alternate
 Economic life span is about 30-40 years.

 INFLORESCENCE: Terminal panicle, and
polygamomonocious (male and hermoprodite
flowers in same inflorosence). The proportion of the
perfect flowers varies from as low as 0.45-24.9%.

Highlighting the relative positions of the stamen and
staminoids of each and of the stigma of the hermaphrodite
flower.
Cross sectional diagram of cashew male and
hermoprodite flower

FRUIT: Fruit is kidney shaped nut
whereas apple is false fruit which is
swollen pedicel.

Kernal
contains,
47% fat
21% protein
22% carbohydrate

Pollination
 Peak anthesis is between 9 am to 11 am, stigma
is receptive as soon as flowers open and remains
receptive for 48 hours from anthesis.
 Anther dehiscence takes place 1-5 hours after
anthesis.
 Pollination takes place through bees, which
transfer sticky pollen to stigma. Hand
pollination resulted In overall Increase of 20.9%
fruit set against 4 to 6 % in natural pollination
(Jayalekshmy and John, 2005).

Germplasm
 The early attempts for germplasm collection in India
were made during 1952-1957 with sanctioning of adhoc
schemes in Kerala (Kottarakkara), Karnataka (Ullal)
Andhra Pradesh (Bapatla), Assam (Daregaon) and
Maharashtra (Vengurla).
 A total of 1,490 germplasm accessions have been
conserved at National Research Centre on Cashew at
Puttur and at different cashew research stations in India.
 These are primarily indigenous types' selected from the
seedling progenies of the limited initial introductions
with few exotic types from Brazil, Nairobi, Lindi,
Nacala, Mozambique, Ex Tanganya, Singapore,
Australia and Republic of Panama.

 In-situ conservation of cashew germplasm is done only in
the Amazon forests of Brazil, the original home of cashew.
 Subsequent to the establishment of NRCC at Puttur
(Karnataka) in 1986, (now it is upgraded as Directorate of
Cashew Research (DCR)) germplasm collection through
seeds was discontinued.
 In the National Gene Bank of NRCC, Puttur, ex-situ
conservation of 392 clonal germplasm collections are
maintained.
 Similarly, Regional Cashew Gene Bank is established at
AICRP on Cashew at Vengurla, Bhubaneswar,
Madakathara and Chintamani.
 Immediate priority of Indian cashew germplasm
programme is to enhance the genetic variability through
introduction of exotic types from Central America and
Brazil, where diverse types including dwarf ones are
existing.

A occidentale A. microsepalum
A. brasiliense A. corymlosum
A. ciratellefolium A. excelsum
A. encardium A. parvifolium
A. gigantum A. kuhlanannianum
A. humile A. negrense
A. mediterraneanum A. rondonianum
A. nanum A. tenuifolium
A. rhinocarpus A. microcarpum
A. spruceanum A. pumilum
A. orthonianum
Species diversity

Anacardium excelum Anacardium nanaum

Anacardium
spruceanum Anacardium orientale

SOIL
 Well drained sandy loam soil and red loamy soil with a
depth of 1-1.5m and pH 5.4-7 but more than 8 pH not
suitable commercial cultivation.
 Drainage of soil must be good, as it cannot withstand
waterlogged saline soils.

CLIMATE
 Cashew is essentially a tropical crop.
 It grows best in warm humid climate.
 It Can tolerate wide range of climatic conditions ,
however major limiting factor is its inability to
tolerate frost and extreme cold for a long time.
 Its distribution ranges from 270N and 280S latitude.
It grows well below 700m MSL.

Best Climatic Factors
 Dry spell during flowering and fruit setting ensures better
harvest.
 There must not be cloudy weather during flowering- as it
enhances scortching of flowers due to tea mosquito bug
infestation.
 Normal temperature (32-380C) during marble stage of
fruit development is good as high temperature causes fruit
drop.

Temperature
 Most favourable temperature range is between 240C-280C.
 It does not thrive below 20°C temperature for long period and
very high temperature 39 to 42°C during the marble stage of
fruit development cause fruit drop.
 Heavy rains and cloudy weather adversely affect the yield in
cashew.
Rainfall
 Requires a annual rainfall range of 600mm- 4000mm.
 700mm is optimum rainfall.
Sunshine
 It needs minimum of 6-8 hours of sunshine per day.

Yield of nuts/tree Should be > 5 kg at 10th year age & onwards
Nut size Should be big (10 g and above)
Compact canopy Should be more than 3 laterals for one leader
High proportion of
flowering to non-
flowering laterals
More than 60 % laterals should terminate in panicles
Early flowering To produce early crop, to escape from pests and there
will be abundance of pollinators
A short flowering
period
To reduce harvesting cost. Flowering range is 40-110
days. Genotype with a range < 60 days is preferred
High bisexual
flowers percentage
Only bisexual flowers develop into fruits after
pollination and fertilization
Number of nuts per
panicle
Should bear more than 5-10 fruits per panicle
Selection of mother trees
The important traits taken into consideration while selecting a mother
tree for seed nuts are the following.

Varities released for cultivation in Andra
pradesh
VARIETY PARENTAGE YIELD
(kg/
tree)
NUT
WT.
SHELLING
%
BPP1 HYD No.1 X T.No 273 17 5 27.5
BPP2 HYD No.1 X T.No 273 19 4 26.0
BPP3 Clonal selection 16 6 28.0
BPP4 Clonal selection 12.5 6 23.0
BPP5 Clonal selection from
T.No.1
42 5.2 24.0
BPP6
Bpp8
Clonal selection from
T.No. 56.
HYB No.1XT.No.273
42
14.5
5.2
8.2
24.0
29.0
Cashew research station, Bapatla

b) Varities released for cultivation in maharashtra
 Vengurla 1
 It is clonal selection from germplasm(Vengurla)
 It yields 23kg/tree
 Its shelling percentage 31.0%

Vengurla 2
It is selection from clonal selection from
germplasm (west bengal)
It yields 24kg/tree
its shelling percentage 32.0%

Vengurla-3: Evolved at RFRS, Vengurla, Maharastra.
 It is hybrid b/w Ansur-1 X Vetore-56. It has an yield
potential of 14.4 kg/tree.
its better shelling % 27 and export grade of W 210.

Vengurla-4:
It is cross b/w Midnapore Red X Vetore-56.
yield potential of 17.2kg/tree.
Shelling % is 31% with export kernel grade of
W 210. Apple is red colored having mean wt. of
45g.

Vengurla-5:
 Hybrid with parentage Ansur Early X
Mysore Kotekar 1/61.
 Average yield potential is 16.6 kg/tree with
export kernel grade of W 400.
 Nuts are smaller with kernel wt. of 1.3g and
shelling % is 30.

Vengurla-6:
 Cross b/w Vetore-56 X Ansur-1.
Average yield potential is 13.8kg/tree.
Its shelling % of 28. It has export kernel grade of W 210.

Vengurla-7:
Hybrid b/w Vengurla-3 X M 10/4 has an yield potential
of 18.5kg/tree.
Its shelling % 30.5 with export kernel grade of W 180.

Vengurla 8
 Hybrid b/w Vengurla-4xM10/4
It yields about 15.70kg /tree
Its nut weight 11.50gm
Its shelling percentage 28.0%
It is profuse flowering, and intensive
branching

c) Varities released for cultivation in Tamil nadu
Regional reserch station, Viruthachalam
VRI 1(1981)
It is a clonal selection from germplasm accession maintained
at RRS, Viruthachalam.
The average annual yield is 7.12kg/tree/year.

It is a selection from Kattupalli village in Chengalpattu
district.
It yields 1750 kg of nuts/ha, which is 14.2% higher yield
than VRI.1. Nuts are big with a high shelling percentage of
28%.
It is resistant to TMB and drought.
VRI 2 (1985)

It is a seedling progeny (M 26-2) of a high yielding tree (No.
1602) , mean yield of 14.19 kg/ tree/year.
The colour of new shoot is light green having dark green
mature leaves with prominent venation.
The apple is pear shape with a mean wt of 50.8 g. Nuts are
large in size with 3.6 cm length and 2.7 cm width.
VRI 3 (1991)

VRI (cw)-H1
 It is hybrid between M 26/2(VRI-3)x26/1
It yields 13.2kg/tree
Higher percentage of bisexual flowers, cluster bearing
nature (6-10 fruits/ panicle), bolder nut(7.2 gm), larger
kernal(w 210) and easy to peel the testa.

It is a selection from Cuddalore taluk of Tamil Nadu
released from RRS, Virudhachalam.
The crop yields 3320 kg of nuts /hectare. The nuts are
medium in size, each weighing on an average of 6.63 g.
The variety is suitable to grow under low rainfall tracts of
Tamil Nadu.
VRI 4(2000)

D) Varities released for cultivation in karnataka
Agricultural Research station, Ullal
1) Ullal 1
 It is clonal selection from germplasm type(kerala)
 It yields 19kg/tree
 Its shelling percentage 31%
 It has 2.3% perfect flowers

Ullal 2
 Clonal selection from germplasm type
(guntur)
It yields 18kg /tree
Its nut weight is 6gm
Its shelling percentage 30%

Ullal 3
•It yields is 14.7 kg/tree
•Its nut weight s 7.0gm
•Its shelling percentage is 30.7%
•Good kernal size, profuse flowering

Ullal 4
• It yields 9.5kg/tree
•It nut weight is 7.2gm

Ullal 5
• 2/27 nileshwar
•It yields 10.5kg/tree
•Its nut weight is 9.0gm
•Its shelling percentage 32.8%

Directorate of cashew
research puttur, karnataka
NRCC 1
• 3/28 simhachalam-Ap
•It yields 10kg/tree

NRCC 2
• 2/9 dicherla
•It yields 9 kg/tree
•Its shell percentage 28.60%

KERNEL QUALITY
 Medium to high shelling percentage – 29%
 Kernel weight (3.0-5.0 g)
 Kernel grade (W-130 to W-150)
 Easy to peel
 Protein (26%)
 Fat (47%)

Agricultural research station, chintamani, karnataka
Chintamani 1
•Its shelling percentage is 31%

•Varities released for cultivation in kerala
Cashew research station of Anakkayam.
Anakkayam 1
• selection from open pollinated of T.No.139(AP)
•It yields 12kg/tree
•Its shelling percentage 28%

Sulabha
• A selection from open pollinated seedlings
•Its shelling percentage is 29.40

Cashew research station, Madakkathara
Madakathara-1
• A selection from open pollinated seedling

Dhana:
 Released from CRS,Karala agricultural
University,Madakathara,Kerala(1993).
 It is Hybrid b/w ALGD-1-1 X K 30-1.
 Yield potential is 10.66kg/tree, shelling % is 28 with kernel
grade of W 210.

Kanaka:
Hybrid b/w BLA-139-1 X H3-1.
The average Yield potential is 12.8kg/tree.
shelling % is 31. The kernel grade is W 210.

Priyanka: Evolved at
CRS,Madakathara,(KAU).
Cross b/w BLA-139-1 X K 30-1.
The yield potential is 17.9kg/tree. Nut is bold
with export grade of W 180. and shelling % is
26.5.

Amruta:
Hybrid with parentage of BLA-139-1 X H 3-1,
same as Kanaka.
Average yield potential is 18.4 kg/tree . Shelling
% is 31.6 with kernel grade of W 210.

Dharashree
•Hybrid between (T30xBrazil-18)

Damodar
•Hybrid between (BLA 139xH3-13)

Raghava
•Hybrid between (ALGD-1-1xK-30-1)

Akshaya
•Hybrid between (H-4-7xK-30-1)
•Its nut weight is 11gm
•Its shelling percentage 28.36%

Anagha
•Hybrid between (T 20xK-30-1)
•Its nut weight is 10gm
•Its shelling percentage 29%

Performance of six genotypes of cashew
(Anacardium occidentale L.) under
terai agro-climatic zone of West Bengal
L.S. SINGH, P.S.MEDDA, H. BHATTACHARJEE
AND P. SATYA
 The Asian Journal of Horticulture,
(June, 2010) Vol. 5 No. 1 : 131-133

NEW HYBRID (H-130)
‘Nethra Jumbo-1’
DCR, Puttur

HYBRID (H-130) – PROMISING HYBRID
 NRCC Selection-2 x Bedasi
 Early flowing and long
fruiting season
 Sparse canopy type
 Bunch bearing with bold nut
size
 Big apple with yellow colour
 Long and strong
inflorescence with 8-10
rachis
 Highest number of bisexual
flowers

GROWTH BEHAVIOUR
 Vigorous growing type
 Sparse canopy type
 Big leaves (above 70 sq.cm)
 Highly precocious
 Responsive to pruning and
suitable to high density

90 cashew nuts of this variety made a kg.
In other varieties, about 160 nuts are
required to make a kg. This brings down
the amount of labour required for
harvesting the crop by almost a half.

PROPOGATION
 Seed propagation is rarely practiced except for
rootstock.
 Softwood grafting is considered as commercial
method of propogation.

PROPOGATION BY SEED
DESIRABLE CHARACTER OF MOTHER PALM
 An ideal mother plant should be dwarf and have compact
canopy.
 Higher number of bisexual flowers (>25%)
 Cluster bearing habit.
 Medium to bold nuts (8-10gm).
 High shelling percentage(>28%)
 High yield potential.
 Tolerant to pests and diseases.

SELECTION OF SEED NUTS
Bold sized seed nuts are collected which sink in water
collected in march-may and sun dried for 2-3 days.
Soaked in water overnight or 10% brine solution.
Seed nuts should be freshly sown after harvest as seed nuts
gradually lose their viability after 6-8 months.

RAISING OF ROOTSTOCK
 Polythene bag punched with holes should be filled with
suitable planting media of 3:1:1 FYM, soil and sand.
 Seed nuts are sown with stalk end up at 2-2.5cm depth.
 After sowing watering is done, germination takes within 15-
20 days after sowing.

SELECTION OF SEEDLINGS
 Select the seedlings which are healthy , vigorous and single
main stem.
 Avoid seedlings having side branches.
 Select seedlings which are of 40-60 days old.
 Select seedlings which are growing at the centre of polythene
bag.

STEPS INVOLVED IN SOFTWOOD GRAFTING
RAISING OF ROOTSTOCK
 Select good, mature, medium sized nuts, which sink in water
as seeds after drying in sun for 2-3 days.
 Seed nuts are soaked in water overnight before sowing in
order to get good and faster germination.
 Sow the seeds in polybags filled with soil sand and FYM.
 Seeds will germinate in 15-20 days after sowing, 2 months old
seedlings are used for softwood grafting.

PREPERATION OF ROOTSTOCK
 Remove the leaves of selected seedlings retaining 1 or 2 pairs
of bottom leaves and top the plant at a height of 15cm from
ground.
 Make a cleft of 5-6cms deep in middle of decapitated stem of
the seedlings by giving a longitudinal cut.

SELECTION OF SCION
 Select scion of 3-4 months old from high yielding varieties.
 Take 10-15cms long scions preferably straight, having
prominent terminal bud.
 Select only healthy scions free from pests and diseases.
 Scions should be collected before terminal bud sprouts.

GRAFTING PROCEDURE
 Insert the wedge of the scion to the cleft of the
seedling stock.
 Pre-cured scions chopped slant cut on both side 5-
6cm and insert into stalk and tied with polythene strip
and kept inside the poly house. (Feb-March, Sep-Oct,
June-July, Exept winter season)
 Maintain humidity to prevent apical bud from drying.
 Graft union takes place after 45 days. 80-85% succes
and further maintained upto 6 month and transplant to
field.

AFTERCARE OF THE GRAFTS
 Keep the grafted plant in shade and water them regularly; shift
the grafts to open space when leaves of the scions turn green.
 Remove the polythene strips from grafted joint 2-3 months
after grafting to avoid girdling.
 They become ready for planting 5-6 months after grafting.

Spacing and pit size
Normal density
 7.5mx7.5m=180 plants/ha
 6mx8m=208 plants/ha
 10mx5m=200 plants/ha (depending on soil fertility)
High density planting :
 5mx5m= 400 plants/ha,
Pits size: 0.7-1.0 m

Method of planting
 Season /time of planting
 June-July or September – October
 Fill the pits with top soil to ¾ of the pit capacity and
organic manure (10 kg) and 250g SSP or ROP, 10g of
Phorate granules.
 While planting the graft union should remain 2.5 cm above
the ground level.
 Remove the polythene tape and staking should be done
immediately after planting to protect the graft from wind
damage.

PACKAGES FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF HIGH DENSITY
ORCHARD
 Land preparation
 Line terraces
 Pit opening (13M)
 Pit filling
 Planting & mulching
 Dense clearing
 Staking

REVERSE TERRACE (2 M X 2 M X 0.7 M)
Advantages
Mean soil moisture content (0-90 cm depth) in March :
129% of Control
Runoff : 81% of control
Soil Loss : 77.6% of control
Cost : Rs 30 per structure

ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF ULTRA
DENSITY ORCHARDS
Establishment of Ultra Density Orchard
Three year old Ultra Density Orchard
Pruning in Ultra Density Orchard
Flushing & Flowering in Ultra Density

FLOWERING BEHAVIOUR UNDER ULTRA DENSITY

MANURING
 DCR puttur- 500/125/125 gram NPK/tree/year.
 Ullal- 500/250/250g NPK/tree/year.
 During the first, second and third year of planting 1/3rd, 2/3rd
and full dose of fertilizers, respectively should be applied.
Fertilizers may be applied 15cm depth, 20-30cm width in the
basins of individual trees in circular trenches.
 Growing of leguminous cover/ green manure crops are
highly beneficial in young plantations.
 When organic manures are used, around 25 kg poultry
manure, 60 kg FYM or 30 kg vermicompost may be used
per adult tree.

MANURES AND FERTILIZERS FOR CASHEW
Application in two does:- Pre-monsoon (May-June) and post-monsoon (August-
September) seasons

FOLIAR SPRAY OF NUTRIENTS
 Foliar spray of Urea + H3PO4 +
K2SO4 : increased nut yields by
16.1% while, 0.5% ZnSO4 + 0.1%
solubor + 0.5% MgSO4 : 30.5%
increase in nut yield over unsprayed
plants.
 Of major nutrients, the incidence of
tea mosquito bug (TMB) was lower
in K2SO4 1% sprayed trees with a
mean damage score of 0.50.
 Of the secondary and
micronutrients, the incidence was
lower in solubor 0.1% sprayed trees
with a mean damage score of 0.72.
 While in control (unsprayed) trees,
the incidence of TMB was higher
which was in the range of 1.28 to
1.33.

Training and Pruning
 Training: Up to 2year 70-75cm from ground should not allow
any branches for good air circulation and better management.
 Allows proper growth of canopy and receipt of adequate
sunlight on all branches.
 Pruning of cashew plants done during May/June.
 Deformed branches are also removed during the first few
years.
 Since cashew trees tend to spread their canopies and lodge
easily, proper staking is also essential

TRAINING PLANTS TO BUSH SHAPE
Growth and yield performance of 5 year old shape pruned plants

COMPARISON OF PRUNED AND UNPRUNED PLANTS

Intercropping
 Pineapple is the most profitable intercrop in cashew
plantation in the early stages of growth.
 It can be planted between two rows of cashew in trenches
opened across the slope.
 Paired row of pineapple suckers can be planted in each
trench at 60 cm between rows and 40 cm between two
suckers within the row.
 Ginger, lemongrass and tapioca are also suitable as
intercrops and the intercrops are also grown organically.

INTER CROPPING IN CASHEW
 In hilly regions – soil erosion, nutrient losses and weed growth.
 Intercropping - minimize the losses, conserve soil and moisture and
higher net returns.
 West coast – Pineapple, Tapioca, Turmeric, Ginger, Elephant Foot Yam,
Colocasia, Cucurbits, Chillies, Brinjal.
Pineapple Elephant Foot Yam Turmeric

CASHEW BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS
 Insurance against total crop failure under aberrant weather conditions or
pest epidemics.
 Increase in total productivity per unit land area.
 Judicious utilization of resources such as land labour and inputs.

Irrigation
 Irrigation can be started after the commencement of
flowering for better nut set, filling and yield
 Newly planted grafts should be irrigated regularly during
summer periods.
 Drip irrigation of 25-30ltr/plants/day during flowering to
fruiting stage is provided.

WATER MANAGEMENT AND FERTIGATION
Cashew experiences severe moisture
stress from January – March
Supplementary irrigation with limited source
of water
 Wherever limited water sources are available,
providing protective irrigation @ 200 1/tree
once in fortnight from January to March
totaling 1000 l/tree/year is recommended.
Drip irrigation
 20 L of water per day through drippers during
January-March – helps in flowering, fruit set
and nut development
 Two fold increase in yield due to protective
irrigation
 Fertigation saved 50% in the fertilizer
requirement and doubled the cashew yield
119
Drip irrigation

SOILAND WATER CONVERSATION TECHNIQUES
 Cashew - severe moisture
stress from January to May -
affects flowering and fruit set.
 Modified crescent bund (at 2
m radius having a crescent
shaped bund of 6 m length, 1
m width and 0.5 m height on
the upstream of the plant).
 Drying of flowers and fruit
drop under drought situations
can be checked.
 Efficient use of pre- monsoon
and post- monsoon showers.
Terrace with crescent bund

OVERVIEW OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION
MEASURES

TOPWORKING/ REJUVINATION
 It is a technique evolved to rejuvinate the unproductive and
sanile cashew trees by soft wood grafting.
 Poor yielding trees of 5-20 years tree can be successfully
rejuvinated by top working.

PROCEDURE
 DEHEADING THE TREES:
 Unproductive trees are to be headed back to a height of 0.75-
1m from the ground level.
 Then the stump and cut portion should be swabbed with
chloropyriphos 10ml+50gm coc or 10% bordeaux paste.
 Stump is covered with paddy straw and any straw material.
 Sprouts emerge in 30-45 days after deheading, thin the
excessive sprouts and maintain 10-15 shoots on the stumps out
of 30-200 shoots.

 GRAFTING : 20-25 days old new shoots should be grafted with
scions of high yielding varieties in the month of March-April.
 Scion is covered with polythen tube to maintain humidity.
 Polythene tube removed after 15-20 days.
AFTERCARE : sprouts below the graft joint should be removed.
 Grafted shoots are provided with suppourt by tieing shoots to avoid
lodging.
 On securing 6-7 successful grafts in each stem remaining shoots are
progressively declipped off.
 Grafted plant start yielding 2nd year after.
 Provide nutrition 1.1kg urea, 1.5kg of SSP/ROP, 400g MOPand
FYM 10-25kg/yr.
 Yield-2nd yr -4kg/tree and stablised 8kg/tree/yr after 4th year.

PRUNING IN CASHEW
 Heading back by severe pruning.
 Results in improved yield performance.
 Flowering in same year or next year.
 Monitoring the attack of CSRB.
Old senile plantation Severely pruned tree One year after severe
pruning

TOP-WORKING FOR REJUVENATION OF SENILE
ORCHARDS
 Beheading and allowing new shoots to arise (May-June)
 Grafting new shoots with scions of improved variety (July-August).
 High yield from second year after grafting.
 Monitoring the attack of CSRB.
Top worked plants Flushing after top working Two years after top working

Harvesting
 Economic bearing in cashew starts 3rd year after planting.
 Economic bearing upto 25-30 years.
 Fruits will be ready for harvest about 2 months after
fertilization of flowers (Nov-May).
 Ripened fruits will fall down which can be collected manually
 The nuts can be extracted from apple, dried in sun for about 2
days and stored temporarily till marketing

YIELD
 The nut yield/plant/year varies according to the age of the
plant.
 Average yield of of 2kg/tree is obtained from the trees of 3
years age.
 After 3rd year yield goes on increasing. one can expect >10kg
of nuts in 8-10 years
 National average yield is less than 2kg/tree.

CASHEW PROCESSING
Processing consists the following steps
Moisture conditioning
Roasting
Shelling
Drying
Peeling
Grading
Packing

1)Moisture conditioning
• It involves sprinkling of water on the dried nuts
to an optimum moisture level of 15-25%.

1. Roasting
 It is done to make shell brittle and to loosen the
kernal from the shell.
3 methods of roasting:
a) Drum roasting
b) Oil bath roasting
c) Steam boiling

a. Drum roasting
 Nuts are fed into rotating drum that is heated
essentially to such an extent that excluding oil
ignites and burns thus charring the shell.
 Roasting takes place 3-5 min shell become brittle.
 Then best quality kernal will be obtained.

b) Oil bath roasting
 In this raw nuts are roasted passed for 1-3 min
through a bath of heated CNSL, maintained at a
temperature of 190-2000C.
 The shell get heated and cell wall gets separated
releasing oil into the bath.
 In this method we obtain maximum recovery of
CNSL.

c) Steam boiling
 Raw nuts are steam cooked at high pressure.
It is most popular method.
Mild roasting is done for 20-25min at 100-120
PSI and allow to cool for 24hr.

Manually and Mechanicaly
Place the nuts edge wise and gently crack it with a light wooden
mallet,to remove the kernals.
While shelling take care not to damage the kernel inside.
Kernal recovery is 90%

STAGES OF CASHEWNUT PROCESSING
Steam Boiling Cashew Sheller
Shelling Process Kernel Drier

 Dry the kernels under sun for 8-10 hours to loosen testa and
reduce moister.
 Kernals are dried to a moisture content of 4-5%
 At present in commercial cashew processing unit kernels are
dried artificially in Broma dryer at 800 C for 8-10 hours using
hot dry air.
• Peel off thin brown testa
on the kernel with the help of
knives.

American Standards
Based on No. of
kernels/pound
Non spilt Kernels as Wholes.
Again separated into 6 grades,
210, 240, 280, 320, 400 and
450 whole nuts/pound.
Standard quality is 320.
Local market
It Should be fully developed, good size, shape, free from
insect damage and black spots
Divided into
1. Standard
2. Scorched pieces
3. Splits
4. Butts
5. Small pieces
6. deserts
26 grades are available
W-210- Biggest grade
W-500-Smallest grade

STAGES OF CASHEWNUT PROCESSING
Kernel peeling Kernel drying process
Kernel Grading Vita Packing

Compact Type Drum Roasting
Machine-Developed
Concentric Type Rotary Sieve
Grader- Performance evaluation
Dual Mode Dryer-Design and
development
Hydraulic Type Cashew Apple Juice
Extractor-Developed.
POST HARVEST PROCESSING
(DEVELOPMENT OF MACHINERIES)
142

 Pack the graded kernels in Tin containers in a an atmosphere
of 5% CO2.
 Each tin holds 25 pounds of Kernels.

BY PRODUCTS OF CASHEW NUT
• Cashew oil is a dark yellow oil for cooking or
salad dressing pressed from cashew nuts
(typically broken chunks created during
processing).
 Cashew apples can be used for preparation of
juice, candies, pickles, chutnees, jam, jelly.
 In Goa an alcoholic beverage called “Feni” is
prepared from cashew apple.

Cashew shell oil
 Cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) or cashew shell oil is a
natural resin found in the honeycomb structure of the
cashew nutshell and is a by product of processing cashew
nuts.
 It is a raw material of multiple uses in developing drugs,
antioxidants, fungicides, etc.
 It is used in tropical folk medicine and for anti-termite
treatment of timber.

PESTS AND DISEASES
1. TEA MOSQUITO BUG (Helopeltis antonii)
Symptoms :
 Both adults and nymphs suck the sap from the tender shoots,
leaves and fruits.
 The tissues around the attached portions develop necrotic
patches resulting into drying up of the shoots, leading finally
to drying.

TEA MOSQUITO BUG (TMB) DAMAGE IN CASHEW
Damage on tender
shoots
Drying of the shoot
Adult feeding on apple
Drying of the
inflorescence
Nymph Adult

MANAGEMENT OF TEA MOSQUITO BUG
 The cashew variety Bhaskara developed at DCR escapes tea mosquito
bug incidence because of its mid-season and repetitive flowering
behaviour.
 need based sprays of Lambda cyhalothrin (6ml/10L)/ Imidachloprid
17.8 SL (0.6 ml/L)/ Acetamiprid 20 SP (0.5g/L)/ Profenophos 50 EC
(1.5 ml/L) during flushing and Carbaryl (2g/L)/ Lambda
cyhalothrin(6ml/10L)/ Trizophos 40 EC (1.5ml/L)/ Profenophos 50 EC
(1.5 ml/L) during flowering/ fruiting stages are recommended to
manage the pest incidence for better income.
 Spraying of recommended insecticides will be remunerative, if the
trees are giving economical yield (>2.0 kg/tree).
Adult of TMB Fruit bunch of variety :
Bhaskara
Nut damage Shoot damage

STEM BORER (Placaederus ferrugineus)
 Beetle and its larvae tunnel into the tree trunk and roots.
 Female beetle lay eggs on the crevices of the bark of the collar
region of the tree trunk
 Food and water translocation is affected and tree gradually
dies
symptoms
Yellowing of leaves , drying of twigs, presence of holes at the
base of stem with exuding sap and frass

INCIDENCE OF CSRB IN CASHEW
External symptoms of damage Extrusion of frass at tree base
Zig zag damage pattern on the
branch
Chewing by CSRB grub

MANAGEMENT OF CASHEW STEM AND ROOT BORER
Phytosanitation
 Swab mud slurry or coal tar and kerosene (1:2) for adult trees .
 Smearing of lime on the bark crevices.
• Dead trees and trees which are beyond recovery should be
uprooted and removed from the plantation.
• Ilar -cum silar (IIHR)
Post–extraction prophylaxis
• All the trees in the plantation are to be examined during nut
collection period grubs should be mechanically.
• This should be followed by treatment with chlorpyriphos 0.2 %
Use of Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN)
• Steinernema sp. and Heterorhabditis sp.
Adult of CSRB Grub of CSRB EPN infection in CSRB

Other pest
 Leaf and inflorescence webber: makes a
gallerry and net inside adults are neemb
out flower drying and drop down.
 Management: Monochrotophos-1ml/ltr.

Leaf minor
 Nursery and plantation , new leaves and
new flushes
 Management: Monochrotophos-1.5ml/ltr.

DIE BACK / PINK DISEASE
 Caused by Corticium salmonicolor
 Affected branches initially show white patches on the bark.
Later, the fungus develops a pinkish growth , which represents
a spore mass.
 In due course of time ,the bark splits and peels off and the
affected shoots dry up from the tip.

MANAGEMENT
 Prune the affected branches and protect the cut
portion by application of bordeaux paste and
give prophylactive sprays of Bordeuax mixture
(1%) twice in may-june before the onset
monsoon.

Minor disease
 Anthracnose: 1% BM, 3g of coc
 Damping off: coc spray and drench-
3g/ltr.

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