Major breeding aspects of apple

2. INTRODUCTION
 Apple is known as king of temperate fruits / symbol of health / premier fruit of the
world
 Cultivated apple Malus X domestica are diploids (2n =34) and few are triploids (2n=51)
and ancestor of it is Malus sylvestris
 Apple originated from South western Asia and belongs to family Rosaceae sub family
pomoideae
 It is a deciduous fruit tree mostly grown in temperate region of the world.
 Himachal Pradesh is known as Apple bowl of India
 Among the fruit apple has long storage life
 Major sugar present in apple is sorbitol
 Type of fruit is Pome
 Edible portion is fleshy thalamus (mesocarp)

3. GERMPLASM RESOURCES
 Malus collection has 6734 total accessions, of which 5226 are trees in the field and
1508 are seedlots.
 Good collection of Germplasm has been collected in 19 research centre out of which
11 are located in North West Himalayan region such as :
 NBPGR , Phagli ( New Delhi)
 CITH, Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir)
 IARI , New Delhi
 Fruit Research centre , Shalimar
 Hill Fruit Research centre , in Chaubattia and Chakrata , U.P
 Himachal Agricultural University , H.P

4. Important Categories of Apple Germplasm

5. BREEDING OBJECTIVE
 Since, apple is a composite tree consisting of
rootstock and scion , there is also need to
develop rootstock with the aim to manipulate
growth, suitable for a specific location as well as
for good reproductive ability .
 To involved varieties red in colour with early
maturity, high yield, superior dessert and storage
quality and resistant to diseases(scab) and pests

6. ROOTSTOCK BREEDING
 To develop woolly apple aphid resistant
rootstock using a Northern Spy as a source of
resistance.
 To focussed on productiveness and tree size
control
 Adaptation to soil and pest problems
 It shows considerable resistance to crown rot and
winter hardy like P-1, P-2 , P-16 , P-22 from M-4
X Common Antonovka

7. Special features of rootstock and its
characteristic

8. Methods of Crop Improvement
 Introduction
 Selection
 Hybridisation
 Mutation
 Biotechnology

9. Introduction
 In apple lots of emphasis laid on introduction and
selection during last decades. Apples are introduced for
different purpose such as :
 a) spur type cultivar - At regional research station ,
Mashobra (H.P), 12 varieties are introduced through
NBPGR New Delhi in 1980
 Red spur delicious, Golden spur delicious,
 Oregon spur, Red chief, Miller, Sturdee spur,
 white spur , Stark crimson

10. b) Colour spots – Royal red , Vance delicious. Top
red, Skyline supreme, Red Delicious
c) Low chilling variety – Introduced through
NBPGR to RRS , Phagi , Shimla Vared, Michael ,
Tropical beauty, Parlin beauty, Mayan, Schlomit,
Hybrid-1
d) Scab resistant var – Prima, Priscilla, Liberty,
Florina, Macfree, Freedom, Coop-12
e) Early maturing var – Yandik onskoe , Papisonka
canninga

11. Selection
• In Horticultural Experimental Station (TNAU) in
Kodaikanal selected 1 variety i,e KKL-1 called as
Kodaikanal beauty , this is a selection from Parlin beauty
 Many of existing commercial cv which originated as
chance seedlings are Golden Delicious , Baldwin and
Granny Smith

12. Hybridisation
 Apple improvement work has been going on
a) The Regional Fruit Research Station , Mashobra,
H.P
b) F.R.S. , Shalimar, J and K
c) Horticulture and Experimental Training centre ,
Chaubattia , U.P

14.  Resulting in a no. of released of new varieties, work was
initiated in Kashmir (1956) to combine high dessert qualityof
delicious group with good keeping quality of Ambri.
 Two hybrids such as Lal Ambri and Sunehri were released
 Similarly work has been also initiated in H.P. (1960) as a result
hybrids Ambred , Ambstarking and Ambrich have been
developed . Subsequently hybrid, Ambroyal was also
developed.

15.  Variety developed with parentage and important characters are as
follows :
 1. Jammu and Kashmir
 Lal Ambri – Red Delicious X Ambri , Ambri with red colour
 Sunehri – Ambri X Golden Delicious , Ambri with colour of
Golden Delicious
2. Himachal Pradesh
 Ambred – Red Delicious X Ambri-57, keeping quality good, low
incidence of powdery mildew , soothy blotch and scab.
 Ambstarking – Starking Delicious X Ambri- 81 , tolerant to scab
 Ambroyal – Starking Delicious X Ambri-84, semi dwarf tree ,
semi spur type and having good dessert quality
 Ambrich – Richared X Ambri-15, semi dwarf, semi spur, good
dessert quality, tolerant to scab

16. Mutation
 A bud sport is a mutation arising in a cell from which a bud
developed
 It affects growth habit particularly the spur or compact type
which produce compact or dwarfish
 This is the basis for bud selection to maintain the integrity of the
cultivar
 The rate of single gene mutations can be increased by irradiation
with X- ray, Gamma ray and thermal neutrons
 Bud sport – due to mutation , Red allister/ Aed Elster ,natural
mutant of Allister.

17.  Vance Delicious : Bud mutant of Delicious.
 Top Red : Bud sport of Shot Well Delicious
 Skyline Supreme Delicious : Bud mutant of
Starking Delicious.
 Gold Spur Delicious : Bud mutant of Golden
Delicious. This variety is recommended as
pollinizer for all spur types.
 Red Spur Delicious : It is a variant tree in Starking
Delicious orchard.
 Red Chief : Bud sport of Delicious

24. THANK YOU
HAVE A NICE DAY