1. Advances in Breeding of Guava (Psidium guajava L.)
Sukhjinder Singh Mann
Department of Fruit Science
2.
3. Origin, Distribution and Genetics of Crop
• Native to Tropical America stretching from Mexico to
Peru.
• Introduced in India by the Portuguese during 17th
century (Menzel 1985).
• Guava (Psidium guajava L.) belongs to the family
Myrtaceae which has been more than 80 genera and
3,000 species distributed throughout the tropics and
subtropics (Chandra et al, 2010).
• Psidium, Eugenia, Syzygium and Feijoa
• All cultivated varieties belong to P. guajava L. and either
diploids (2n=2x=22) or triploids (2n= 3x = 33).
• 2 subspecies: (P. pomiferum, P. pyriferum)
4. Important related species
Species Common name
P. cattleianum Cattley or Chinese guava
P. guineese Brazilian guava
P. montanum Mountain guava
P. friedrichsthalianum Coasta Rican guava
P. molle Guisaro guava
5. Genetic resources
P. cattleianum (yellow guava), P. friedrichsthalianum (Costa
Rican guava), Acca sellowiana (feijoa) and P. rufum (purple
guava) resistant to Meloidogyne Enterolobii
Field gene bank 60 accessions were added at IIHR one exotic
collection (Farlong) and one indigenous collection (VNR) were
added to the fruit gene bank.
Several edible species of the genus Psidium like Psidium
cattleianum, P. guineense , P. araca Raddi, P.
Friedrichsthalianum, and P. britoa acida Ben. (Para guava) are
grown in various parts of the world. Unfortunately all
commercial genotypes are highly susceptible to guava wilt.
Psidium molle and P. Guineense and Philippines guava are
reported to be resistant to this disease.
In India, many guava clones have been introduced from
Australia, Brazil and from USA; and wild species like Psidium
sartorianum, P. littorale var. longipes, P. longipes (from USA).
They can be utilized in varietal improvement programme.
There are about 160 cultivars available in India.
6. State Cultivars
Andhra Pradesh Allahabad Safeda, Anakapalli, Banarasi, Chittidar,
Hafsi, Sardar, Smooth Green and Smooth White
Assam Amsophri, Madhuriam, Safrior Payele
Bihar Allahabad Safeda, Chittidar, Hafsi (Red Fleshed),
Harijha, Seedless
Gujarat Nasik, Seedless, Sindh
Karnataka Allahabad Safeda, Arka Mridula, Sardar, Navalur
Maharashtra Dharward, Dholka, Kothrud, Lucknow-24, Sardar
Punjab Allahabad Safeda, Shweta, Sardar(L-49), Punjab Pink
Tamil Nadu Anakapalli, Banarasi, Bangalore, Chittidar, Hafsi,
Nagpur Seedless and Allahabad Safeda
Uttar Pradesh Allahabad Safeda, Apple Colour, Chittidar, Red
Fleshed, Banarasi Surkha, Sardar, Mirzapur
Seedless
West Bengal Bariampur and cvs. of Uttar Pradesh
Classification of guava cultivars on the basis of state growing area
7. Country Cultivars
Australia Allahabad Safeda; Beaumont; Lucknow-49; Ka Hua Kula
Bangladesh Swarupkathi; Mukundapuri; Kanchannagar; Kazi
Brazil Paluma; Rica; Pedro Sato; Kumagai; Sassaoka; Ogawa; Yamamoto; XXI
Century
Colombia Puerto Rico; Rojo Africano; Extranjero; Trujillo
Costa Rica Tai-kuo-bar
Cuba Enana Roja Cubana; EEA 1–23
Egypt Bassateen El Sabahia; Bassateen Edfina; Allahabad Safeda
India
White fleshed: Allahabad Safeda; Apple Colour; Lucknow-42; Lucknow-
49; Safeda; Karela; Seedless; Red Fleshed: Lalit; Hybrid Red Supreme;
Red-fleshed; Benarasi; Sardar; Chittidar; Harijha; Arka Mridula; Arka Amulya
Malaysia Kampuchea (Vietnam, GU8); Hong Kong Pink; Jambu Kapri Putih; Maha
65; Bentong Seedless (Malaysian S.); Taiwan Pear
Mexico
Media China; Regional de Calvillo; China; la Labor; Acaponeta; Coyame
Puerto Rico
Corozal Mixta; Corriente; Seedling 57-6-79
South Africa
Fan Retief; Frank Malherbe
Taiwan
Tai-kuo-bar
Thailand
Glom Sali; Glom Toon Klau; Khao Boon Soom
Vietnam
Xa ly nghe; Ruot hong da lang; Xa ly don
USA (Hawaii) Beaumont; Pink Acid; Ka Hua Kula
Commercial cultivars of guava in the world
8. Breeding objectives
1. To develop high yielding, precocious dwarf
varieties (high fruit: shoot ratio) with fruits of
uniform shape, good size, attractive skin and pink
pulp colour, fewer and soft seeds, resistant to wilt,
long storage life and suitable for table and
processing purposes.
2. Good branch angles and spreading tree habit
3. Varieties suitable for cultivation under arid/ saline/
water logged/ marshy/ cold areas.
4. To evolve wilt resistant and dwarfing rootstocks.
9. Selection and Evaluation
Fruit selection criteria include
• Large (200-340g), with few seeds and thick pulp;
• White for dessert or dark pink pulp colour, particularly for processing
• Flavour and aroma characteristic of fresh guava, with no woody off flavour
or muskiness;
• More than 10% TSS
• For processing, an acidity of 1.25-1.50% and, for dessert guava, 0.2-0.6%.
• Vit C content of 300g/100g pulp;
• Minimum number of stone cells;
• Long storage life with resistance to fruit diseases and insects.
Tree selection criteria include
• Spreading, low-growing type
• Resistant to tree diseases and pests
• High yield with better fruit quality
• Fewer and soft seed
• Dwarfing rootstock
10. • Commercially important traits, such as yield, fruit size, certain types of diseases
resistance and quality characteristics (Vit C, acidity, pectin etc.) are often in the low-
heritability category.
• None of these characters are determined solely by major genes, although basic genes,
subject to the modifying effects of ploygenes, have been identified for some quality
characters like skin colour and acidity.
• However, the red pulp colour is dominant over white and this character is governed
monogenically. Many cultivated red fleshed varieties were found to be heterozygous for
this character.
• Bold seeds in guava were found to be dominant over soft seeds – monogenically.
• A linkage was also found between red flesh colour and bold seed size
• Obovoid (pear) shape of the fruit is dominant over round shape
• Triploidy and some other genetic factors are responsible for female sterility
(Subramanyam and Iyer, 1982)
Genetics of important traits and their inheritance pattern
11. Constraints in crop improvement
•Floral structure (epigynous flower, with abundant
incurred stamens of various sizes) and long
juvenile period
•Cross incompatibility between several cultivars
limit the combining of superior traits in single
genotype (e.g. L-49, Apple color and Behat
Coconut are not inter crossable)
•Seedlessness due to triploidy
(ovule sterility/ Chromosome
aberration)
12. Major problems facing by the crop
Guava wilt caused by Gliocladium roseum, Fusarium
oxysporum, F. solani or Macrophomina phaseoli
Fruit rot, anthracnose or dieback caused by
• Goleosporium psidii,
• Phytopthora parasitica,
• Rhizopus sp.
• Aspergillus sp.
are serious diseases of the western districts of India
Fruit fly (Bacterocera dorsalis) is the most common and
serious pest of guava
Seed content hard, bold and seed content range from 112 to
535
13. • Guava shoot borer (Microcolona technographa)
• Mealy bugs which is caused by Ferrisia virgata, Planococcus
lilacinus and Nipaecoccus viridis.
Minor problems
• Weeds are also a serious threat for the performance of the crop
Abiotic stresses such Nutrient imbalances, specially the
micronutrients such as Zn deficiency
14. Character Accession Name
Dwarfness Apple Colour, Aneuploid, Psidium molle, P. chinensis,
P. friedrichsthalianum
Seedless Seedless
Good yielder Benaras, 7-39 EC147034, EC 162904, Behat Coconut,
Globose fruit shape Smooth Green, Allahabad Safeda, Apple Colour, Arka Amulya, Arka Mridula,
Benaras, Behat Coconut, Hafsi, Sindh, Mirzapur seedling, Dharwad
Purple pericarp Phillippine guava
Processing 7-12, EC 147036, 7-39 EC 147034
Big sized fruit One kg guava, Behat Coconut, Benaras, Kamsari, Dharwad, Chaikaiya
Ruthmanagar
High TSS Dhareedar, Allahabad Safeda, Arka Mridula, Seedless, Sindh, Hafsi, Bangalore
Local, Surka Chitti, Behat Coconut
High Vitamin C Mirzapur seedling, P. chinensis, EC 162904, G-6, Chakaiya Ruthmanagar,
Dhareedar
Suckering habit P. chinensis
Probable donor parents were identified for various horticultural traits
as follows
15. Pest Least susceptible varieties
Fruitfly EC 147037, EC147039, Kamsari, Red Flesh, Superior Sour lucidum
Tea mosquito bug EC 147036, EC 147039, Hafsi, Superior Sour lucidum
Spiralling whitefly Arka Amulya, Benaras, Spear acid, Psidium chinensis,
P . friedrichsthalianum ,EC 147039
Accessions were screened for their variable reactions to insect pests
Shades of red Shades of yellow Purple
Aneuploid 1, 7-39, EC 147034, 7-12 EC 147036, 9-
35 EC 147036, EC 147039, EC 163904, EC
147037, GR-6, Kamsari, P. chinensis, Pati, Phili
(pink), Portugal, Red Flesh, GR1
Spear acid, Kamsari, Bangalore
Local, P. cattleianum var. lucidum,
P. quadrangularis
Purple Local
Kamsari Purple local
Accessions were screened and identified for the flesh colour development
16. S. No. Name of the cultivar Country
1 Beaumont and Indonesian Seedless Hawaii
2 Acerapera Brazil
3 Verdie USA
4 Psidium sartoriaum USA
5 Psidium littorale var. longipes USA
6 Psidium longipes USA
7 Giant Thailand Guava’ Thailand
8 Tai-kuo-bar Taiwan
Important Introductions
Breeding methods
17. Selection
Variety Source Charactersitics
Dhawal Selection from Allahabad
Safeda
having vitamin C more than 250 mg per
100 g fruit
Lalima Selection from half-sib
population of Apple Guava
having good TSS, lower acidity
Allahabad
Surkha
seedling selection from
Allahabad
bearing large, uniformly pink fruits with
deep pink flesh
Sardar Guava Selection from Allahabad
safeda
Semi –dwarf, high yield, juicy flesh with
excellent taste,Shell is fairly thick.
CISH-G-1 Seedling selections from
red coloured guava at
CISH, Lucknow.
deep red coloured with soft seeds, high TSS
(15oBrix), long shelf life. Fruits of this
selection recorded higher anthocyanin
content. The spatial distribution of the
pigments in various portions of the same
fruits has shown less variation in this
selection.
CISH-G-2 Seedling selections from
red coloured guava at
CISH, Lucknow.
Crimson colored attractive fruit, stripes in
groove, seeds soft
18. Variety Source Charactersitics
CISH-G-3
(Lalit)
Selection from half-sib
population of Apple
Colour.
Saffron yellow coloured fruits with pink flesh ,
good blend of sugar and acid. suitable for both
table and processing purposes. The pink colour in
the beverage remains stable for more than a year
in storage. 24 % higher yield than AS.
CISH-G-4
(Shweta)
half-sib selection from Apple
Colour
Attractive fruits, sub-globose with few soft seeds, high
TSS (140Brix) and attractive pink blush, good yield
potent
CISH-G-5 selection from open
pollinated seedling guava
population
Fruit weight 190g ,13.7°B, attractive crimson
colour, higher proportion of coloured fruit, good
yield and responsiveness to pruning.
CISH-G-6 Seedling selections from
red coloured guava at
CISH, Lucknow.
red coloured fruits, high yielders
CISH-GS-
35
half-sib progeny of
Allahabad Safeda
High yielder, attractive,fruit surface, colour, soft
seeds and TSS (14o Brix).
Guava
(G-1)
Selection from half- sib
population of ‘Apple Color
High TSS (12-15°B), longer shelf life
Attractive red colouration of skin
19. Cultivar/Selecti
on
Source Charactersitics
Exotica Pink colour of flesh, less seeded, sweet taste and pleasant
flavour
Bhavanagar
selection
Fruits small and in cluster, heavy bearer, seeds soft and
plenty
Anand selection
(Red)
Local selection fruit medium size, flesh reddish and soft, seeds many and
soft, pleasant flavour
Matchless Fruit medium to big size, seeds hard and arranged centrally,
good keeping quality
ShwetaCISH-G-3 (Lalit)
21. In Karnataka
16 high performing seedlings were selected from the
variety Navalur, which are
Drought tolerant
Canker resistant
Hardy
At IIHR, Bangalore
Arka Mridula (Selection-8): From 200 open
pollinated seedlings of variety Allahabad Safeda, one
seedling selection, Selection-8, was found to be
promising. Plants are dwarf, higher yield and more
pectin content.
22. Research institute Selection Characterstics
Sassaoka Seedling of Common
Red in Brazil
Light-pink, thick and firm
pulp and few seeds.
(UNESP, Brazil)
Universidade
Estadual Paulista
Paluma: Seedling
from open-pollinated
Rubi-Supreme
Highly productive plants
(more than 50 t.ha-1) pulp
of an intense dark red.
(UNESP, Brazil) Rica: Seedling from
open-pollinated
Supreme
Highly productive plants
(more than 50 t.ha−1), red
pulp,very pleasant flavour
(11 ◦Brix) and low acidity.
Few and small seeds.
(UNESP, Brazil) Pedro Sato: seedling
from open-pollinated
‘Red Ogawa N◦ 1
Pink pulp, few seeds.
23. SelectionAt Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology, Faizabad (UP)
Selections From Chracterstics
AS 1
AS 2
AS 3
Seedlings of Allahabad
Safeda Promising with respect to fruit quality and
yield
FS 1
FS 2
Faizabad selection
Dhareedar
seedling
selection
Fruit Research Station,
Kuthulia, Rewa
It has medium to large fruits with soft and
sweet pulp
G. Vilas Pasand At Bulakihar (Malihabad),
Lucknow
vigorous, wide spreading with bushy, low
rowing habit. Fruits are round to ovoid, skin
texture is course to smooth, fruit skin pale yellow
to golden, colour of flesh is creamy white texture
creamy soft, very large (400g to 800g) fruit, less
seeds, very productive throughout the year. High
content of Vitamin C makes it stand out among
guava varieties
24. Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad
Selections From Characteristics
Selection 1 Pink pulp Navalur
guava
Pulp had deep pink colour and skin was chartreuse coloured
at ripe stage
Selection 3 do Skin and pulp of ripe fruit were mimosa and strawberry
coloured respectively
Selection 5 do Fruit were big and pear shaped with mimosa coloured skin
and light pink coloured pulp. Plants exhibited a high bearing
capacity
Selection 6 do Skin colour was canary at ripe stage and pulp was
carmine,oval with smooth appearance
Selection 7 do Oval, colour of fruit and pulp at ripe stage was citron and
shell pink respectively, more susceptible to pests and disease
Selection 9 do Moderate bearer and medium sized fruits with camellia
coloured pulp with mimosa coloured skin at ripeness
Selection 11 do Dwarf, colour of skin and pulp were canary and clear pink
respectively
Navalur: It is a variety grown in Dharwad district of Karnataka. It is hardy in nature, drought tolerant and
resistant to canker. The important cultivars are: CIW-2 (Channappa Itigatti White), CIW-3, CIW-4, CIW-5,
GR 1 (Ghatage’s Red number one), GR 3, GW-1 (Ghatage’s white number), GW-4, SR-1 (Shivammanavar
red number one), SR-2, SW- 2 (Shivammanavar white), SWY-1 (Shivammanavar whiteyalakki).
25. Selections from Pink pulp Navalur guava at Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad
26. Haji Kaleemullah Khan has developed a newer and sweeter variety of guava named after
Aishwarya Rai Bachchan guava.
• Resembles an apple in texture and is sweeter and pulpier
• Very different in taste, smell and look from traditional and normal varieties grown in the
country
• Took 8 years to develop
Indonesian guava
Guava Hawaiian Yellow skin colour, pink fleshed , pruned to keep compact otherwise big variety
Para guava Medium size, translucent white-yellowish flesh, sour varity used for processing,
grown in warm sub tropical locations experiencing high rainfall
Mexican cream Roundish shape, small to medium in size, skin is light yellow, slightly bushed with
red, flesh is white and creamy, thick and extremely sweet, soft seed
Strawberry Grown mainly in brazil, red coloured fruit of the size of a golf ball, egg shaped
leaves, strawberry flavor sweet flesh
Thai white Grow well in frost climate, most common Asian variety with green skin and white
flesh with soft seeds, mild flavour
Pink supreme High juice content and fruit to seed ratio, pink flesh, bear heavy fruit after one year
Yellow cherry 3 cm in diameter, mild flavor, very sweet, yellow skin, white creamy flesh, small
seeds
27. Place of
release
Hybrid Parents Characteristics
FRS
Anantharaj
upet (AP)
H-1 Red Fleshed x
Saharanpur Seedless
Flesh pinkish, moderate seeds
H-2 Smooth green x
Nagpur Seedless
Fruit medium, cream colour, less seeded, soft and easily
crushed
H-3 Allahabad x Red
Fleshed
Fruit medium, Flesh white, moderate seed content
H-4 Smooth Green x
Saharanpur Seedless
Fruit medium, Flesh white, many seeded, soft and easily
crushed
H-5 Red Fleshed x Nagpur
Seedless
Flesh white, sweet taste, seeds are big but soft and few
H-6 Banrasi x Allahabad Flesh cream coloured, less seeded, soft and easily
crushed
IIHR,
Bangalore
Arka
Amulya
Seedless x Allahabad
Safeda
Pulp white with few soft seeds, good keeping quality
Hybrid 16-
1
Apple colour x
Allahabad Safeda
Fruit peel bright red, flesh firm, few seeds, high TSS,
good keeping quality
Arka Kiran Kamsari × Purple
Local
Deep pink pulp, seeds are medium soft (9.0 kg cm-2),
high lycopene content (7.45 mg/100 g)
Intraspecific hybridization
28. FRS,
Sangareddy
Safed
Jam
Allahabad Safeda x
Kohir
Fruit size bigger, few seeds
Kohir
Safeda
Kohir x Allahabad
Safeda
Large fruits, white flesh, few seeds
C.C.S.
HAU, Hisar
Hisar
Safeda
Allahabad Safeda x
Seedless
Compact crown, seed count low, seeds soft,
TSS=13.4%, acidity=0.38%, average yield
114kg/tree/yr
Hisar
surkha
Apple colour x
Banrasi Surkha
Tree crown broad to compact, skin yellow with red
dots in low temperature, pink colour flesh, low seed
count and TSS=13.6%, acidity=0.46%, average
yield 86 kg/tree/yr
ICAR
Research
Complex for
NEH
Region,
Umiam,
Meghalaya
RCGH
1
Sour type x Red
fleshed local
white flesh, highest yield (39.05 kg/plant), highest
TSS (10.83ºB), total sugar (8.07%), lowest acidity
(0.50 %)
RCGH
4
Red fleshed x
Allahabad Safeda
red flesh
RCGH
7
Lucknow-49 x Pear
shaped
white flesh, Less number of seeds/100 g fruit
weight (111.18)
PAU Punjab
Pink
Portugal x L 49 =
F1 x Apple colour
medium to large fruit size, attractive red coloured
skin sometimes in summer season and golden
yellow in winter season. Red flesh, pleasant flavor
29. Promising guava accessions selected from the Cuban gene bank using
morph-agronomic variables
Character Acessions
Dwarf attitude of the plant E.E.A. 18-40 or Enana Roja Cubana, E.E.A. 1-23
Form and size uniformity of the fruit N6
Low quantity of seeds BG 76-18, BG 73-7, Dario 19-2, ENF 78-7, Ibarra,
Indonesia blanca, Microguayaba
Thickness of outer fruit flesh BG 76-11, BG 73-7, EEA 6-19, BG 76-8, ENF 78-7,
Ibarra, Indonesia blanca
Smooth relief of the fruit surface BG 76-19, BG 73-6, BG73-7, Belic L-99,Suprema
Roja, BG 76-12, BG 76-8, Ibarra, Indonesia Blanca,
Homero No. 1, Seychelles
Medium to high TSS BG 73-10, Suprema Roja, Belic L-100, EEA 1-23,
EEAm18-40, Ibarra, Homero No. 1, N6
High acidity level BG 76-19, BG 76-18, Seychelles
High content of content of Vitamein
C in the fruit
Cotorrera, BG 76-8, BG 76-14, Dario 18-2,
Microguayaba, BG 76-21
30. Arka Rashmi
It is from the cross Kamsari x Purple Local
Prolific than its parents.
Fruits with deep pink pulp, and medium soft seeds
High lycopene and ascorbic acid (235mg/100g) content coupled with excellent
taste.
It has yield potential of 30-35 t/ha
H-1314
• Purple Local × Allahabad Safeda
• Big sized fruits (300-325g), firm and thick white pulp (1.6 to 1.8 cm), medium
seed hardiness (10.0-10.5 kg/cm2) and
• Good TSS (10.0-11.0 B) was identified for table purpose
H-724
• Apple colour x Purple local
• Pink pulp, recorded medium sized fruits (180-200 g) with soft
seeds
.
31. Variety Parents Characteristics
Pink X Supreme Best hybrid for South Florida. Very tasty and
resistant to insects and diseases. Excellent fruit
yields in summer months. Flesh dark pinkish-
orange. Tree bushy, low growing, with vigorous
branches drooping outward.
8501 Rica × EEF-3 Pulp is of rosy colour
8502 Supreme-2 × Paluma Pulp is of intense rosy colour,
8503 Rica × Patillo 5 Precocious maturation period
Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Koshinag
R4 × Pepia and
R1 × Pepia.
Resistant against Myxosporium wilt in guava
UNESP, Brazil(Universidade Estadual Paulista )
XXI Century Supreme-2 x
Paluma
Very productive plant with a short cycle (130 days
from bloom to harvest), rosy-red large fruits great
flavour
Hybrid varieties
32. Parents Characteristics Reference
Enana Roja Cubana' × 'N6 A total of 354 hybrid plants from which 25 dwarf
genotypes were finally selected on the basis of
quantitative and qualitative traits for the
establishment of new commercial cultivars.
Rodríguez-Medina et al,
2010
CubaEnana Roja Cubana' × 'Belic L-207
'Enana Roja Cubana' × 'Red supreme
Guava hybrids under evaluation
H1 Allahabad Safeda × CISH G-1 Deep pink, high TSS Daljinder et al,2013
PunjabH2 CISH G-1 × 1716 Pink ,TA high
H3 CISH G-4(Shweta) × 1716 White
H4 CISH G-4 (Shweta) × Malaysian
Guava
Cream ,high Vit-C
H6 CISH G-1× Allahabad Safeda White
H7 CISH G-1× L-49 Cream
H8 Safri × CISH G-1 Cream, less no of seeds and less hard
H9 Safri × Malaysian Guava White
Apple Colour’x ‘Sardar’ maximum fruit weight, Vitamin C and pectin
content
At Rajendra
Agricultural University,
Sabour, Bihar, 210 F1
hybrid seedlings were
raised from various
intervarietal crosses.
33. Variation among already developed eight different hybrids in fruit shape and size (above);
flesh thickness of fruit and core diameter (below). (Harjot 2016, PhD thesis)
34. Some promising verities in Taiwan
• Taiwanese Guava- The fruit is
nonclimacteric,(ripen very slowly after
harvest),rounded and fruit skin is smooth,
400-700 grams on average
• Century Guava - The texture is crunchy and
tree has more branches and more disease
resistant.
• Pearl Guava - Pulp soft and sweeter, best
recommended cultivar in winter.
35. Interspecific hybridization
Breeding for wilt resistance:
• Cross between P. guajava x Psidium molle is incompatible
• Psidium molle x P. guajava - In a study at CISH, Lucknow a hybrid
population (F1) of these parent combination was found free from
wilt even after artificial inoculation by F. oxysporum, F. solani and
Gliocladium roseum and are graft compatible with commercial
varieties of P. Guajava
• P. chinensis when used as female parent with P molle, the cross was
compatible
36. Mutation
• γ- rays causes variations in plant height, internodal length
and stem diameter when buds of L-49 guava were
irradiated to 2kR dose.
• Optimum shoot proliferation and rooting was recorded in
MS media after culturing of irradiated (15-90 Gy.) shoot
tips .
In vitro Rootstock Improvement
• Through the use of tissue culture 30,000 seedlings to a
fungal filtrate from the fungus was screened and selected
3 rootstock were multiplied and transplanted into pot trials
• TS-G-1 and TS-G-2 are almost resistant and TS-G-3 was
Tolerant tolerant to GWD.
• The somatic seedlings developed are being screened
against the fungal toxins
37. • In a guava orchard with 1,600 plants in Brazil, Soubihe Sobrinho, Pompeu, and Gurgel
(1961) have found six that differ greatly from the others in growing habit, leaf structure
and low fruitfulness. The fruits presented apple-shape with no distinction from external
and internal pulp that formed a mass with few seeds (25 on average). They observed
that cells of these plants presented 44 chromosomes instead of 22 confirming them as
tetraploid plants.
• Reciprocal crosses between aneuploids and diploids indicated less than 100%
crossability. The aneuploids when used as male parents crossedless frequently than as
female parents and certain aneuploids crossed more readily than others. Differences
were observed in fruit size, fruit weight and seed num-ber in the reciprocal crosses. The
extra chromosome was found to be transmitted through both the egg cell and the pollen.
However, the frequency of transmission was greater through the egg cell than the
pollen. As high as 26% transmission of extra chromosomes were obtained through the
egg cell. There was no clear-cut difference between trisomics and higher aneuploids
with regard to the frequency of transmission of extra chromosomes.
Polyploidy Breeding
38. Triploids : fruit shape is highly irregular and
misshapen
IARI, New Delhi
• Seedless triploids x seeded diploid: Allahabad
Safada : Results
Diploids (2n) 26
Trisomics (2n + 1) 9
Double trisomic (2n + 1 + 1) 5
Tetrasomics (2n + 2) 14
Distinct variation in tree growth habit, leaf and
fruit characters were observed.
39. 1. Tetrasomic plants had dwarf habit and normal
shape and size of fruits with less number of seeds
2. Trisomics, had promising qualities and may be
useful in developing plants with reduced
seediness and possibly in providing dwarfing
rootstocks.
3.A promising tetrasomic dwarf rootstock
aneuploid No. 82 through selection was
identified at IARI, New Delhi. It has a wider
adaptability, dwarfness and field tolerance to
guava wilt
4. It produced fruits of better quality in terms of
flesh thickness, vitamin C content, softness of
seeds and sweetness compared to Allahabad
Safeda on its own roots
Results
40. Inheritance of resistance to Meloidogyne enterolobii
in Psidium guajava x P. guineense hybrid
• The female P. guajava progenitor presented totally necrotic roots after nine years of
cultivation in the field and succumbed to nematode parasitism whereas the male P.
guineense progenitor kept on showing resistance features to the nematode such as
absence of the pathogen’s eggs and juveniles in the root system, as well as the absence
of primary or secondary symptoms in the shoot .
• The presence of rare and tiny galls was observed in secondary roots and it indicates that
the plant from this P. guineense accession is the source of resistance to the assessed
nematode.
• The F1 generation of P. guajava x P. guineense showed 242 plants with RF = 0; thus,
they were considered immune; 28 plants had RF between 0.003 and 0.322; thus, they
were considered resistant to the pathogen. There was tiny gall in 16 plants of the hybrid
out of the 270 assessed F1 plants
• These results indicate the complete dominance of the male progenitor in the resistance
expression to the nematode in F1 plants.
• Within the population of 183 F2 plants of P. guajava x P. guineense, there were 86
(47%) lants with galls and 97 (53%) with absence of it at the 120th day after
inoculation. After 240th day inoculation and it showed galls in 91 (49%) of them and the
absence of them in 92 plants (51%). These rates are too close to each other in the two
distinct assessments.
• The segregation for the presence or absence of galls in the root system of F2 plants of
the hybrid was 9:7,
Costa et al, 2016
41. Resistance of guava to fruit fly.
• Smooth Green and a wild sp. Psidium chinensis were
found the least susceptible (0.8 and 1.1 maggots/fruit)
• Then, Pear Shaped and hybrid R5P3 (3.1 And 4.2
maggots/fruit)
• Allahabad Safeda and Selection – 8 were most susceptible
34.8 and 33.15 maggots/fruit
• Smooth green and the wild sp. Psidium chinensis can
be included in the future breeding programme for
developing resistant varieties to fruit fly.
42. • An investigation was carried out to identify pairs of genotypes contrasting for responses to
infestation by bark-eating caterpillar and for a large number of simple sequence repeat
(SSR) markers, for use as putative parents to develop mapping populations for
chromosomal localization of genomic regions controlling resistance to bark-eating
caterpillar in guava.
• Dendrogram generated by 135 polymorphic SSR markers could separate five
morphologically resistant and three morphologically highly susceptible genotypes into two
different clusters, barring two exceptions (Bangalore Local and 7–12EC 147036).
• Four pairs of accessions, viz., Superior Sour Lucidum and Seedless, Portugal and
Seedless, Lalit and Seedless, Spear Acid and Seedless, had contrasting response to bark-
eating caterpillar and were polymorphic at 111, 103, 101, and 101, SSR loci, respectively.
• These contrastinto identify DNA markers linked to genomic regions controlling resistance
to bark-eating caterpillar, g pairs of accessions are suggested for use as parents to develop
mapping populations which could help in implementing SSR marker-assisted breeding of
guava for resistance to bark-eating caterpillar
Naga Chaithanya et al,2016
Developing Mapping Populations for Identifying Genomic Regions Controlling
Resistance to Bark-Eating Caterpillar ( Indarbela tetraonis ) in Guava
43. Breeding for improving biotic/abiotic stresses and for quality
improvement
Biotic stress Technology Reference
Root knot
nematode
Intraspecific genetic variability analysis of 16
Meloidogyne enterolobii by RAPD, ISSR and
AFLP markers
Costa Rican wild guava (P. friedrichstalianium) was
resistant and compatible as rootstock with P.
guajava cv. Paluma, in field conditions
Regina Maria et
al 2012;
Vieira et al 2012
Guava wilt
disease
TS-G2 rootstock made it possible to re-establish
guavas in areas affected with GWD
Maritha et al
2012
Quality improvement
Pulp colours
lycopene and
vitamin C
60 Brazilian guava accessions: pink and red pulp
guavas have a greater beneficial contribution to
the human diet than white pulp guava.
Correa et al 2012
Overall fruit
qulaity
Cortibel selections: CI, CIII, CIIIh, CIV, CV,
CVI, CVII, and CVIII CXI, and the commercial
cultivar Paluma
CI, CII and CVII showed better performance
Coser et al 2012
44. Quality improvement
Low seed
content
68 guava accessions were evaluated
maintained at the National Active
Germplasm Site, CISH, Lucknow.
Tocher's method grouped all genotypes
into five distinct clusters.
V had the minimum number of seeds/
fruit
Rajan et al
2007
45. Genetic Transformation in Guava
• Guava nodal explants were co-cultivated with
Agrobacterium tumefaciens (LBA 4404) harboring a
binary vector pBI121 having selectable markers (nptIl
and GUS) with CaMV 35S promoter gene. The resultant
plants showed kanamycin resistance.
• Genetic transformation of guava with CBF1, CBF2 and
CBF3 cold hardy genes has been demonstrated at Fort
Valley State University, USA.
• Genetic transformation system has been developed in
guava using endochitinase gene by CISH, Lucknow
46. Molecular markers used in guava
• RAPD markers were used to estimate molecular diversity of
41 genotypes of guava consisting
5 Psidium species, 23 varieties, 12 selections, a hybrid.
• Various triploid seedless cultivars of guava are not
genetically identical and have independent origin
• RAPD analysis was done for discriminating 13 North Indian
cultivars of guava
• Hisar Safeda and Allahabad Safeda were the closest pair of
cultivars with a distance of 0.051 on scale of zero to one.
• Cultivars Pear Shaped and Red Supreme were most
distantly placed in relation to each other with a distance of
0.423.
47. Achievements made in guava through molecular approaches
Marker Achievements
RAPD Molecular identification of 18 guava cultivars of Taiwan.
Assessment of genetic relationship among four Mexican
guava cultivars to estimate chemical (quercetin) diversity
AFLP Genetic characterization of Mexican native 48 guava
cultivars
ISSR Developed molecular marker for pulp colour in guava.
Assessed genetic variability among eleven Psidium sp.)
SSR Characterized 69 cultivars of guava for higher nutritional
content
Characterization of 23 nuclear simple sequence repeat
(SSR) loci in three guava species for cultivars identification
and linkage mapping
Studied the genetic distance among guava genotypes.
48. MOLECULAR MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH VITAMIN-C
CONTENT IN GUAVA
• Sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and inter sequence simple repeats (ISSR) to
determine unique and specific bands for high or low VCC Vitamin-C content (VCC) in 74
guava landraces .
• Results of this study gave good information for genotype selection for high VCC which could
be used in guava breeding programs and/or biotechnological approaches.
• Specific bands generated by SRAP might assist in rapid screening for genotypes with high
VCC, which could be identified in seedling or graft stage, therefore this would save time in a
plant with long juvenile period like guava.
• Furthermore, these bands would be analyzed by sequencing in subsequent studies to locate
related genome regions.
Youssef M and R A Ibrahim, 2016
49. New Trends
• To compare the discriminating capacity and informativeness of the different
molecular markers for genotype identification and genetic diversity analyses;
• To determine the genetic similarity estimates and genetic relationships among
genotypes as well as to compare the patterns of variability between morph-
agronomic and molecular markers;
• To characterise wild relatives looking for germplasm diversity and resistance
to biotic and abiotic stresses;
• To increase the marker density of the guava molecular linkage map;
• To identify co-dominant DNA marker such as micro-satellites for an
alignment of individual maps into a guava reference map;
• To identify markers that co-segregate with important breeding traits;
• To detect resistance gene-like sequences (RGLs) as potential candidates for
resistance genes to map these RGLs onto the guava map and record a putative
segregation of tolerance in the mapping population to pest and diseases.
50. Rootstock Feature
Psidium cattelianum,
P. guineense & P. molle
Tolerance to wilt
Pusa Srijan (Tetrasomic) Dwarfing
P. molle x P. guajava Tolerance to wilt
P. friedrichsthalianum Dwarfing, Resistant to wilt and
nematodes
Riverside Vermelah Earliness, good growth rate
P. guajava x P. guineense Tolerance to M. enterolobii
World over, rootstock development in guava focuses on Fusarium wilt and dwarfness
51. Institutes involved in guava crop improvement
Institute Achievements
Ganeshkhand Fruit
Experimental Station,
Pune
Strain selected from Allahabad Safeda
released as Sardar (Lucknow-49)
IIHR, Bangalore Selection – 8, Hybrid Arka Amulya,
Hybrid 16-1
FRS, Sangareddy 2 hybrids released: Safed Jam and
Kohir Safeda
Rajendra Agric. Uni. Hybridization
HAU, Hisar Hisar Safeda, Hisar Surka
CISH, Lucknow H-21, H-136
FRS, Ananjharajupet Six hybrids are under evaluation H-1
to H-6
52. Future thrust areas
•To overcome the high seed content, the technique
of endosperm culture may be useful for producing
the seedless triploid plants
•Plants regeneration from callus culture may be
useful for selecting plants resistant to biotic and
abiotic stresses
•Recovery of plants of haploid origin from anther/
pollen culture offer advantage in breeding
programme.
