swingle, tanaka, hodgson, and ranjit singh classification of citrus and also description of acid group, orange group, pummelo and grapefruit group and mandarin group, acidlime, sweet orange, mandarins, lime and lemon.

1. Classification of Citrus
Term paper on
Submitted by
C.Madhumathi,
Ph.D. (Horticultre)
Course Title: Citriculture & Viticulture (HORT 606)
Course In-charge: Dr.K.Malla Reddy,
Professor & Head,
Department of Horticultre
April, 2006

2. Classification of Citrus
• The genus citrus contains many kinds
or types that differ as to their fruits,
flowers, leaves and twigs.
• The arranging of the kinds of citrus
into groups is termed classification.
• The naming of these groups with
valid names is termed nomenclature.
• There are definite international rules
of nomenclature but not of
classification.

3. Classification of Citrus
• Several persons have classified
citrus into different groups and
given them valid names.
• The classification one accepts is
one of personal choice, based on
utility, common usage and natural
relationships.
• Classification of genus citrus is a
very complicated and problematic
one.

4. Classification of Citrus
• Since 19th Century, several
taxonomists tried in their own
way to classify the genus citrus.
• Many scholars in the past and
present tried to give some
solution to the problem, which is
agreeable to one and all.
• However, till to date no perfect
solution was given.
• Each classification has its own
merits and demerits.

5. Criteria for Citrus Classification
1. Plant characters
2. Leaf characters
3. Floral characters
4. Fruit characters
a. External characters
b. Internal characters
5. Miscellaneous characters

6. Classification of Citrus
1. Plant Characters
Hardiness to cold
Height
Habit
Mode of branching
Foliage
Nature of thorns
Roundness of branches,
pubescence

7. Classification of Citrus
2. Leaf characters
Shape
Size
Thickness
Apex
Margin
Colour vines
Wings
Articulation
Aroma of crushed
leaf
Pubescence of leaf

8. Classification of Citrus
3. Floral characters
 Sex
 Solitary or crowded
 Size of peduncle
 Pedicel
 Size of flower
 Pubescence
 Colour
 Shape of calyx
 Division of sepals
 Stamens free or united
 Nature of anthers
 Ovary size, shape, colour
 Style size, nature of stigma
 Fragrance of flowers
 Nature of inflorescence

9. Classification of Citrus
4.Fruit characters
a. External characters
Colour
Shape
Size
Surface
Base of calyx
Areole
Persistency of style

10. 4. Fruit characters
b. Internal characters
Nature of rind
Thickness
Firmness
Adherence
Density of oil glands
Colour of glandular layers
Taste of mesocarp
Number and size of carpels

11. 4. Fruit characters
(Internal characters)
 Pulp colour and texture
 Size and shape of juice vesicles
 Closely or loosely packed
 Arising from dorsal or radial side of
carpellary wall
 Presence or absence of acrid oil
 Axis
 Hallow or solid
 Juice taste,quality, amount and flavour
 Sugar and acid content
 Seeds - number, size, shape, colour
 Cotyledons- colour
 Nature of embryo (monoembryonic or
polyembryonic)
 Number of embryos

12. Classification of Citrus
5. Miscellaneous characters
Fruiting season
Quality rank
General and horticultural importance
and uses

13. Different Classifications of genus Citrus
Scientist Year No. of Spices
1. Rox burgh 1832 5
2. Rafinesque 1838 5
3. Hooker 1872 4
4. Brandis 1874 3
5. Watts 1889 4
6 .Ergler 1896 6
7. Lushington 1910 21
8. Marcovitch 1926 20
9. Hume 1941 10
10. Swingle 1943 16
11. Tanaka, T 1941 128
12. Tanaka, T 1954 145
13. Tseug 1960 -
14. Tanaka, T 1961 158
15. Hodgson 1962 128
16. Ranjit Singh 1967 148
17. Tanaka, T 1979 162

14. Classification of Citrus
• Tanaka’s system
– difficult
– splitter
– 145 species
• Swingle’s system
– Simple
– lumper
– 16 species

15. Swingle’s System (1943)
Genus: Citrus
Sub-genus: Papeda
(6 species)
Eucitrus
(10 species)
1. C. ichangensis
2. C. latipes
3. C. micrantha
4. C. celebica
5. C. macroptera
6. C. hystrix
1. C. tachibana (Tachibna orange)
2. C. medica (Citron)
3.C. limon (Lemon)
4.C.reticulata(mandarin orange)
5.C. indica (Indian wild orange)
6.C. grandis (Pummelo)
7.C. paradisi (Grape fruit)
8. C. aurantifolia (Lime)
9. C. sinensis(Sweet orange)
10.C. aurantium (Sour/sevile orange)

16. Swingle’s system
Eucitrus
Pulp-vesicles are nearly free from oil
droplets and never contain acrid oil
All the species with edible fruits.
Petioles are with narrow wings or wingless
or if broadly winged, are subcordate and
never 3/4 as broad as the leaf blades.
Flowers large and fragrant.
Stamens cohering in bundles.

17. Swingle’s system
Papeda
 Pulp vesicles containing numerous droplets
of acrid oil.
 All inedible fruits.
 Petioles are very long and very broadly
winged as compared with those in
Eucitrus, but not cordate often nearly as
broad as the leaf blade.
 Stamens are usually free.
 Flowers and fruits are small.

18. II. Tanaka’s System (1954)
Genus: Citrus
Sub-genus: Archicitrus Metacitrus
5 sections 3 sections
13 subsections
8 Groups
2 Sub groups
2 Micro groups
Totally 145 species

20. Comparison between Swingle and
Tanaka system
Swingle’s system Tanaka’s system
Lemons:
1. Meyer- lemon hybrid 1.C. jambheri
(rough lemon)
2. Rangapur lime 2.C. limonia
3. Ponderosa leirion- lemon hybrid 3.C. pyriformis
Sour limes:
1. Tahiti lime 1.C. latifolia
2. Not treated lime like fruit 2.C. macrophylla
3. Sweet lime of India 3.C. limettiodes

21. Comparison between
Swingle and Tanaka system
Swingle’s system Tanaka’s system
Mandarins
1. Satsumas of C. reticulata 1.C. unshiu
2. Ponkan of C. reticulata 2.C. reticulata
3. Dancy of C. reticulata 3.C.tangerina
4. Cleopatra of C. reticulata 4.C. reshni
5. Clementine of C. reticulata 5.C. clementina
6. Willow leaf of C. reticulata 6.C. deliciosa
7. King tangor 7.C. nobilis
8. Temple tangor 8. C. temple
9. Calamandin (C. reticulata x 9. C. madurensis
C. ichangensis)
10.Yuzu (tangerina x 10.C. junose
C.ichangensis)

22. Hodgson classification(1962):
4groups
 A. The acid members (6 species)
 C. medica (Citron)
 C.limon (lemon)
 C.jambhiri (Rough lemon)
 C.limettiodes (Sweet lime)
 C.limetta (Lemon x lime)

23. Hodgson classification: 4 groups
 B. The Oranges (2 species)
 C. aurautium (Sour orange)
 C.sinensis (Sweet orange)
 C. The Mandarins (3 species)
 C. reticulata (Mandarin orange)
 C. unshiu (Satsuma mandarin)
 C. nobilis (C. reticulata x C.sinensis)

24. Hodgson classification: 4 groups
 D. Pummelos (2 species)
 C. paradisi (Grape fruit)
 C.maxima/C. grandis (Shaddock
or pummelo)

25. Ranjit Singh’s classification
(1967)
Genus Citrus (2 subgenera)
Subgenus Eucitrus (8 sections)
Section A- Decumana Group (7 species)
 C. pennivesiculata (Gajanimma)
 C. pennivesiculata var. assamensis (Adajamir
of Assam)
 C.semperflorens (Sadaphal)
 C.paradisi (Grapefruit)
 C.grandis (Shaddock, pommelo)
 C.magaloxycarpa
 C.magaloxycarpa var.Keem

26. Ranjit Singh’s classification
Section B- Medica Group (4 species)
C. medica(citron)
C. medica var. ethrog
C. medica var. sacrodactylus
(finger citron)
C.limonimedica

27. Ranjit Singh’s classification:
• Section c- Limonoid Group (10 species)
• C. limon(lemon)
• C. karna (Kharna khatta)
• C. pseudolimon
• C.limonia (Rangapur lime)
• C.limonia var. Kusai
• Soh jhalia
• Acidless Rough lemon (Mitha tulia)
• C. jambhiri (Florida rough)
• C. jambhiri - Intermedite type (kata
jamir)
• C. jambhiri - katajamir type

28. Ranjit Singh’s classification:
• Section D- Aurantium Group (5 species)
• C. sinensis (Sweet orange)
• C. aurantium (Bitter sweet orange)
• C. aurantium (proper i.e. sour orange)
• C. aurantium var. myrtifolia (Myrtale
orange)
• C. aurantium (Natsudaidai)
• Section E- Aurantoid Group (3 species)
• C. regulosa (Indian grapefruit)
• Jenuru tenga
• C. madaraspatana (Kichili)

29. Ranjit Singh’s classification
Section F - Acrumen Group (6 species)
C. nobilis (king mandarin)
C.unshiu (Satsuma mandarin)
C. deliciosa
C. reticulata (Santra, Ponkan)
C. reticulata var. austera
C. lycopersicaeformis (Cleopatra, Billi
Kichili)
Section G- Limonellus Group (3 species)
C. limettioides (sweet lime)
C. limettioides var. latifolia (Tahiti lime)
C. aurantifolia (Acid lime)

30. Ranjit Singh’s classification
Section H- Pseudo Fortunella Group (3 species)
C. indica (India wild orange)
C. tachibana
C. madurensis
Others- Subgenus Papeda
1. C. ichangensis
2. C. latipes
3. C. micrantha
4. C. micrantha var. microcarpa
5. C. hystrix
6. C. macroptera
7. C. combara

31. Brief Notes on Kinds of Citrus fruits
• Fruit segments are numerous (9-14 or 15-18).
• Pulp acidic, sweet or slightly bitter.
• Fruits are large with thick peel.
• Flowers are large (2.5-4.5cm diameter)
• Petioles are wingless, joined directly to the leaf
blade.
• Flowers complete or often staminate with aborted
overies.
• It is monoembryonic.
• Used mainly for their peel, which is candied.
• Used in certain religious ceremonies by Hebrews.
• Used as an indicator plant for exocortis.
Acid group - 1. Citrus medica (Citron)

32. 1. Citrus medica (Citron)
CORSICAN FRENCH CITRON
VARITETY (CITRUS INDUSTRY)
Etrog

33. Corsican ( Citrus medica )

34. Petioles are winged and clearly
articulated with blade.
Stamens usually more than 4
times the no. of petals.
Flowers are perfect and often
male.
Petioles are with narrow wings
includes the lemons of commerce
such as Lisban & Eureka.
Acid group - 2. Citrus limon (Lemon)

35. 2. Citrus limon (Lemon)
EURAKA LEMON

36. 2. Citrus limon (Lemon)
EUREKA LEMON
Eureka lemon
Lisbon lemon

37. • Fruits with adherent peel.
• Seeds are not green within.
• Fruits are small, usually 4-6 cm
diameter.
• Pulp vesicles mutually coherent,
greenish, usually very acidic.
• Peel yellowish green.
• Petioles are with medium sized or
narrow wings but not subcordate.
• Seeds are small, smooth with
brownish-red chalazal cap.
Acid group - 3.. Citrus aurantifolia
(sour limes)

38. 3.. Citrus aurantifolia (sour limes)

39. Acid group - 4. Citrus latifolia Tanaka (Tahiti or
persion limes)
• It is a triploid and produces no viable pollen. It might be a
hybrid between lime and lemon or even distinct species
• The large fruited acid limes.
• Trees are larger, more spreading and more cold resistant, nearly
thornless, leaves much larger and of different shapes, fruits
much larger and almost seedless.
• It is more resistant to pests, diseases and unfavorable
conditions.
• It is a late variety.
• Leaves much larger & thicker, somewhat different in form &
much darker green.
• Flowers large & faintly coloured in the bud fading rapidly.
• Fruits solitary or in clusters, large fruits often mistaken for small
lemons.
• Seeds few or lacking, apparently monoembriyonic.

40. Acid group - 5. Citrus limettioides Tanaka
(Sweet lime), Mithanimbu or Sharbati
• It is Indigenous to India.
• Highly polyembryonic.
• An important root stock in
the near east and grown to
some extant for the non-
acid fruit.
• Tender to frost.
• Vigorously growing,
thornless and flowers all
round the year.
• Fruits are yellow in colour,
round but tapering
towards the base, apex
round, juicy and seedless.

41. Sweet Lime (Citrus limettiodes)

42. 6. Citrus limetta (lemon of the
Mediterranean)
• This species is the one
used by English to
prevent scurvey, the
sailors eating them for
their vitamin C content.
• They are used as a
rootstock in Palastine.
Millsweet limetta , an old, low-acid
mediteranean variety early introduced
into Mexico and named in California

43. Acid group - 7. Citrus jambhiri
(Rough lemon, Jambhiri)
• Highly polyembryonic.
• One of the world’s
principal rootstocks.
• It is fairly sensitive to
frost.
• The most widly used
stock in India, S. Africa,
Florida and Brazil.
• Effects the Scion fruits
thickened, coarseness,
lower sugar and acid
content of the fruit
juice. A lemon-like fruit which has
worldwide importance as a
rootstock

44. Acid group - 8. Citrus karna
(Kharna khatta)
• It is Indigenous to
India.
• Leaves and flowers
are similar to those
of rough lemon, but
are larger in size
and the petiolar
wing is more
prominent.
• As a rootstock it is
widely used in
India.

45. Acid group - 9. Citrus limonia
(Rangapur lime)
• It is a native of India.
• It is a prolific variety of citrus with ell flavoured and very
acid fruit.
• Hardier than true limes and hence mainly employed as
rootstock in India.
• Considered to be a hybrid between mandarin and a lemon
like fruit.
• It obviously exhibits mandarin characters.
An acid mandarin like
fruit of India that is
valuable both as a
rootstock and
ornamental. Usually
seedy

46. 9. Citrus limonia (Rangapur lime)

47. Rangpur Lime

48. Acid group - 10. Citrus pennivesiculata
(Tanaka) Gajanimma
• It is a native of India, more or less
confined to South India.
• Juicy sacs have an opaque dot in them.
• Fruits are used in pickles.
• Aroma of crushed leaves and rind is like
that of eucalyptus or ginger.

49. Orange group - 1. Citrus aurantium
(Sour orange / Bitter orange)
• Fruits medium sized.
• Peel orange coloured, smooth or rough.
• Pulp more or less sour or bitter.
• Petiole are broadly winged
• they can be distinguished from sweet oranges by
– their broadly winged petioles.
– The hallow center in the fruit
– the taste of fruit and their strong resistance to several
diseases.
• It is one of the worlds principal rootstocks by virtue of
its hardiness to cold and resistance to several diseases,
but due to intolerance to Tristeza it has been
abandoned as rootstock.
• Flowers are used for perfumery purpose ( oil of neroli).

50. 1. Citrus aurantium
(Sour orange / Bitter orange)

51. Orange group - 2. Citrus sinensis
(Sweet orange)
• Fruits medium sized
(5-9 cm diameter)
with adherent peel,
pulp vesicles are
mutually coherent.
• Subglobose in
shape
• peel bright orange
or scarlet orange
pulp sweet and
petioles are
narrowly winged.

52. 2. Citrus sinensis (Sweet orange)
Hamlin-major early ripening
orange of florida
Valencia orange
Tenerife a yellow coloured orange
variety – canary islands
Doublefina, old light blood
orange - spain

53. 2. Citrus sinensis (Sweet orange)
Doublefine-light blood variety of
Spanish origin
Sanguinello Moscao – Italy (light
blood)
Moro (deep-blood orange) - Italy Valancia orange

54. Orange group - 3. Citrus myrtiflolia
(Myrtle leaf orange)
• Obviously related to
aurantium.
• It is hardy to cold and is
generally grown as an
ornamental shrub.
• Dwarf tree with very
short internodes, often
spineless and small
myrtle like leaves.
• The fruits are small,
sour, orange coloured
at maturity, contain few
or no seeds.

55. Orange group - 4. Citrus bergemia
(Bargmot orange)
• Resumbles
C. aurantium and C. limon.
• Mainly grown for oil, used in toilet
waters and perfumes.

56. Orange group - 5. Citrus natsudaidai
(Japanese summer grapefruit)
• Exhibits
characters of
both aurantium
and reticulata.
• Hardy to cold
• A fruit of
importance in
Japan
Second most important citrus fruit
- Japan

57. Pummelo-Grapefruit group –
1. Citrus grandis (Pummelo or Shaddock
or Schakotra)
• Flowers usually perfect.
• Petioles are with narrow or broad wing
• Fruits with adherent peel.
• Seeds are not green within.
• Fruits are large to very large (11-17 cm
diameter).
• Pulp vesicles are rather large, usually easily
separable.
• Petioles are broadly winged.
• Seeds are large in size, usually flat, rough and
yellowish.
• A monoembryonic species with large-sized fruits
almost thornless tree.

58. 1. Citrus grandis (Pummelo or
Shaddock or Schakotra)

59. 1. Citrus grandis (Pummelo or
Shaddock or Schakotra)

60. Pummelo-Grapefruit group –
1. Citru paradisi (Grapefruit)
• It is very similar to
pummelo but the fruits
are smaller than
pummelo and thin
peeled.
• Fruits highly juicy,
sweet with bitter after
taste and have typical
flavour.
• Leaves are smaller than
pumello.
• It is a polyembryonic.

61. 1. Citru paradisi (Grapefruit)
Dwarf ruby grape fruit
Grapefruit Marsh
Red blush grapefruit

62. Mandarin group - 1. Citrus reticulata
(Mandarins, loose skinned orange or
Santra of India)
• A highly polyembryonic
species of Chinese
origin.
• Petioles are with
narrow or broad wings.
• Fruits with loose peel,
easily detachable from
the segments.
• Seeds are small, not
noticeably flattened,
embryo green.
• Nagapur santra

63. Mandarin group - 2. Citrus unshiu
(Satsuma mandarins)
• A polyembryonic
species of Japanese
origin.
• Cold hardy.
• Fruits seedless with
thin rind, colour orange
at maturity.
• The fruits are very juicy
with agreeable flavour.
• Important cultivars:
Famous Satsuma
mandarins of Japan.
Satsuma
C. unshiu

64. 2. Citrus unshiu (Satsuma mandarins)
Satsuma Mandarins
tangerines
tangerines along roadside
in Japan

65. Mandarin group - 3. Citrus deliciosa
(willow-leaf mandarins or Mediterranean origin)
• Trees medium sized, drooping growth habit.
• Fruits strongly compressed & yellow to light on
colour with distinctive flavour.
• Fruits usually borne singly at the tips of slender
branches. It is a early variety.
• Cultivars: Willow-leaf mandarin, Kinnow and Wilking
of USA.
Kinnow Wilking

66. Mandarin group - 4. Citrus nobilis ,
(King mandarin)
• A polyembryonic species, native
of Indo-China.
• Thought to be a natural tangor of
ancient origin.
• Cultivars : Kunembo of Japan, King
orange of USA and tangors like
Temple etc.
• They are under cultivation in
Assam.
• It is a prolific bearer, frost
resistant and produces high
quality fruit.
• Tree upright, erect growth, thorny
or sometimes nearly thornless
foliage narrowly winged, fruit
colour deep orange-yellow to
orange, surface rough and bumpy,
• It is a late maturing variety.
King orange of USA
Kunembo of japan

67. Mandarin group - 5. Citrus reshni
(Spice mandarin)- Cleopatra
• It is originated in China
• Tree thornless, with
dense top, fruits
produced singly or in
bunches.
• It is important as
rootstock.
• Fruits small highly
aromatic, seedy,
polyembryonic.

68. Mandarin group - 6. Citrus madurensis,
(Calamandin)
• It is very hardy, in fact
it may be the hardiest
of the edible citrus
species.
• It is grown as an
ornamental plant and
the ripe fruits are
sometimes used for
preservation.
• It is very cold
resisistant as hardy as
satsuma.
• It is a promising hardy
stock in Texas, for the
lime.
A small mandarin like fruit of
the Orient. Of value primarily
as a container grown
ornamental

69. Mandarin group – 7. Citrus madaraspatana
(Kitchili or vadlapudi orange)
• Native of South India.
• Cultivation is confined
largely to coastal
districts of Andhra
Pradesh.
• This species resembles
the sour orange greatly
but has larger spines
and the petiolar wing is
very large.
The Kitchli or Guntur sour
orange of southern India

70. Citrus tachibana (Tachibana Orange)
• A cold hardy type of
loose skinned fruit.
• It is a very primitive
type of native citrus
of Japan

71. Citrus indica (Indian wild orange)
• An unpalatable loose-skinned fruit
included in the Metacitrus Subgenus by
Tanaka.
• Found in the truly wild state northeastern
India.

72. Papeda (Subgenus)-Winged leaf
petioles with large flowersCitrus
ichangensis
• The most cold hardy, evergreen citrus usally
grown as an ornamental tree.
• Is monoembryonic and hybridizes readily
with other species of citrus.
• Stamens cohering in group.

73. Papeda (Subgenus) Winged leaf petioles with
large flowers Citrus latipes (Khasi papeda)
• Another cold
hardy species
similar to citrus
ichangensis but
with a thicker
peel and more
variable leaves.

74. Eupapeda (Subgenus)- large winged
petiol with small flowers
Citrus micrantha
• Small fruited types found in the
Philippines.
• It has the smallest fruit and flowers in
Citrus,

75. Papeda (Subgenus) large winged petiol with small
flowers
Citrus celebica
• A small thick peeled fruit of the
papeda type found in northeastern
celebes.
• Fruits with 15 to 20 segments.

76. Papeda (Subgenus) large winged petiol
with small flowers Citrus macroptera
• Inedible fruits with leaves 10-12 inches long
and fruits as large as sweet oranges.
• Winged petioles with sub entire margins.

77. Papeda (Subgenus) - large winged petiol with small
flowers Citrus hystrix
• A very bumpy or warty fruit of the papeda
type.
• Fruits bluntly pointed at one or both ends.
• Fruits with 10-14 segments.

78. II. Fortunella
• Fortunell margarita – Nagami/Oval
kumquat.
• F. japanica – Maruni/Round kumquat
• F. crassiflora – Mecioa kumquat.
• F. hindsii – Hong kong wild kumquat.

79. II. Fortunella
F. margarita
F. crassifolia
F. hindsii

80. F. margarita

81. Fruits of other genus
fortunella
Kumquat orange
Kumquat

82. III.Poncirus – Poncirus trifoliata
• Trifoliate orange:
– It is indigenous to
central or North
China.
– Unlike other citrus
fruits, it is deciduous
and more hardy to
cold, therefore, used
as a stock in regions
where the frost
hazard is great as in
Japan, China, United
States and USSR.
– Used as dried fruits in
their medical
practices.
– It is a small, much
branched tree, twigs
angled, leaves
palmately trifoliate.

83. Citrus Hybrids
Intergeneric hybrids Intrageneric Hybrids
Lemonage
Lemonimes
Lemandarins
Tangors
Tangelos
Hybrids of
eremocitus
Eremolemons
Eremooranges
Eremoradias
Citrangermors
Hybrids of
Fortunella
Procimequat
Limequats
Orangequats
Hybrids of
Poncirus
Citranges
Citrangequats
Citrangedins
Citrangors
Cicitranges
Citrumelos
Citradarins
Citremons
Citrumquats

84. Citrus Hybrids

85. Hybrid: Tangerine × Orange = Tangor (Murcott)

86. Hybrid: Tangerine × Pommelo = Tangelo (Page)

87. Citrus Cultivars
1. Sweet oranges
2. Mandarin oranges
3. King mandarins
4. Lemon
5. Lime
6. Pummelo
7. Grapefruit

88. 1. Tight jacket/tight
skinned oranges
2. Placenta is solid
3. Spreading type
1. Loose jacket
2. Placenta is hallow
3. Upright growing
trees
Sweet Oranges Mandarins

89. 1. Small fruits
2. No nipple at stylar
end
3. Skin is thin
4. Highly acidic
5. Fruit is round or oval
1. Bigger
2. Present
3. Thick
4. Less acidic than
acid lime
5. Oval to oblong
shape
Acid lime Lemon

90. 1. Citrus paradisi
2. Twigs glabrous
3. Petioles broadly winged
4. Fruit size medium to large
5. Fruit mainly oblate,
spherical or obovate
6. Rind thin to medium thick
7. Segments closed at center
8. Axis solid or semi-hollow
9. Pulp tender and melting
10. Seeds polyembryonic
11. Fruits mainly borne in
clusters
12. Very Juicy
1. Citrus grandis
2. Young twigs pubescent
3. Petioles very broadly winged
4. Fruit size large to very large
5. Fruit mainly spherical, obovate or
pyriform
6. Rind thick to very thick
7. Segments mainly open at center
8. Axis semi-hollow or hollow
9. Pulp tough and solid
10. Seeds monoembryonic
11. Fruits mainly borne single
12. Less juicy
Grape fruit Pummelo

91. Grape fruit Cultivars
• Two classes
1. Pallid pulp group (pulp colour is chamois
to honey yellow): Duncan, Foster, Marsh
seedless, Shaharanpur special
2. Pink or red pulp group (rind and
membranes are more or less pink or red
in colour): Ruby, Thompson (Pink Marsh)

92. Grape fruit Cultivars
• Duncan: The flesh is creamy or yellowish
white in colour with abundant juice
• Foster: Yellowish white flesh scattered with
pink tinge, juicy, sweet with good quality
and more seeds
• Marsh seedless: Flesh is greenish yellow,
more juice and slightly acidic. It is a
seedless variety.
• Sharanpur Special: Pulp light yellow, soft,
vesicles loosely packed, juicy.
• Ruby: It is a bud sport from white fleshed
variety grown in Florida.
• Thompson (Pink Marsh): This is originated
as bud sport from a typical marsh tree in
Florida. The pink colour in Thompson is
apparently limited to the pulp.

93. Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi)
Marsh

94. Redblush

95. Sweet Orange
Hume – 4 groups
• Spanish Oranges
• Mediterranean oranges
• Blood oranges
• Naval oranges
Webber – 3 groups
• Those with normal fruits
• Those with abnormal or navel fruits
• The blood oranges with red or red
streaked pulp.
Punjab: Malta Blood Red, Pineapple
Western India: Mosambi
South India: Sathgudi and Batavian

96. Sweet Orange

97. Sweet Orange
• Batavian:
– It has come from Batavia.
– Distinguished from sathgudi except in rind colour which is light yellowish green,
usually with pale yellow patches on the green rind in case of Batavian.
– In sathgudi axis is solid while in Batavian it is hollow. It is inferior to sathgudi in
quality.
– This is mainly grown in coastal districts of A.P.
• Hamlin:
– Originated from Florida, segments 11-12cm even in size, seeds usually 1-5 but many
fruits are seedless.
– It is an early variety grown in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh etc.
• Jaffa:
– It is from palestine.
– It is a mid season variety, cultivated in Punjab, Haryana and U.P.
• Malta Blood Red:
– Blood oranges, so called due to the presence of red colour or red streaks in the pulp.
– The tree dwarfish, compact, abundant foliage, small oval leaves, rounded almost
wingless petioles.
– This is a mid season variety mainly under cultivation in Punjab, Haryana, U.P, M.P and
West Bengal.
– It is one of the leading sweet oranges under cultivation in United States.

98. Sweet Orange
• Shamouti:
– It is originated in Palestine, probably as a
budsport or bud mutation from the Bellady
oranges of Palastine.
– It is a mid to late season variety, grown mainly in
Palestine.
• Valancia late:
– Originated from China.
– It is a late variety grown in Punjab.
• Washington navel oranges:
– It is originated near Bahia, Brazil.
– The apex of the fruit is slightly protruded
originated broadly nippled.
– It is an early variety, found promising at Kodur,
A.P.

99. (Round orange) 'Valencia'

100. Navel orange 'Washington Navel'

101. Round oranges (for juice)
Fortune

102. Fremont

103. 1. Spreading type
2. Fruits are small to medium
3. Fruits having smooth surface
with longitudinal furrows
1. Stylar end a ring is present.
2. Thick skin
3. Number of fruits more
4. Flavour insipid of very low acidity
5. Cultivated mainly in western
India in states Maharastra and
Gujarat.
1. Non-Spreading type
2. Fruits are medium to large
3. No furrows, smooth.
• Absent
• Thin skin
• Less
• Flavour fair
• Mostly cultivated in Southern
districts of Andhra pradesh and
Tamil Nadu
Sweet Orange
Mosambi Sathgudi

104. Mandarin oranges – Loose skinned
oranges
• Clementine (Algerian
Tangerine)
– It is a tangerine.
Probably an accidental
hybrid of the mandarin
and the sour orange
and originated in a
garden in Algeria.
– It is an early variety.

105. Mandarin oranges – Loose skinned
oranges
• Coorg oranges
– It is the most commercial variety in south
India particularly grown on large scale in
coorg region.
– The trees are very vigorous and upright with
compact foliage.

106. Mandarin oranges – Loose skinned
oranges
• Dancy Tangerine
– Originated from a seedling in Florida, tree
large, nearly thornless, upright in growth,
foliage moderately dense.
– Fruits colour deep orange-red to scarlet,
surface smooth and glossy, in age becoming
bumpy and irregularly furrowed.
– It is a variety.

107. Mandarin oranges – Loose skinned
oranges
• Desi Mandarins (Pathankot):
– This variety is mainly grown in the Punjab
hills. It seems to have originated as a
seedling.
– The tree is large with semi-upright growth
habit, and compact foliage and spineless.

108. Mandarin oranges – Loose skinned
oranges
• Khasi oranges:
– It is the chief commercial variety of Assam.
– Tree is generally medium to tall with an erect
habit, dense foliage, both thorny and
thornless.

109. Mandarin oranges – Loose skinned
oranges
• Kinnow
mandarin
– It is a first generation
hybrid between the King
and willow leaf mandarin
and developed by
H.B.Frost.
– It was introduced into
Punjab from United State,
where it is performing well
and is gaining commercial
importance.
– It is a late variety.

110. Mandarin oranges – Loose skinned
oranges
• Nagpur Santra
– This variety occupies the premium position in
Indian markets and is one of the finest
mandarins grown in the world.
– It is originated in India.
– It is also referred as Ponkan.
– Fruit matures in January – February.

111. Mandarin oranges – Loose skinned
oranges
• Satsuma
Oranges
– This is highly frost
resistant of any
commercial citrus variety,
it can with stand
temperature as low as
-100
C with out serious
injury.
– It is some what more
resistant than the sweet
orange to citrus canker,
gummosis, scaly bark
(Psorosis) and Melanose.
– Tree thornless with
spreading growth habit.
Fruit surface slightly
rough, in age becoming
bumpy and furrowed.

112. Mandarin oranges – Loose skinned
oranges
• Temple mandarin
– Its origin is unknown
– Its characteristics suggest it is a hybrid of the
tangerine with the sweet orange
– When growing the proper environment, this
variety is one of the most beautiful and highly
flavored fruits of the citrus group.
– It is a late variety.

113. Lemon
• Eureka lemon
– Tree medium size, spreading, open almost
thronless.
– It is a heavy yielder & begins bearing
early in age.
– It has a tendency to bear the fruit at the
end of the branches and is poorly covered
with foliage.
– The fruits in Punjab normally mature from
August onwards.
– The Eureka is more extensively grown in
California than any other lemon

114. Eureka

115. Lemon
• Lisbon lemon
– Next to Eureka, it is most commonly grown variety
in California.
– In general, it is a heavy yielder than Eureka.
– The tree is rather more vigorous in growth, with
denser foliage and is slightly more resistant to
frost, heat and wind injury than that of the
Eureka.
– It differs from Eureka, is being a larger tree with
more upright growing thorny branches, with
numerous small branches and denser foliage.
– The fruits differ in being rather smooth and less
markedly ribbed or lobed, with a larger, more
drawn out nipple.

116. Lime
• Acid lime:
– The lime is a native of India and south-Eastern china.
– Tree medium sized, hardy and semi-vigorous, upright
with an irregular and loose crown, foliage not sense,
light green numerous thorns, petiole narrowly winged.
– Fruit round to oblong, yellow, smooth, apex rounded
and slightly nippled.
– The acid limes bloom throughout the year, but main
blooming period is February – March, with lean period
from July – August.
– Impartant varieties: Kagzi lime, Promolini, Vikram,
Chakradhar, Tenali (Balaji)

117. Bears’ Seedless lime

118. References
1. Walter Reuther et. al.(1967), The citrus
Industry- volume I, Published by
University of California.
2. Hort 403 Lecture 32,
www.hortpurdue.edu/newcrop/tropical/lectur
,
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/citrus
4. Rajput, C.B.S. and Haribabu, (2002),
Citriculture, published by Kalyani
publications. Pp.4-44.
5. Sham singh and Naqui.S.A.M.(2001),
Citrus. Published by International Book
Distributing company,Lucknow,pp:45-82.