This document provides an overview of biochips, including their history, definition, structure, components, working, applications, advantages, and future potential. Key points include: - Biochips are collections of microarrays arranged on a substrate that can perform thousands of biological reactions in seconds and increase the speed of gene identification. - They were developed in the 1980s and 1990s and are still being improved, with applications including medical diagnostics, financial transactions, and tracking of individuals or animals. - A biochip implant consists of a transponder containing a microchip, antenna, and capacitor housed in glass that can be injected, and a scanner that activates and receives the transponder's identification number.

1. BIOCHIP
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• BY
• B.GOWTHAM PATNAIK
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2. OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
DEFINITION
STRUCTURE AND BASIC WORKING
BIOCHIP IMPLANT
APPLICATION
ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE
CONCLUSION
FUTURE

3. INTRODUCTION
Collection of miniaturized test sites(micro arrays)
arranged on a solid substrate.
permits many test to be performes at the same time.
surface area is no longer than a fingurenail.
perform thousands of biological reactions in a few
seconds.
used to analyze organic molecules associated with
living organisms.

4. HISTORY
•Developed in 1983 for monitoring fisheries.
•Large scale development of biochips in the 1990s.
•Today, a large variety of biochip technologies are
either in development or being commercialized.
•Invented in 4G generation & the development is
stillcontinued.

5. YEAR SCIENTIST CONTRIBUTION
1980 Fredsanger&
Walter Gilbert DNA sequencing approach
1983 Kary Mullis PCR which amplify minute
amounts of DNA to quantities
1986 Leroy Hood
Flourescence based DNA
sequency facilitating
automation of reading DNA
sequence

6. DEFINITION
• Collection of micro array
arranged on a substrate.
• Can perform millions of
operations
• Can also performs
thousands of biological
operations.
• Increase speed of
identification of genes.

7. COMPONENTS
Biochip implant system of
two components:
1. Transponder
2. Reader or Scanner

8. TRANSPONDER
• It is the actual biochip implant.
• There are two types of transponders-active & passive.
• Using a passive transponder.
• Biochip and reader via low frequency radio waves.

9. Transponder consists of four parts:
1. Computer microchip
2. Antenna coil
3. Tuning capacitor
4. Glass Capsule

10. Fig:Biochip Components

11. • Computer Microchip: Microchip stores a unique
identification number from 10 to 15 digits long.
• Antenna Coil: this tiny primitve,radio
antenna"receives & sends" signal from reader or
scanner.
• Tuning Capacitor: this capacitor is charged by the
small signal sent by the reader.
• Glass Capsule: "Houses" the microchip,antenna
coil,capacitor.it is made of biocompatible material
such as soda lime glass.

12. Reader or Scanner:
• Consists of an "exciter"coil which creates
electromagnetic signal.
• Provides energy to "activate" the implemented
biochip.
• Also carries a receiving coil to receive ID number.
• Contain the software and components to decode the
receive code & display the result in LCD display.
• All do in milliseconds.

13. WORKING
• Reader transmits a Low-power radio signal and
activate the implanted biochip.
• ID number is transmitted by the transponder and
received by the reader.
• Reader display the ID number on the reader's LCD
display.

15. BIOCHIP IMPLANT
• Injected by a hypodermic syringe beneath the skin.
• Injection is safe and simple.
• Anesthesia is not required.
• Usually injected behind the Neck.

17. Fig:Perspective of actual size

18. BIOCHIPS CURRENTLY UNDER
DEVOLPMENT
• Chips that follows footsteps
• Glucose level Detectors
• Oxy sensors
• Brain surgery with an ON-OFF switch
• Experiments with lost sight.

19. GLUCOSE DETECTOR
• Chip can be integrated
with Glucose detector.
• Chip allows to easily
moniter Diabetes.

20. OXYGEN SENSOR
• The biochip can also be integrated with an oxygen
sensor .
• The oxygen sensor will be useful to monitor
breathing rate.
• The oxygen sensor chips sends light pulses out into
the body.
• The light absorbed to varying extent, depending on
how much oxygen is being carried in the blood,and
the chip detect the light

22. APPLICATION
With a biochip,tracing of a person/animal anywhere in
the world.
A biochip can store and update FINANCIAL, medical
and demographic data, basically everything about a
person.
 Biochip leads to a secured E-commerce system.
Biochip really have potential in replacing passport,
ATM, medical records etc.

23. ADVANTAGES
Small in size.
 Faster & powerful.
 Perform thousand of biological reactions in a few
seconds.
 Increase speed of diagnosis of unknown pathogens.
 Ability to detect multiple viral agent in parallel.
 Ease of use.

24. DISADVANTAGES
• They raise critical issue of personal privacy.
• They can be emplanted into ones body with out their
knowledge.

25. SCOPE
A chip implanted some where in human body might
serve as a combination of
1. Credit card
2. Driving license
3. Passport
4. Personal identification etc.
 No longer would it be needed to worry about losing
all above thing.
 Can also widely established in veterinary field.

26. CONCLUSION
BIOCHIPS are:
Fast
 Accurate
 Miniaturized
 Advantages upon conventional Analyzer
 Expected to become economically advantageous
attributes that make them analogous to computer
chip.