Lignocelluloses, the major component of biomass, makes up about half of the matter produced by photosynthesis. It consists of three types of polymers – cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin – that are strongly intermeshed and chemically bonded by non-covalent forces and by covalent cross-linkages. A great variety of fungi and bacteria can fragment these macromolecules by using a battery of hydrolytic or oxidative enzymes. In native substrates, binding of the polymers hinders their biodegradation. Molecular genetics of cellulose-, hemicellulose- and lignin-degrading systems advanced considerably during the 1990s. Most of the enzymes have been cloned, sequenced, and expressed both in homologous and in heterologous hosts. Much is known about the structure, genomic organization, and regulation of the genes encoding these proteins.
Overview
Industrial fermentations comprise both upstream (USP) and downstream processing
(DSP) stages. USP involves all factors and processes leading to and including the
fermentation. It consists of three main areas: the producer organism, the medium
and the fermentation process.
Lignocelluloses, the major component of biomass, makes up about half of the matter produced by photosynthesis. It consists of three types of polymers – cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin – that are strongly intermeshed and chemically bonded by non-covalent forces and by covalent cross-linkages. A great variety of fungi and bacteria can fragment these macromolecules by using a battery of hydrolytic or oxidative enzymes. In native substrates, binding of the polymers hinders their biodegradation. Molecular genetics of cellulose-, hemicellulose- and lignin-degrading systems advanced considerably during the 1990s. Most of the enzymes have been cloned, sequenced, and expressed both in homologous and in heterologous hosts. Much is known about the structure, genomic organization, and regulation of the genes encoding these proteins.
Overview
Industrial fermentations comprise both upstream (USP) and downstream processing
(DSP) stages. USP involves all factors and processes leading to and including the
fermentation. It consists of three main areas: the producer organism, the medium
and the fermentation process.
Metagenomics is the study of metagenome, genetics material, recovered directly from environmental sample such as soil, water or faeces.
Metagenomics is based on the genomics analysis of microbial DNA directly
from the communities present in samples
Metagenomics technology – genomics on a large scale will probably lead to great advances in medicine, agriculture, energy production and bioremediation.
Metagenomics can unlock the massive uncultured microbial diversity present in the environment for new molecule for therapeutic and biotechnological application.
Metagenomic studies have identified many novel microbial genes coding for metabolic pathways such as energy acquisition, carbon and nitrogen metabolism in natural environments that were previously considered to lack such metabolism
Bioprocess development and technology-Introduction,History of bioprocess,Milestones of Bioprocess development,Bioprocess development,Impact on Biotechnology
The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a database for the three-dimensional structural data of large biological molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. This presentation deals with what, why, how, where and who of PDB. In this presentation we have also included briefing about various file formats available in PDB with emphasis on PDB file format
Scoring system is a set of values for qualifying the set of one residue being substituted by another in an alignment.
It is also known as substitution matrix.
Scoring matrix of nucleotide is relatively simple.
A positive value or a high score is given for a match & negative value or a low score is given for a mismatch.
Scoring matrices for amino acids are more complicated because scoring has to reflect the physicochemical properties of amino acid residues.
In this presentation, I talk about the various tools for the submission of DNA or RNA sequences into various sequence databases. The sequence submission tools talked about in this presentation are BankIt, Sequin and Webin.
Exposure to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and selenite (SeO3−2) consider the main heavy metals that threat human health. These heavy metals can interfere with the function of vital cellular components. Soil heavy metal contamination represents risks to humans and the ecosystem through drinking of contaminated groundwater, direct ingestion or the food chain, and reduction in food quality. Bioremediation means cleanup of polluted environment via transformation of toxic heavy metals into less toxic form by microbes or its enzymes. Otherwise, bioremediation by microbes has limitations like production of toxic metabolites. The efflux of metal ions outside the cell, biosorption to the cell walls and entrapment in extracellular capsules, precipitation, and reduction of the heavy metal ions to a less toxic state are mechanisms to metals’ resistance.
The first biochip was invented by an American company namely Affymetrix, and the product of this company is GeneChip (DNA microarrays). These products comprise the number of individual DNA sensors used for sensing defects. Biochip plays an essential role in the field of biology research like systems biology as well as disease biology while the number of clinical applications is rising. It is a set of microarrays which are placed on a strong surface of a substrate to allow thousands of reactions to be performed in less time. The development of biochip mainly includes the combination of molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics. Biochips are used for analyzing organic molecules connected with a live organism. This power-point presentation discusses what is Biochip, types, biochips and their uses, disadvantages, and its applications.
Metagenomics is the study of metagenome, genetics material, recovered directly from environmental sample such as soil, water or faeces.
Metagenomics is based on the genomics analysis of microbial DNA directly
from the communities present in samples
Metagenomics technology – genomics on a large scale will probably lead to great advances in medicine, agriculture, energy production and bioremediation.
Metagenomics can unlock the massive uncultured microbial diversity present in the environment for new molecule for therapeutic and biotechnological application.
Metagenomic studies have identified many novel microbial genes coding for metabolic pathways such as energy acquisition, carbon and nitrogen metabolism in natural environments that were previously considered to lack such metabolism
Bioprocess development and technology-Introduction,History of bioprocess,Milestones of Bioprocess development,Bioprocess development,Impact on Biotechnology
The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a database for the three-dimensional structural data of large biological molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. This presentation deals with what, why, how, where and who of PDB. In this presentation we have also included briefing about various file formats available in PDB with emphasis on PDB file format
Scoring system is a set of values for qualifying the set of one residue being substituted by another in an alignment.
It is also known as substitution matrix.
Scoring matrix of nucleotide is relatively simple.
A positive value or a high score is given for a match & negative value or a low score is given for a mismatch.
Scoring matrices for amino acids are more complicated because scoring has to reflect the physicochemical properties of amino acid residues.
In this presentation, I talk about the various tools for the submission of DNA or RNA sequences into various sequence databases. The sequence submission tools talked about in this presentation are BankIt, Sequin and Webin.
Exposure to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and selenite (SeO3−2) consider the main heavy metals that threat human health. These heavy metals can interfere with the function of vital cellular components. Soil heavy metal contamination represents risks to humans and the ecosystem through drinking of contaminated groundwater, direct ingestion or the food chain, and reduction in food quality. Bioremediation means cleanup of polluted environment via transformation of toxic heavy metals into less toxic form by microbes or its enzymes. Otherwise, bioremediation by microbes has limitations like production of toxic metabolites. The efflux of metal ions outside the cell, biosorption to the cell walls and entrapment in extracellular capsules, precipitation, and reduction of the heavy metal ions to a less toxic state are mechanisms to metals’ resistance.
The first biochip was invented by an American company namely Affymetrix, and the product of this company is GeneChip (DNA microarrays). These products comprise the number of individual DNA sensors used for sensing defects. Biochip plays an essential role in the field of biology research like systems biology as well as disease biology while the number of clinical applications is rising. It is a set of microarrays which are placed on a strong surface of a substrate to allow thousands of reactions to be performed in less time. The development of biochip mainly includes the combination of molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics. Biochips are used for analyzing organic molecules connected with a live organism. This power-point presentation discusses what is Biochip, types, biochips and their uses, disadvantages, and its applications.
Biosensors, Types of Biosensors, Applications of Biosensors, Nanotechnology, Nanobiosensors, Components of Biosensor, Working of Biosensor, Principle of Biosensor, Examples of Biosensor, Advantages of Biosensor, Disadvantages of Biosensor, Limitations of Biosensor, Features of a Biosensor, Calorimetric Biosensors, Potentiometric Biosensors, Acoustic Wave Biosensors, Amperometric Biosensors, Optical Biosensors, Examples of a Nanobiosensor, Lab on a chip,
Applications of Lab on a chip, Glucose Biosensor
Nanosensors and printed electronics integration in future lab on a chip biose...Daniel Thomas
The cardiovascular disease (CVD) is now a major threat to global health, particularly in the Western hemisphere. There is a growing demand for a range of portable, rapid and low cost biosensing devices for the detection of CVD.
Biosensors can play an important role in the early diagnosis of CVD without having to rely on hospital visits where expensive and time-consuming laboratory tests are recommended. Over the last decade, many biosensors have been developed to detect a wide range of cardiac markers to reduce the costs of healthcare.
“Biochips” form the most exciting technology to emerge from the fields of Biotechnology, Electronics and Computers in recent years.
Advances in the areas of proteomics, genomics and pharmaceuticals are empowering scientists with new methods for unraveling the complex biochemical processes occurring within cells, with the larger goal of understanding and treating human diseases.
Almost simultaneously, the semiconductor industry has been steadily perfecting the science of micro-miniaturization.
ROBOTICS FOR BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONSsathish sak
Robotics in biology gives high valuable experiments related to researchers and development of life science.
Those experiments which include biological sample in large numbers.Those experiment involves the delivery and dispensation of biological solution/samples in large number each with very small volume.Robotics gives an important medical diagnosis
Robotics for biomedical applications is for effective HANDLINE exploration(penetrating) of molecular and cell biology.
This type of application include cell manipulation(handling or controlling).It also includes prolonged DNA INSERTION,CELL injection.
mHealth Israel_Ryo Kosaka_AIST_National Institute of Advanced Industrial Scie...Levi Shapiro
Presentation by Ryo Kosaka, Senior Research Scientist, Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST). Includes an overview of priority strategies in Life Sciences and Biotech and description of the organization of the Life Sciences and Biotech department. Recent projects include a Portable System for High-Speed DNA Quantification, Application of a cell microarray chip for clinical diagnosis and single cell analysis, Safe and Secure Artificial Heart, New diagnosis for liver fibrosis utilizing glycans, AIST ventures from the department of Life Science & Biotech as well as International cooperation.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
3. A Biochip is a collection of miniaturized test sites
(microarrays) arranged on a solid substrate that permits
many tests to be performed at the same time in order to
achieve higher throughput and speed.
Millions of
mathematical
calculations
Thousands of
biological
reactions
•Based on
Electricity
•Based on detection of
biological analytes
Uses Low Frequency
Radio waves
MICROCHIP
BIOCHIP
4. Size: 2 to 12 inches,
Smaller than an
uncooked rice grain.
Small volume of
sample required
Parallelism: Many
tests can be performed
at the same time
Fast speed
Lower cost
Higher sensitivity
5. Use:
Therapeutic and
diagnostic purposes , for
identifying gene
sequences, detecting air
pollutants ,other
biochemical reactions etc
6. Affymetrix GeneChip
The patient donates test tissue that is processed on
the array to detect disease-related mutations based
on certain diagnostic ‘Markers’
7. DNA chip
Protein chip
Enzyme chip
Lab-on-a-chip
Implantable chip
8.
9. MicroarrayTechnology: A DNA microarray (also
commonly known as DNA chip or biochip) is a
collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a
solid surface. Used to measure the expression levels of
large numbers of genes simultaneously or to
genotype multiple regions of a genome.
MicrofluidicTechnology: Refers to design of systems
in which low volumes of fluids are processed to
achieve multiplexing, automation, and design of
systems to achieve multiplexing, automation,
and high-throughput screening.
10. It consist of two parts
Transponder
Reader or scanner
11. The actual biochip implant
It is of two types
1) Passive transponder
2) active transponder
The communication between biochip and reader is via low-
frequency radio waves.
It is Composed of 4 parts.
1) microchip
2) antenna coil
3) capacitor
4) glass capsule
12.
13. Provide energy to activate the implanted biochip.
Carries receiving coil to receive a id number.
Has a software that can decode the received number
and display on a screen (LED).
14.
15. BIOCHIPS are miniature sized (micro – nano dimensions), thus
enabling thousands of bio reactions performed simultaneously.
Can be introduced into skin (no surgery required).
Easy Monitoring and Instantaneous analysis on BIOCHIPS.
BIOCHIPS deals with small volumes of samples.
BIOCHIPS can be linked with GPS.
BIOCHIPS , in present day use , has been extremely useful in early
detection of diseases, DNA sequencing technology.
BOCHIPS helps in identification of persons uniquely.
Low operational costs.
Exact diagnosis & negliglible side effects.
Automated process , no sample preparation required before tests.
16. Initial equipment capital requirement is very high.
( Sophisticated manufacturing )
In earlier Implants , BIOCHIPS were undetected by Metal
Detectors due to their micron size.
The Immunization Implantation of BIOCHIPS into blood
may be dangerous!!!!!!!!
Chips once introduced into body cant be removed.
Thy raise the issues of PERSONAL PRIVACY (if used in
case of humans)
The chip could be broken in the body & turn out fatal.
As the BIOCHIPS implanted in the body skin is in contact
of DNA ,it may lead to cellular mutation andCANCER!!!
They cant be fabricated at higher density and mass.
19. First of all, biochips are defined as devices on
which biomolecules such as
DNA –---> DNA chips
Proteins----> protein chips
Sugar chains---->glycochips and
Cells –--> cell chips.
A large number of target molecules and compounds that
specifically interact with biomolecules on chips can be
simultaneously analyzed in a large number of samples in
parallel.
20. Biochips have become indispensable tools
to develop new drugs and to improve
existing ones.The power of biochips, and
in particular DNA arrays, is their ability to
experimentally probe gene expression
BIOCHIPS identify and prioritise Drug
Targets
This will lead to growth of
protein biochip > DNA biochip
as drug targets are mainly proteins
Small sized BIOCHIPS tend to be more
informative
21. The chip can be integrated with a glucose detector.
The chip will allow diabetics to easily monitor the level
of glucose in the blood.
A light-emitting diode (LED) in the biochip starts off
the detection process.
Glucose is detected because the sugar reduces the
amount of light that the fluorescent chemical re-
emits.The more the glucose levels, the less light that
is detected.
22.
23. Oxygen sensors can measure breathing rates,
specially in ICUs.
The oxygen-sensing chip sends light
pulses out into the body.
The light is absorbed to varying extents,
depending on how much oxygen is being carried in
the blood.
The rushes of blood pumped by the heart are also
detected, so the same chip can be used as a pulse
monitor.
24. Sensors can be embedded into a biochip which can detect
the flow of fluids.
A huge variety of hardware circuitry (Sensor)
is available in electronics to detect the
flow of fluid, embedded into a biochip.
It continuously monitors the blood flow rate and when the
pressure is in its low or high extremes, it can be immediately
informed through the reader to take up remedial measures.
25.
26. • Sensor biochips can be used to establish in the
laboratory whether or not a particular cancer drug
is likely to work in an individual patient's body.
• Shown here is a ceramic version of the chip -- just a
few millimeters across but packed with sensors.
27. • A lab-on-a-chip is a device -- made of glass, for example -- that
is just a few millimeters across and has bioelectronic sensors
that monitor the vitality of living cells.
• The chips sit in small wells, known as microtiter plates, and are
covered with a patient's tumour cells.
• A robot changes the culture fluid in each well
containing a chip at a few minutes time intervals.
• The microsensors on the chip record changes in the
acid content of the medium and the cells' oxygen
consumption.
• Photographs of the process are also taken by a
microscope fitted underneath the microtiter plate.
28. • The robots and microtiter plates
are kept in a chamber which
provides an environment similar
to that of the human body.
• After the tumour cells have been
able to divide undisturbed for a
few hours, the robot applies an
anti-cancer substance.
• If their metabolic activity
declines over the next day or
two, the active substance was
able to kill the tumour cells and
the drug is effective.
29. Get affected by hydrodynamic forces
Cells undergo migration
Put Biochips inside it
Mixture of normal cells and cancer cells
Collect blood samples from patients
30. The bigger cells go up
to the cancer cell outlet
The smaller cells get
pushed down and
essentially they get
fractionated
& separated.
31. Once the reader is connected to the internet,
satellite and a centralized database is maintained
about the (biochip) creatures.
Enables tracing of a person/animal
anywhere in the world :
32. i) Identification of Endangered Wild animals:
• Number of species
• Detect if animal is sick
ii) Identification &Tracking of pets worldwide.
iii) Identification of humans
• Missing children and natural calamity victims location &
identification
• In Defense, Soldiers can be identified and even detected
if wounded or not.
33. Detection of mutations in specific
genes
Detect the differences in gene
expression levels
Brain tumor Biochips
34. Have been used successfully for the detection
of mutations in specific genes as diagnostic
"markers" of the onset of a particular disease.
The patient donates test tissue that is
processed on the array to detect disease-
related mutations.
The primary example of this approach is the
Affymetrix GeneChip.
35. The p53 GeneChip is designed to detect single nucleotide
polymorphisms of the p53 tumour-suppressor gene.
the HIV GeneChip is designed to detect mutations in the HIV-1
protease and also the virus's reverse transcriptase genes.
the P450 GeneChip focuses on mutations of key liver enzymes that
metabolize drugs.
Affymetrix has additional GeneChips in development, including
biochips for detecting the breast cancer gene, BRCA1, as well as
identifying bacterial pathogens.
Other examples of biochips used to detect gene mutations include
the HyGnostics modules made by Hyseq.
36. A second application for DNA-based biochips is to
detect the differences in gene expression levels in
cells that are diseased versus those that are healthy.
Understanding these differences in gene expression
not only serves as a diagnostic tool, but also provides
drug makers with unique targets that are present only
in diseased cells.
For example, during the process of cancer
transformation oncogenes and proto-oncogenes are
activated, which never occurs in healthy cells.
Targeting these genes may lead to new therapeutic
approaches.
37. Examples of biochips designed for gene
expression profile analysis include Affymetrix's
standardized GeneChips for a variety of human,
murine, and yeast genes, as well as several
custom designs for particular strategic
collaborators
Hyseq's HyX Gene Discovery Modules for genes
from tissues of the cardiovascular and central
nervous systems, or from tissues exposed to
infectious diseases.
38. Application of Biochip and Microarray
Technology.
The BT chip is DNA and oligo DNA
microarrays based on differential gene
expression in brain tumours.
39.
40. In addition to DNA/RNA biochips, protein
biochips are being developed in increasing
frequencies.
Example, development of a quantitative
immunoassay for prostate-specific
membrane antigen (PSMA).
It is based on a protein chip and surface-
enhanced laser desorption/ionization mass
spectrometry technology1.
41.
42. Injected by a hypodermic syringe beneath the
skin.
Injection is safe and simple.
Anesthesia is not required.
Usually injected behind the neck.
43. The bio-microsystems market is estimated to 620
Millions of Dollars by recapturing the sales of major
actors (Affymetrix, Agilent, Ciphergen).
DNA chips represent today the major type with
more than 83 % of sales.
Lab on chip is emerging –mostly with Caliper sales
– and represents 10 % of the total.
The remainder consists of protein chips(mostly
Ciphergen) and other types of DNA arrays.
44.
45. A chip implanted some where in human body
might serve as a combination of
Credit card
Driving license
Passport
Personal identification etc.
No longer would it be needed to worry about
losing all above thing.
Can also widely established in veterinary field.
46.
47. Biochips are :-
Fast
Accurate
Miniaturized
Advantages upon conventionalAnalyzer
Expected to become economically advantageous
attributes that make them analogous to computer
chip.
The future which we imagine of, the CYBER FUTURE
will have the BIOCHIP IMPLANTSYSTEM as an
integral component to satisfy the ever growing
human needs.