Biochips are microprocessor chips that combine computer science, electronics and biology. They were first developed in 1983 for monitoring fisheries. A biochip implant is a small computer chip inserted under the skin for identification purposes. It consists of a transponder containing a microchip that stores a unique ID number, and a reader that can activate the transponder and receive its ID number within milliseconds even through materials like skin. Potential applications of biochips include genomics, proteomics, disease diagnosis, and developing biosensors that can detect health conditions like cancer before symptoms appear.

4. LIFE ON A CHIP

5. Abstract of the Presentation
 What are Biochips?
 The Biochip Technology
 The Biochip Implant System
 Working of a Biochip
 Merits and Demerits
 Applications

6. Introduction-
Biochips are microprocessor chips-an outcome of the fields of
Computer Science, Electronics & Biology.
They were first developed in 1983 for monitoring fisheries.
The major biochip manufacturing companies are A.V.I.D. (American
Veterinary Identification Devices), Trovan Identification Systems and
Destron-Fearing Corporation.
It is a bio-security device that accurately tracks information regarding
what a person is doing and who actually is doing it.
A single electronic card can replace everything in your wallet
including, your cash, your credit cards, your ATM card, your ID cards,
your insurance, medical records.

7. The Biochip Technology-
Biochip implant is basically a small (micro) computer chip,
inserted under the skin, for identification purposes.
The biochip system is radio frequency identification (RFID)
system, using low-frequency radio signals to communicate
between the biochip and reader.

8. The Biochip Implant System-
The biochip implant system consists of 2 major components-
1) The transponder
2) The reader

9. The Transponder-
The transponder is the actual biochip implant.
It is passive -contains no battery or energy of its own.
Being Passive, it has a very long life, up to 99 years, and no
maintenance.
It is inactive until the reader activates it by sending it a low-
power electrical charge.

10. The transponder consists of 4 parts-
Transponder
Antenna Coil Tuning Capacitor
Glass CapsuleComputer Microchip

11. Computer Microchip-
It stores a unique identification number of 10-15 digits.
The storage capacity of the current microchips is capable
of storing only a single ID number.
The unique ID number is permanently "etched" or
encoded via a laser onto the surface of the microchip
before assembly.
It contains electronic circuitry necessary to transmit the ID
number to the "reader".

12. Antenna Coil-
It is a tiny, primitive, radio antenna that "receives and sends"
signals from the reader or scanner.
Tuning Capacitor-
It stores a small electrical charge sent by the reader or
scanner.
Charge activates the transponder to send back the ID
number encoded in the computer chip.
It is tuned to same frequency as reader.

13. Glass Capsule-
It is a small capsule - 11 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter, about
the size of an uncooked grain of rice that "houses" the microchip,
antenna coil and capacitor.
Made of biocompatible material (i.e. soda lime glass) and is
hermetically (air-tight) sealed.
Polypropylene polymer sheath is attached to one end of the capsule
to provide a compatible surface with which the bodily tissue fibers
bond or interconnect, resulting in a permanent placement of the
biochip.
The biochip is inserted into the subject with a hypodermic syringe
Biochip and Syringe

14. The perspective of the actual size-

15. The Reader-
It consists of :
• An "exciter" coil which creates an EM field that, via radio signals and
provides the necessary energy (less than 1/1000 of a watt) to
"excite" or "activate" the implanted biochip.
• A receiving coil that receives the ID number sent back from the
"activated" implanted biochip.
This whole process takes place very fast (in milliseconds).
The reader also contains the software and components to decode the
received code and display the result in an LCD display.

16. Working of a Biochip-
1. The reader generates a low-power, electromagnetic field, via radio
signals, which "activates" the implanted biochip.
2. This "activation" enables the biochip to send the ID code back to the
reader via radio signals.
3. The reader amplifies the received code, converts it to digital format,
decodes and displays the ID number on the reader's LCD display.
4. The reader must normally be between 2 and 12 inches near the
biochip to communicate.
5. The reader and biochip can communicate through most materials,
except metal.

17. Merits-
The ability to detect multiple viral agents in parallel
Viral typing (AIV, FMDV, Rabies)
Drive policy for diagnostics and disease control
Epidemiological tracing
Interagency collaboration

18. Demerits-
These methods have problems that a DNA chip cannot be fabricated
at high density
Mass production is limited. Thus, these methods are applicable to
fabrication of a DNA chip for study.

19. Applications-
1) Genomics
2) Proteomics
3) Biodiagnostics and (Nano) Biosensors
4) Protein Chips for Diagnosis and Analysis of Diseases
5) Cellomics
6) Biochips can detect cancers before symptoms develop

20. Biochips under development-
Chips that follow footsteps
Glucose level detectors
Oxy sensors
Brain surgery with an on-off switch
Adding sound to life
Experiments with lost sight

21. Conclusion

22. THANK
YOU

23. PREPARED By-
Manisha
Abdullah

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