The document discusses biochips, which are microarray devices implanted under the skin that can perform multiple medical tests simultaneously. It provides the history of biochips from their origins in glucose sensors to modern commercial versions. A biochip implant consists of a transponder containing a microchip, antenna coil, and capacitor, encased in biocompatible glass. When activated by a reader, it transmits a unique identification code. Applications include tracking individuals, storing medical/financial information, and monitoring health conditions like glucose levels. While biochips provide benefits for healthcare, they also raise privacy and freedom concerns if used to monitor people without consent.

1. BIOCHIP
PRESENTED BY-
ARIFA SIDDIQUI

2. INTRODUCTION
It is basically a bio- microarray device.
The biochip is a microarray (a
collection of miniaturized test sites)
arranged on a solid substrate that
permits many simultaneous tests to be
performed, allowing higher throughput
volume and speed.
It enables large-scale genomic,
proteomic and functional genomic
analysis.

3. HISTORY
The evolution of biochips occured early
when glucose sensor was invented by
clarks & lyons in 1962.
In 1980, Sanger and Gilbert got Nobel
Prize for DNA sequencing.
Originally biochip was developed by
Fisheries in 1983.
First commercial biochip was invented by
Affymetrix by photolithography in mid
1990s.

4. BIOCHIP IMPLANT
• The size of the biochip is no longer than
the size of the grain . It is approximately
11.6 mm in length
• It is based on RFID technology
• RFID stands for Radio Frequency
Identification.

5. BIOCHIP IMPLANTATION
Biochip is implanted by a hypodermic
syringe beneath the skin
 Implanted behind the neck in animals
while at right hand at right hand/forehead
in humans.

6. COMPONENTS OF BIOCHIP
The biochip consist of two
components:
• Transponder
• Reader or Scanner

7. Transponder:
It is the actual biochip implant.
It is passive transponder as it contains
no battery.
Communication between biochip and
reader occurs through low frequency radio
waves.
Scanner or Reader:
It consist an exciter coil which generates
electromagnetic field that via radio signals
provide necessary energy to activate
implanted biochip.
It contains software that decode the
received code and display the result.

9. TRANSPONDER
COMPUTER
MICROCHIP
ANTENNA
COIL
TUNING
CAPACITOR
GLASS
CAPSULE

10. Computer microchip: It stores 10 to 15 digits
long unique identification number. UID number is
encoded on to the surface before assembly.
Antenna coil: It is a simple coil of copper wire
wounded around the ferrite or iron core. It
receives signals from reader or scanner.
Tuning capacitor: It stores small electrical
charge sent by the reader which activates
transponder to send back the UID encoded.
Glass capsule: It has 11mm length & 2mm dia. It
encloses microchip, antenna coil & capacitor. It is
made of biocompatible material such as soda
lime glass and is made air tight so that fluid
doesn’t enter the circuit

11. WORKING

12. The reader generates a
low frequency radio
signal
Activation of implanted
biochip
Biochip sends UID
code back to the reader
through radio signals
Reader decodes the
UID then converts it
into digital format &
display it on monitor

13. APPLICATIONS
Can be used for investigation purpose
in case of tracking someone.
Can trace animal/ human anywhere in
the world.
Can store and update financial,
medical as well as demographic
information of any person.
Performs thousands of biological
operations.

14. SIGNIFICANCE OF BIOCHIP IN
MEDICAL FIELD
Helpful for the patients suffering from dementia &
Alzheimer’s disease.
Used as glucose detector, blood pressure sensor,
oxygen sensor.
Helps in prognosis of any disease.
Helpful for diabetic patients as there is no loss of
blood and less painful.

15. BIOCHIP AS GLUCOSE
DETECTOR
Biochip can be integrated with glucose
sensor.
Diabetics still use hand prick & hand held
blood test but biochips are the easy methods
for frequent monitoring of glucose level in
body.
It causes no loss of blood and frequent
medication can be done.
The S4MS chip by implanting under the skin
can easily check the glucose level and send

16. WORKING
THE DETECTION PROCESS IS INITIATED BY
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE.
THE LIGHT PRODUCED BY LED HITS THE
FLUORESCENT CHEMICAL THAT ABSORBS AND
RE EMITS THE LIGHT.
THE LONGER WAVELENGTH LIGHT IS DETECTED
AND SEND TO THE CONTROL PANEL OUTSIDE
THE BODY.
GLUCOSE IS DETECTED AS SUGAR REDUCE
THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT THAT THE
FLUORESCENT MATERIAL RE EMITS.

17. S4MS CHIP AS GLUCOSE
SENSOR

18. BIOCHIP AS OXYGEN SENSOR
An integration of biochip and oxygen
sensor.
The oxygen sensing chip sends out light
pulses out into the body.
The light is absorbed at varying extents as
it depends how much oxygen is carried out
by blood, the chip detects the light that is
left.
It can also act blood pressure detector

19. PROS
Insertion is as simple as injecting
vaccine.
Anaesthesia is not required while
insertion.
Can be used for investigation purposes.
Monitoring health conditions whenever
required.
To rescue the patients of dementia.

20. CONS
A great threat to someone’s privacy.
Can turn large number of population
into controlled slave.
If implanted unknowingly it can cause
threat to personal information such as
financial records, demographic details,
etc.
Human monitoring is an end to freedom
and violation of human rights.

21. FUTURE IMPLEMENTATION
Can act as multifunctional biochip
with personal details and health
monitoring.
Capability of replacing passport,
medical report, financial record, etc.
In India it has the capability of
replacing Aadhar card.
Can be implemented for veterinary
purpose.

22. REFERENCE
CHANG MING LI, HUADONG, QIN
ZHOU, KAI H. GOH
HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1016/B978-012373738-
0.50013-1CHAPTER 11 – BIOCHIPS –
FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATION.
https://www.slideshare.net/mohitgarg69/biochi
p-report