The document provides an outline on biochemistry and organic biomolecules. It begins by listing learning targets about the elements that make up living things and the structures of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It then discusses atoms and their interactions, including atomic structure and how atoms bond to form molecules. The four main types of organic biomolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - are then described in detail, including their purposes, structures, monomer subunits, and examples.

2. BIOCHEMISTRY
Note Outline

3. I. Learning Targets
• I can identify the elements commonly found in living things (C,
H, O, and N).
• I can describe how atoms bond together to form molecules.
• I can compare the chemical structures of carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids by describing how they form
and are broken down.
• I can relate the importance of the 4 biomolecules to living
things.
• I can describe the function of an enzyme and factors that
influence enzyme activity.

4. II. Features of Life
A. What is Biology?

5. II. Features of Life
A. What is Biology?
1. Definition: the study of the
diversity of life

6. II. Features of Life
A. What is Biology?
1. Definition: the study of the
diversity of life
2. More specifically, biologists…

7. a. Study interactions of the environment

8. b. Propose solutions to problems

9. B. What Constitutes Life?
The term living is not easy to define.
Living things MUST contain ALL 5 of
the following to be considered alive.

10. Living things…

11. 1) Reproduce

12. 2) Are Organized (Cells)

13. 3) Grow and Develop

14. 4) Use Energy / Evolve

15. 5) Respond to their Surroundings

17. III. Atoms and their
Interactions
A. Elements
1. Everything is made of substances
called elements.

20. III. Atoms and their
Interactions
A. Elements
1. Everything is made of substances
called elements.
2. Most common elements are…
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,
and Nitrogen

21. Comparing the composition of the
Earth’s crust to the human body

22. B. Atoms are the basic building block of
all matter.
1. Definition: an atom is the
smallest particle of an element
that has the same characteristics
of that element.

23. C. Structure of an Atom

24. C. Structure of an Atom
1
2

25. C. Structure of an Atom
1. Nucleus:

26. C. Structure of an Atom
1. Nucleus:
a. protons (+ charge)

27. C. Structure of an Atom
1. Nucleus:
a. protons (+ charge)
b. neutrons (0 charge)

28. C. Structure of an Atom
1. Nucleus:
a. protons (+ charge)
b. neutrons (0 charge)
c. Overall charge of the
nucleus
= + charge

29. C. Structure of an Atom
1. Nucleus:
a. protons (+ charge)
b. neutrons (0 charge)
c. Overall charge of the
nucleus
= + charge
2. Electron Cloud

30. C. Structure of an Atom
1. Nucleus:
a. protons (+ charge)
b. neutrons (0 charge)
c. Overall charge of the nucleus
= + charge
2. Electron Cloud
a. electrons (- charge and move
rapidly)

31. C. Structure of an Atom
Nucleus
Electron cloud

32. D. Atoms become stable by bonding
with other atoms.

33. D. Atoms become stable by bonding
with other atoms.
1. When atoms bond together, they
form new compounds, which
have different properties than the
individual atoms had.

34. D. Atoms become stable by bonding
with other atoms.
1. When atoms bond together, they
form new compounds, which
have different properties than the
individual atoms had.
C + O2  CO2
+

35. 2. Some compounds contain just one
or two atoms (H2O or CO2), whereas
others contain tens, hundreds, or
even thousands of atoms.

36. 2. Some compounds contain just one
or two atoms (H2O or CO2), whereas
others contain tens, hundreds, or
even thousands of atoms.
a. Large molecules = macromolecules

37. b. Macromolecules are formed by
bonding together small molecules
to form chains called polymers.

38. b. Macromolecules are formed by
bonding together small molecules
to form chains called polymers.
poly = many meros = parts

39. b. Macromolecules are formed by
bonding together small molecules
to form chains called polymers.
poly = many meros = parts
mono = one meros = part

40. 3. Macromolecules chains are controlled
by water.

41. 3. Macromolecules chains are controlled
by water.
a. When H2O is added, hydrolysis
breaks apart chains.

42. 3. Macromolecules chains are controlled
by water.
a. When H2O is added, hydrolysis
breaks apart chains.

43. 3. Macromolecules chains are controlled
by water.
a. When H2O is added, hydrolysis
breaks apart chains.
hydro = water lysis = to split

44. 3. Macromolecules chains are controlled
by water.
a. When H2O is added, hydrolysis
breaks apart chains.
b. When H2O is lost, condensation
forms chains.

45. Hydrolysis (water is added)

46. Hydrolysis (water is added)

47. Condensation (water is lost)

48. Condensation (water is lost)

49. Hydrolysis vs. Condensation

50. Hydrolysis vs. Condensation
Water added,
Chain breaks

51. Hydrolysis vs. Condensation
Water added,
Chain breaks

52. Hydrolysis vs. Condensation
Water added, Water lost,
Chain breaks Chain forms

54. IV. Organic Biomolecules
A. You are what you eat!

56. 1. Food Pyramid

57. 2. The foods we consume have
carbohydrates, fats (lipids), and
proteins in them.

58. 2. The foods we consume have
carbohydrates, fats (lipids), and
proteins in them.
a. Carbohydrates give us energy
(ex. sugar, apples, potatoes, pasta…)

59. 2. The foods we consume have
carbohydrates, fats (lipids), and
proteins in them.
a. Carbohydrates give us energy
(ex. sugar, apples, potatoes, pasta…)
b. Fats are related to weight gain
(ex. oils, butter, whole milk…)

60. 2. The foods we consume have
carbohydrates, fats (lipids), and
proteins in them.
a. Carbohydrates give us energy
(ex. sugar, apples, potatoes, pasta…)
b. Fats are related to weight gain
(ex. oils, butter, whole milk…)
c. Proteins help build muscles
(ex. fish, beef, eggs, cheese, nuts…)

61. 3. A healthy diet of foods containing
each of these macromolecules
insures proper function of all the
body’s cells, tissues, organs, and
organ systems. If one or more are
lacking, the body cannot function
to provide us with all of our
necessary needs.

64. B. Carbohydrates

65. B. Carbohydrates
1. Purpose: store and release energy

66. B. Carbohydrates
1. Purpose: store and release energy
2. Compound structure:
a. Composed of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen

67. B. Carbohydrates
1. Purpose: store and release energy
2. Compound structure:
a. Composed of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen
b. 1:2:1 ratio (CH2O)

68. B. Carbohydrates
3. Monomer subunits:
a. Monosaccharide: one sugar
Monosaccharide
molecule
(ex. glucose or fructose)

69. B. Carbohydrates
3. Monomer subunits:
a. Monosaccharide: one sugar
Monosaccharide
molecule
(ex. glucose or fructose)
C6H12O6

71. +

72. +

73. +

74. +

75. B. Carbohydrates
b. Disaccharide: two sugar molecules
Disaccharide
combined (ex. glucose + fructose =
sucrose “table sugar”)

76. B. Carbohydrates
c. Polysaccharide: many sugars
Polysaccharide
combine to form the molecule
(ex. starch, glycogen, cellulose)

79. C. Lipids

80. C. Lipids
1. Purpose: energy storage, insulation,
and protective coatings

81. C. Lipids
1. Purpose: energy storage, insulation,
and protective coatings
2. Compound structure:
a. Composed of C, H, and O with a
larger proportion of C-H bonds than
carbohydrates (have less O’s)

82. C. Lipids
1. Purpose: energy storage, insulation,
and protective coatings
2. Compound structure:
a. Composed of C, H, and O with a
larger proportion of C-H bonds than
carbohydrates (have less O’s)
(ex. lipids in beef fat: C57H110O6)

83. C. Lipids
2. Structure:
b. Insoluble in water (doesn’t dissolve)

84. C. Lipids
2. Structure:
b. Insoluble in water (doesn’t dissolve)

85. C. Lipids
3. Insoluble in
water

86. C. Lipids
3. Insoluble in Water-loving
water
Water-fearing

89. C. Lipids
2. Structure:
b. Insoluble in water (doesn’t dissolve)
3. Monomer subunit:
a. Fatty acids and a glycerol

90. Creation of a fat molecule

91. Creation of a fat molecule
1
2
3

92. Creation of a fat molecule

94. C. Lipids
4. Forms:
a. Saturated fat: no double bonds
fat
between carbons, solid at room
temperature, found mostly in animals

95. C. Lipids
4. Forms:
b. Unsaturated fat: double bonds
fat
between some of the carbons, liquid at
room temperature, found mostly in
plants

96. Comparing Saturated and
Unsaturated Fats

98. D. Proteins

99. D. Proteins
1. Purpose: provide structure, motion,
and immunity

100. D. Proteins
1. Purpose: provide structure, motion,
and immunity
a. Enzyme = catalyst to speed up
chemical reactions

101. D. Proteins
1. Purpose: provide structure, motion,
and immunity
a. Enzyme = catalyst to speed up
chemical reactions
2. Compound structure:
a. Composed of C, H, O, nitrogen (N),
and sulfur (S)

102. D. Proteins
3. Monomer subunit:
a. Amino acid = Basic building block of
protein

103. D. Proteins
3. Monomer subunit:
a. Amino acid = Basic building block of
protein
• 20 total amino acids
• Our body naturally makes 11, but we
have to eat the other 9 (they must be
present in our diet)

104. D. Proteins
b. Many amino acids bond together in a
chain using peptide bonds and form a
protein

106. +

107. +

108. +

112. D. Nucleic Acids

113. D. Nucleic Acids
1. Purpose: store genetic
information in the form
of a code

114. D. Nucleic Acids
1. Purpose: store genetic
information in the form
of a code
2. Compound structure:
a. Composed of C, H, O,
N, and phosphorus (P)

115. D. Nucleic Acids
3. Monomer subunit:
a. Arranged as a nitrogen base, sugar,
and a phosphate group

116. D. Nucleic Acids
4. Forms:
a. DNA: contains instructions to form all
DNA
of an organism’s enzymes and
structural proteins
b. RNA: copy of DNA used when making
RNA
proteins

117. DNA versus RNA

120. V. Revisions to the Food
Pyramid

123. A. Observations:

124. B. Facts: