I have prepare this slide thinking that it will help students .I have collected different photos and videos from internet please comment and if you need any slides for a topics . i will prepare the slide .
The Avogadro constant, represents the number of carbon-12 atoms in exactly 12 g of pure carbon-12. the value of Avogadro constant is 6.0221421 푥 10^23. How many atoms of K-40 (Radioactive isotope) are present in 225 mL of whole milk containing 1.65 mg K/mL?
I have prepare this slide thinking that it will help students .I have collected different photos and videos from internet please comment and if you need any slides for a topics . i will prepare the slide .
The Avogadro constant, represents the number of carbon-12 atoms in exactly 12 g of pure carbon-12. the value of Avogadro constant is 6.0221421 푥 10^23. How many atoms of K-40 (Radioactive isotope) are present in 225 mL of whole milk containing 1.65 mg K/mL?
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THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2. Atoms Make Up All Matter
• Matter
– Takes up space
• Energy
– Ability to do work
3. Atoms Make Up All Matter
• Elements are fundamental types of matter
– Element cannot be broken down
– Bulk elements
• 25 elements essential to life
• Minerals
• Trace elements
6. Trace Elements
Trace Element: needed for survival in very small
quantities
Iron Iodine Fluoride
7. Trace Elements
Trace Element: needed for survival in very small
quantities
Iron Iodine Fluoride
8. Atoms
• Smallest possible
“piece” of an element
• Composed of
– Protons – positively
charged particles,
atomic number
– Neutrons –
uncharged particle
– Electron – negatively
charged particle
9. Types of Subatomic Particles
Particle Charge Mass Position
Electron – 0 Around Nucleus
Proton + 1 In Nucleus
Neutron none 1 In Nucleus
10. Atomic Number and Mass Number
• Mass number: the number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus
• Atomic Number: the number of protons
Carbon
C
Atomic number
Element
Symbol
Atomic mass
6
12.0 112
11. Isotopes
Isotopes: elements with the same atomic number but
different mass number
Isotopes of Carbon
Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14
Electrons 6 6 6
Protons 6 6 6
Neutrons 6 7 8
Mass Number
(Protons + Neutrons)
12 13 14
13. Example Uses of Radioisotopes
Use Details
Isotopic labeling the use of unusual isotopes as tracers or markers in chemical
reactions. Normally, atoms of a given element are indistinguishable
from each other. However, by using isotopes of different masses,
even different nonradioactive stable isotopes can be distinguished
by mass spectrometry or infrared spectroscopy. For example, in
'stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)'
stable isotopes are used to quantify proteins. If radioactive isotopes
are used, they can be detected by the radiation they emit (this is
called radioisotopic labeling).
Radiometric dating using the known half-life of an unstable element, one can calculate
the amount of time that has elapsed since a known level of isotope
existed. The most widely known example is radiocarbon dating
used to determine the age of carbonaceous materials.
Spectroscopy Several forms of spectroscopy rely on the unique nuclear
properties of specific isotopes, both radioactive and stable. For
example, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can be
used only for isotopes with a nonzero nuclear spin. The most
common isotopes used with NMR spectroscopy are 1H, 2D,15N,
13C, and 31P.
Mössbauer spectroscopy also relies on the nuclear transitions of
specific isotopes, such as 57Fe.
14. Carbon Dating
• Carbon-14: radioisotope that decays slowly
– Half-life: time for half the original concentration of an isotope to
decay
• C-14 can be used to
“age fossils”
15. Tracers
• Radioisotopes can be used to identify biologically active
cells (cancer cells and goiters)
16. Tracers
MRI: isotopes can be used in medical imaging to view
metabolically active cells in the brain
17. Radiation Therapy
• The energy given off by radioisotopes is damaging to
cells and can be used to treat cancers and to treat
goiters.
19. Summary of Elemental
Chemistry
Term Definition
Element a pure chemical substance consisting of a single type of atom
Atom the smallest unit that defines the chemical elements and their
isotopes
Atomic number the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of that
element, and therefore identical to the charge number of the
nucleus
Mass number the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as
nucleons) in an atomic nucleus, also called atomic mass number or
nucleon number
Isotope variants of a particular chemical element such that while all
isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons in
each atom, they differ in neutron number
Atomic mass the mass of an atomic particle, sub-atomic particle, or molecule;
the protons and neutrons account for almost all of the mass of an
atom
20. Chemical Bonds
• Chemical Bonds – How elements are
hooked together
• Molecule – 2 or more atoms chemically
joined together
– Ex. O2, Cl2, H2
• Compound – Molecule composed of 2 or
more DIFFERENT atoms
– Ex. NaOH, H2O, NaCl, C6H12O6
22. Chemical Bonds
• Its all up to the electrons!
• Electrons live in orbitals – most likely location
of an electron when rotating around nucleus
– Each orbital has 2 electrons - more electrons,
more orbitals
– Orbitals are in shells
– Valence shell – outermost shell, when full, shell is
stable
• Most atoms DO NOT have a full shell, that’s why they
can bond.
• Inert Elements – Have a full outer shell and cannot
bond – Noble gases (Ne, He, Ar, Xe, Kr, Rn)
25. Types of Bonds – Covalent Bonds
• Covalent Bonds – forms when 2 atoms SHARE
electrons
– Nonpolar Covalent Bond – Equal share of electrons
– Polar Covalent Bond – Unequal share of electrons,
one atom pulls electrons more than others.
• Hydrogen bonds – attractions between oppositely charged
particles within a single molecule, or between molecules
26.
27. Types of Bonds – Ionic Bonds
• Ionic Bonds – forms when 1 atom “takes”
an electron from another
– Happens when ions of opposite charge attract
each other and more negative gives up
electron for bond
– Very strong b/c create stability in atoms
32. O
H H
Polar covalent bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
Slightly negative end
33. Water is Essential to Life
• Water Regulates Temperature
– Ability to resist temperature change
• Body temperature
• Coastal climates
34. Water is Essential to Life
• Water Regulates Temperature
– Evaporation
• Body temperature regulation
35. Water is Essential to Life
• Many Substances Dissolve in Water
– Solution = solvent + solute(s)
– Hydrophilic
• “water-loving”
– Hydrophobic
• “water-fearing”
36. Water is Essential to Life
• Water is Cohesive and Adhesive
– Cohesion – tendency of water molecules to
stick together
• Surface tension
– Adhesion – tendency to form hydrogen bonds
with other substances
• Together responsible for transport in plants
37. Water is Essential to Life
• Water Expands as It Freezes
– Unusual tendency
– Ice less dense than liquid water
• Benefits aquatic life
– Formation of ice crystals deadly
• Adaptations – fur in mammals
40. Water is Essential to Life
• Water Participates in Life’s Chemical
Reactions
– Chemical reaction
• Reactants
• Products
– Reactions happen in water
– Water is either a reactant or product
CH4 + 2O2
CO2 + 2H20
methane + oxygen carbon dioxide + water
41. Chemical Reactions
• Chemical Reaction – 2 or more molecules
“swap” atoms to make different molecules
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
Reactants Products
6CO2 + 6H20 C6H12O6 + 6O2
Reactants Products
42. Acids and Bases
• Water disassociates into H+ and OH-
• Water = Neutral Solution – H+ = OH-
• Acid – Substance that adds H+ to a solution
– Taste sour
– Found in your stomach, orange juice, tomatoes, coffee, coca-cola
– HCl, H2SO4
• Base – Substance that adds OH- to a solution
– Taste bitter, feel slippery, soapy
– Found in detergents, soaps, cleaners
– NaOH
• Buffer Systems – Pairs of weak acids and bases that help
resist pH changes
H2O H+ + OH-
44. Buffers
• Buffer systems regulate pH in organisms
– Maintaining correct pH of body fluids critical
– Buffer system
• Pair of weak acid and base that resist pH changes
– Carbonic acid
H2CO3
H+ + HCO3
-
carbonic acid bicarbonate
46. Applications of Chemistry to
Biology
• Ocean Acidification
– the ongoing decrease in the
pH of the Earth's oceans,
caused by the uptake CO2
• Effects
– lower metabolic rates and
immune responses of ocean
life
– alter ocean water’s properties
allowing sound to travel
further, affecting prey and
predators
Estimated change in sea pH caused by
human created CO2.
48. Applications of Chemistry to
Biology
Earth formation
began
4.6 BYA
Moon formed
4.5 BYA
First solid rock
4.4 BYA
First water
4.3 BYA
First
evidence
of life
3.8 BYA
While features of self-organization and self-replication are often considered the
hallmark of living systems, there are many instances of abiotic molecules
exhibiting such characteristics under proper conditions. Palasek showed that
self-assembly of RNA molecules can occur spontaneously due to physical
factors in hydrothermal vents.
It is postulated that this kind of spontaneous generation could have changed
simple inorganic molecules (CO2, H2O, etc.) into organic compounds.
Editor's Notes
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Iron: “Ohs Shortage at Grocery Store” by Nathanielimg. Licensed under a CC-BY-SA 3.0 Unported license. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ohs_shortage_at_grocery_store.jpg
Iodine: “Plateau van Zeevruchten” by Frits Hoogesteger at nl.wikibooks. Licensed under a CC-BY-SA 3.0 Unported license. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg
Flouride: “toothpaste on Brush” by Thegreenj. Licensed under a CC-BY-SA 3.0 Unported license. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toothpasteonbrush.jpg
Iron: “Carnival World Buffet” by Mark Miller. Licensed under a CC-BY 3.0 Unported license. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnival_World_Buffet,_The_Rio,_Las_Vegas_Nevada_6.jpg
Iodine: “Plateau van Zeevruchten” by Frits Hoogesteger at nl.wikibooks. Licensed under a CC-BY-SA 3.0 Unported license. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg
Flouride: “toothpaste on Brush” by Thegreenj. Licensed under a CC-BY-SA 3.0 Unported license. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toothpasteonbrush.jpg
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“PET Scan nasopharynx carcinoma” by Sanko. Licensed under a CC-BY-SA 3.0 Unported license. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PET_Scan_nasopharynx_carcinoma.jpg
“Brain MRI” by the National Cancer Institute. (Public Domain). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brain_MRI.jpg
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