The document discusses the key components that make up living organisms on a molecular level. It defines atoms, molecules, and macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It explains how chemical reactions and molecular bonding allow these components to assemble into larger structures that carry out life processes. pH and electrolytes are also summarized in relation to their importance in human physiology.

1. Chapter 2 Chemical Basis of Life Molecular model of a Phospholipid PowerPoint Presentation to accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, 10 th edition , edited by S.C. Wache for Biol2064.01

2. You are responsible for the following figures and tables : Tab. 2.1 - important definitions. Tab. 2.3 - the first ten elements of the periodic table of elements, TB, p. 969. Fig. 2.3 - Learn how to distribute proteons and electrons Fig. 2.4 - learn how to distribute protons and electrons Fig. 2.8 - hydrogen bonds; example H 2 O. Fig. 2.6 - examples of structural and molecular formulas Read TB, p.44, on chemical reactions. Define 'isotope'. Tb, p.39. See Clin. Appl. 2.1, TB, p. 41. W hat is 131 I used for ? Tab. 2.4, 2.5; Fig. 2.10 - Study pH, bases and acids. Tab. 2.6: small inorganic molecules like water and carbon dioxide Tab. 2.8 – Macromolecules. Fig. 2.11 and 2.12; Fig. 2.15 and 2.16; Fig. 2.17 and 2.18 - note the formation of the covalent bond; Fig. 2.21.

6. Fig. 2.1

12. Fig.2.4: Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons. Ionic bonds are formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions

13. Fig.2.5: Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

14. Fig.2.8: Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds between polar molecules.

24. Fig. 2.10

27. Fig. 2.12: starch, fiber, glycogen are polysaccharides that are built of simple sugars.

34. Fig. 2.18

36. Fig. 2.19

39. Fig. 2.21a - RNA

40. : DNA Note the hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands together.