This document provides an overview of biochemistry as a subject. It defines biochemistry as understanding biology in chemical terms, focusing on understanding the structures and interactions of biomolecules, as well as metabolic pathways and genetic expression. The document then discusses the history of biochemistry in revealing the chemical composition of living organisms and identifying key biomolecules. It also outlines biochemistry's relationships with other subjects like organic chemistry, biophysics, nutrition, and genetics.

1. BIOKIMIA:
Pendahuluan
Prof. Dr.sc.agr. Ir. Suyadi, MS.

2. Tata Tertib Kuliah
• Tepat waktu, toleransi maks. 15 menit
• Tidak Berisik
• HP tidak diaktifkan
• Hadir minimal 70%  boleh ujian
• Paham bahasa Indonesia & Inggris
• Baca salah satu / dua buku acuan
• Pakaian rapi
• Kerjakan Tugas, Mid, & Ujian
• Ujian bisa lisan

3. Tujuan Perkuliahan
• Mengenalkan dan memahamkan dasar
biokimia : Kosakata (istilah dan struktur
kimia), tatabahasa (reaksi-reaksi kimia),
struktur kalimat (Jalur metabolisme) dan
arti (keterkaitan metabolik)

4. Buku Acuan
1. Trudy McKee and James McKee. 2003. Biochemistry:
The Molecular Basis of Life. Third edition. McGraw-
Hill, Boston.
2. Lehninger, Nelson, & Cox. 1997. Principles of
Biochemistry.2nd edition. Worth Publishers.
3. Albert L. Lehninger. 1995. Dasar-dasar Biokimia. (Alih
bahasa: Maggy Thenawidjaja). Penerbit
Erlangga, Jakarta.
4. Koolman J. dan K-H.Roehm. 1994. Atlas Berwarna dan
Teks BIOKIMIA (aliha bahasa: Inawati-Wanandi I, 2001).
Penerbit Hipokrates, Jakarta.
5. David S. Page. 1995. Prinsip-prinsip Biokimia. Penerbit
Unair, Surabaya.
6. Soeharsono. 1982. Biokimia I dan II. Gadjah Mada
University Press, Yogyakarta.
7. Ngili, Y. 2010. Biokimia Dasar. Penerbit
Rekayasa, Bandung.

5. Dari rumput menjadi daging dan susu
Fresh grass
hay
Silage

6. Dari pakan konsentrat menjadi daging dan telur

7. Dari makanan menjadi manusia

8. What is biochemistry?
• Definition:
– Webster’s dictionary: Bios = Greek, meaning
“life” “The chemistry of living organisms; the
chemistry of the processes incidental to, and
characteristic of, life.”
– WebNet dictionary: “Biochemistry is the
organic chemistry of compounds and processes
occuring in organisms; the effort to understand
biology within the context of chemistry.“

9. What is biochemistry?
• Understanding biological forms and functions
in chemical terms
• Biochemistry aims to understand how the
lifeless molecules interact to make the
complexity and efficiency of the life
phenomena and to explain the diverse forms
of life in unifying chemical terms.

10. Issues addressed by biochemistry
• What are the chemical and three-dimensional
structure of biomolecules?
• How do biomolecules interact with each other?
• How does the cell synthesize and degrade
biomolecules?
• How is energy conserved and used by the cell?
• What are the mechanisms for organizing
biomolecules and coordinating their activities?
• How is genetic information stored, transmitted,
and expressed?

11. History of
Biochemistry
• First to reveal the chemical
composition of living organisms.
The biologically most abundant
elements are only minor
constituents of the earth’s crust
(which contains 47% O, 28% Si,
7.9% Al, 4.5% Fe, and 3.5% Ca).
The six principle elements for life
are: C, H, N, O, P, and S.
99% of a cell is made of H, O, N, and C
Element # unpaired e’s Fractional amount
H 1 2/3
O 2 1/4
N 3 1/70
C 4 1/10

12. Most of the elements in living matter have relatively low atomic
numbers; H, O, N and C are the lightest elements capable of forming
one, two, three and four bonds, respectively.
The lightest elements form the
strongest bonds in general.

13. History of Biochemistry
• Then to identify the types of molecules found in living organisms.
• Amino Acids
• Nucleotides
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids

14. History of Biochemistry
• Then to understand how the biomolecules make life to be life.

15. Relationship between Biochemistry
and other subjects
• Organic chemistry, which describes the properties of
biomolecules.
• Biophysics, which applies the techniques of physics to
study the structures of biomolecules.
• Medical research, which increasingly seeks to
understand disease states in molecular terms.
• Nutrition, which has illuminated metabolism by
describing the dietary requirements for maintenance of
health.
• Physiology: in relation with the all process of maco- and
micro molecules in cellular-, tissue or organ levels to
give an output

16. Relationship between
Biochemistry and other subjects
• Microbiology, which has shown that single-celled
organisms and viruses are ideally suited for the
elucidation of many metabolic pathways and regulatory
mechanisms.
• Physiology, which investigates life processes at the
tissue and organism levels.
• Cell biology, which describes the biochemical division of
labor within a cell.
• Genetics, which describes mechanisms that give a
particular cell or organism its biochemical identity.

17. Life needs 3 things:
(1) ENERGY, which it must
know how to:
• Extract
• Transform
• Utilize

18. Life needs 3 things:
(2) SIMPLE MOLECULES, which it
must know how to:
• Convert
• Polymerize
• Degrade

19. (3) CHEMICAL MECHANISMS, to:
• Harness energy
• Drive sequential chemical reactions
• Synthesize & degrade macromolecules
• Maintain a dynamic steady state
• Self-assemble complex structures
• Replicate accurately & efficiently
• Maintain biochemical “order” vs outside

20. Trick #1: Life uses chemical coupling to drive
otherwise unfavorable reactions

21. Trick #2: Life uses enzymes to speed up
otherwise slow reactions

22. How does an enzyme do it,
thermodynamically?

23. How does an enzyme do
it, mechanistically?

24. The Versatile Carbon Atom is the
Backbone of Life

25. Chemical Isomers Interconversion requires breaking
covalent bonds

26. Stereoisomers:
Chemically identical
Biologically different!

27. Stereoisomers:
Chemically identical
Biologically different!

28. Biochemical Transformations Fall
into Five Main Groups
• Group transfer reactions
• Oxidation-reduction reactions
• Rearrangements (isomerizations)
• Cleavage reactions
• Condensation reactions

29. Biomolecules – Structure
Anabolic
• Building block • Macromolecule
• Simple sugar • Polysaccharide
• Amino acid • Protein (peptide)
• Nucleotide • RNA or DNA
• Fatty acid • Lipid
Catabolic

30. Biosynthesis
Requires Simple
Molecules to
Combine
Covalently in
Many Ways…

31. Bond strength includes dependence on
1. Relative electronegativities of the two atoms
High electronegativity = High affinity for electrons
• O 3.5 • P 2.1
• Cl 3.0 • H 2.1
• Na 0.9
• N 3.0
• K 0.8
• C 2.5

32. 2. The number of bonding electrons

33. Common Bond Strengths
Approx. Avg.
Triple: 820 kJ/mole
Double: 610 kJ/mole
Single: 350 kJ/mole

34. Common Functional Groups

35. Important
Biological
Nucleophiles:
Electron-rich
functional
groups

36. In summary…
• Tetrahedral carbon has versatile
bonding properties
• Compounds with many atoms may exist in
many isomeric forms
• Interconversion requires breaking
chemical bonds
• Large molecules are built from small
ones by making new chemical bonds

38. TUGAS...!