This document provides an overview of basic chemistry concepts including atoms, elements, isotopes, ions, and bonds. It discusses important chemical properties of water including hydrogen bonding, surface tension, heat capacity, ability to dissolve substances, and role in buffering pH. The roles of these chemical properties in supporting life are highlighted.
What is biochemistry?
Biochemistry explores chemical processes related to living organisms. It is a laboratory-based science combining biology and chemistry.
Biochemists study the structure, composition, and chemical reactions of substances in living systems and, in turn, their functions and ways to control them. Biochemistry emerged as a separate discipline when scientists combined biology with organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry. They began to study areas such as:
How living things get energy from food
The chemical basis of heredity
What fundamental changes occur in disease
Biochemistry includes the sciences of molecular biology, immunochemistry, and neurochemistry, as well as bioinorganic, bioorganic, and biophysical chemistry.
What do biochemists do?
Biochemists interact with scientists from a wide variety of other disciplines, usually on problems that are a very small piece of a very large and complex system.
Biochemists in industry are interested in specific applications that will lead to marketable products
Biochemists in academia or government labs conduct more basic and less applied research
Where is biochemistry used?
Biochemistry has obvious applications in medicine, dentistry, and veterinary medicine. Other applications include:
Food Science
Biochemists determine the chemical composition of foods, research ways to develop abundant and inexpensive sources of nutritious foods, develop methods to extract nutrients from waste products, and/or invent ways to prolong the shelf life of food products.
Agriculture
Biochemists study the interaction of herbicides/insecticides with plants and pests. They examine the structure–activity relationships of compounds, determine their ability to inhibit growth, and evaluate the toxicological effects on surrounding life.
Pharmacology, Physiology, Microbiology, Toxicology, and Clinical Chemistry
Biochemists investigate the mechanisms of drug actions; engage in viral research; conduct research pertaining to organ function; or use chemical concepts, procedures, and techniques to study the diagnosis and therapy of disease and the assessment of health.
a presentation of how life originated on earth due to chemicals and how these chemicals represent the building blocks of life all around us.
by Dr. tithi parija (asst. professor) from KIIT school of biotechnology
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
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In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Matter is composed of atoms
• Six types of atoms are basic to life = 95% of body weight
– C carbon
– H hydrogen
– N nitrogen
– O oxygen
– P phosphorus
– S sulfur
• Element
– Substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into
a simpler substance (periodic table of elements shows all known
elements)
• Atom
– Smallest unit of an element that still retains the chemical and
physical properties of the element
3. • Atomic symbol
– One or two letters that represent the name of an
element (Au, C, O, N)
• Subatomic particles
– Protons
• Positively charged (+)
• Within nucleus
– Neutrons (0)
• Uncharged
• Within nucleus
– Electrons (-)
• Negatively charged
• Orbit about nucleus
4. • Electron shells
– Inner shell
• Lowest energy level
• Holds 2 electrons
– All shells beyond
inner shell
• Holds 8 electrons
– Outer shell
• Highest energy level
• Holds 8 electrons
5. • Atomic number
– Number of protons of an element
– Also tells number of electrons when electronically
neutral
6. • Mass number
– Number of protons plus neutrons
• Isotopes
– Atoms of a single element that differ in their number
of neutrons
• Atomic mass
– Average mass of all isotopes
7. The many medical uses of
radioactive isotopes
• Low levels of radiation
– Tracer to detect tumors
• High levels of radiation
– Sterilize medical and dental products
– Sterilize mail to free it of possible pathogens
(anthrax)
– Treatment for cancer
8. Atoms react with one another to
form molecules
• After atoms react, they have a completed
outer shell
• Periodic table
– Arranges elements based on characteristics
• Periods
– Horizontal row
– How many shells an atom has
• Groups
– Vertical column
– How many electrons an atom has in its outer shell
9. Periods – how many shells
Groups – how many electrons in outer shell
10. • Octet rule
– Atoms will give up, accept, or share electrons in order to have 8
electrons in the outer shell
• Group 8
– Stable
– All other groups readily react
• Compound
– When atoms of two or more elements bond together in fixed
proportions
• Molecule
– Smallest part of a compound that still has the properties of that
compound
– Molecule is union of two or more atoms of the same or different
elements
• Naturally occurring molecules
– O2, H2, N2, H2O
• Naturally occurring compound
– H2O
11. An ionic bond occurs when
electrons are transferred
• One atom can take
electron(s) from another
atom
• Ions result
– Ions that lost electrons are
positively charged
– Ions that gained electrons
are negatively charged
• Ionic bonds result
– An attraction between
negatively and positively
charged ions
12. A covalent bond occurs when
electrons are shared
• Atoms want to fill their outer shell
• Bond notations
– H – H share one pair of electrons
– O = O share two pairs of electrons
– N = N share three pairs of electrons
• Molecular – omits the bond line
– H2
– O2
– N2
• Common bonds required
– H – 1 bond
– O – 2 bonds
– C – 4 bonds
13.
14. Chemical reactions
• Some bonds are broken while others are formed
• Reactants
– Participate in reaction
• Products
– Formed by reaction
• Photosynthesis
– Balanced equation
– Same number of each type of atom occurs on both sides of
arrow
15. A covalent bond can be nonpolar or
polar
• Nonpolar
– Sharing of electrons between two atoms is fairly
equal
16. • Electronegativity
– Attraction of an atom for the electrons in a covalent
bond
• H2O
–O
• Larger atom
• more electronegative
• Slightly negative
–H
• Smaller atom
• Less electronegative
• Slightly positive
• Polar
– Unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond
The polarity of water molecules leads to the
formation of hydrogen bonds
17. Hydrogen bonds can occur
between polar molecules
• Hydrogen atoms in
one molecule are
attracted to oxygen
atoms in another
molecule
• Weaker than ionic or
covalent bonds
• Hydrogen bonds also
hold the two strands
of DNA together
18. The properties of water benefit life
Water molecules stick together and to other
materials
• Due to hydrogen bonding
– Water can be liquid at most temperatures found on
earth
– Water molecules exhibit cohesion (stick together)
– Water molecules exhibit adhesion (stick to other polar
material)
• Cohesion and adhesion
– Create surface tension
– Allows water to rise to the top of plants
– Allows blood to flow through a body
19. Water warms up and cools down
slowly
• This allows organisms to maintain internal
temperatures (homeostasis)
• Cooling slowly aids organisms in winter
• To vaporize water, hydrogen bonds must
be broken, this requires a large amount of
energy
20. Water dissolves other polar
substances
• Solutions are composed of
– Solute
• What is being dissolved
– Solvent
• What does the dissolving
Creating sugar water
solute – sugar
solvent – water
21. • When ionic salt (NaCl) is put in water, the
atoms dissociate and the Na+ and Cl- dissolve
into the water
Hydrophilic – molecule that
can attract water
Hydrophobic – molecule
that canon attract water (oil
and water do not mix)
22. Frozen water is less dense than
liquid
Water expands as it
freezes
Ice floats, allowing
bodies of water to freeze
from the surface down
and they usually do not
freeze solid, allowing
organisms to survive the
winter
23. Living things require a narrow pH
range
• When water dissociates, hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions
(OH-) result in equal concentrations
• Acids
– Excess hydrogen (H+) ions
• Bases
– Excess hydroxide (OH-) ions
24.
25. • The pH scale measures acidity and basicity
• pH scale ranges from 0 to 14
• Neutral = 7
– This is when H+ concentration equals OH- concentration
• Acidic <7
• Basic >7
26. Buffers help keep the pH of the
body fluids relatively constant
• Buffer
– Resists changes in pH
• Blood pH needs to stay between 7.35 and 7.45
• Carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate (HCO3) are present in blood
• Carbonic acid can dissociate to release bicarbonate and H+
– This lowers pH
• When a base is added (OH-) the carbonic acid dissociates and releases
H+, these combine to form water (H2O)
• When there is excess H+, carbonic acid reforms
27. • Breathing releases CO2, which reduces
the amount of carbonic acid in the blood
• Kidneys also filter acids and bases from
the body but act more slowly, although
powerfully. A malfunction of the kidneys
could cause blood pH to go higher or
lower than required levels.
28. Harmful effects of acid rain
• Rainwater pH = 5.6
– Low due to CO2 in the air forming carbonic
acid
• Acid rain pH < 5
– Contains sulfuric and/or nitric acid
– Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides come from
burning fossil fuels
• Acid rain affects lakes in areas with little to
no limestone (a buffer) CaCO3
29. • Acid rain
– Causes mercury to accumulate in fish
– Can make bodies of water lifeless
– Damages plants
– Increases respiratory illness in humans
– Breaks down limestone and marble buildings
and monuments
– Degrades paint on homes and cars
