Organic compounds – compounds that contain carbon
Many organic compounds have similar properties in terms of melting and boiling points, odor, electrical conductivity and solubility
Grade 9 Biology: Building Blocks of Life. A introduction to the major macromolecules of the cell. Students are taught polymers, monomers, and the elements typically found in each. Students should be able to identify the basic chemical structure of proteins, lipids, carbohydrate, and nucleic acids and know their basic functions within the cell.
Grade 9 Biology: Building Blocks of Life. A introduction to the major macromolecules of the cell. Students are taught polymers, monomers, and the elements typically found in each. Students should be able to identify the basic chemical structure of proteins, lipids, carbohydrate, and nucleic acids and know their basic functions within the cell.
I have prepare this slide thinking that it will help students .I have collected different photos and videos from internet please comment and if you need any slides for a topics . i will prepare the slide .
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
I have prepare this slide thinking that it will help students .I have collected different photos and videos from internet please comment and if you need any slides for a topics . i will prepare the slide .
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
5. Organic Compounds
• Organic compounds – compounds that contain carbon
• Many organic compounds have similar properties in terms of
melting and boiling points, odor, electrical conductivity and
solubility
• Many are gases at room temperature
• Many have a strong odor
• Many do not dissolve in water
7. There are 4 classes of organic compounds required by all living things
called macromolecules.
Foods provide these organic compounds which cells of living things use,
change, and store
These 4 classes are nutrients-substances that provide the energy and
raw materials the body needs to grow, repair worn parts, and function
properly.
Life with Carbon
8. The Four Macromolecules of Life
Macromolecule (polymer) made by joining many monomers (single
unit)
Polymerization: chemical rxn which joins monomers to make polymers
The four main classes of biological molecules:
1. Carbohydrates (sugar, starches, cellulose)
2. Lipids (wax, fats, oils, steroids)
3. Proteins (muscle, hair, hormones, enzymes)
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
10. Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrate – an energy-rich organic compound made of
the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Simple carbohydrate – the simplest carbs are sugars (glucose
is in your body – C6H12O6)
• Complex carbohydrate – a polymer made of smaller
molecules that are simple carbs bonded to one another
11. CARBOHYDRATES: Monomer = Monosaccharide
•Contain C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio
•Most end with “ose”
•An animal’s main energy source
•Carbs are burned first in the body
•Monosaccharides: (C6H12O6):
glucose, fructose, galactose
•Disaccharides:
sucrose, lactose, maltose
•Polysaccharides: (complex carbohydrates)
• A) glycogen (carb storage animal liver)
• B) starch (carb storage in plants)
• C) cellulose (cell walls, cotton) “roughage”
• D) chitin (exoskeletons of arthropods)
12. Proteins
• Proteins – formed from smaller
molecules called amino acids
• Amino acid – a monomer that is a
building block of proteins
• Each amino acid molecule has a
carboxyl group (–COOH) and an amino
group (–NH3)
• The body uses proteins from food to
build and repair body parts and to
regulate cell activities
13. PROTEINS: Monomer = Amino Acid
• essential to the structures and
activities of life
• Contain C, H, O, N (S, P)
• 50% of your dry weight
• examples of groups of proteins:
1. enzymes (amylase, sucrase,
maltase, lactase)
2. structural (collagen, elastin)
3. contractile (actin, myosin)
4. transport (hemoglobin, protein
channels)
5. hormones (insulin)
14. Each amino acid has:
•An amino group (-NH2)
•A carboxyl group (COOH)
•An R group, which distinguishes
each of the 20 different amino
acids
AMINO ACID: Structure
* Each amino acid has
specific properties
based on the R-group
* Peptide bonds link
amino acids together
polypeptide (protein)
15. Lipids
• Lipids – energy-rich compounds made of carbon, oxygen and
hydrogen
• Lipids include fats, oils, waxes and cholesterol
• Gram for gram, lipids release twice as much energy in your
body as do carbohydrates
Fatty acids – organic
compound that is a monomer
of a fat or oil
Cholesterol – a waxy lipid in
animal cells
16. LIPIDS: Monomer = Fatty Acids
* Mostly C and H atoms linked by
nonpolar covalent bonds
* reserve energy-storage molecules
(burned after carbs are gone)
* Insoluble in water (polar)
* Soluble in nonpolar solvents (ether)
* More energy in lipids than in carbs
- 9 cal/g Lipid vs. 4 cal/g Carb
* Examples: triglycerides, phospholipids,
steroids (cholesterol), waxes, oils, fats
* Triglyceride = 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol
* Saturated Fats: all single bonds in chain
- solid at room temp (ex: butter, lard)
* Unsaturated fats: one or more C=C bond in
chain
- liquid at room temp (ex: all oils)
17. Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids – very large organic molecules made up of
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus
• Two types – DNA and RNA
• Elements that make up all living things…
• C – Carbon
• H – Hydrogen
• N – Nitrogen
• O – Oxygen
• P – Phosphorus
• S – Sulfur
18. NUCLEICACIDS: Monomer = Nucleotide
• Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) store and transmit genetic information
• DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid
• RNA = Ribonucleic acid
• Large macromolecules containing C, H, O, N, P
• One nucleotide = 5-carbon sugar, phosphate (PO4-), nitrogenous base
The sugars and phosphates are
the backbone for the nucleic
acid
DNA’s sugar = deoxyribose
RNA’s sugar = ribose
19. Properties of Carbon
•Because of its unique ability to
combine in many ways with itself and
other elements, carbon has a central
role in the chemistry of living
organisms
20. CarbonAtoms and Bonding
• Carbon atoms can form single, double or
triple bonds with other carbon atoms.
• Carbon can form up to 4 bonds
• This allows carbon atoms to form long
chains, almost unlimited in length.
• Carbon can bond with other carbons, form
straight chains, branched chains and rings
21. The Chemistry of Carbon
• “organic”: must contain at least one carbon. CH4 = simplest organic molecule
• Carbon has 4 valence electrons
• Therefore, carbon will always make 4 bonds with other atoms
• Ability to form millions of different compounds with other elements
22. Forms of Pure Carbon
•Diamond, graphite, fullerenes and
nanotubes are four forms of the element
carbon
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=heNhJmKAozw
• (How diamonds are made)
•Diamond – crystalline form of carbon in
which each carbon atom is bonded strongly
to four other carbon atoms
• Formed from high temps and pressure
• Melting point is more than 3500 C
Can be made artificially and are used in industry as cutting tools
23. Forms of Pure Carbon
• Graphite – each carbon atom is bonded tightly to
three other carbon atoms in flat layers
• Bonds are very weak
• “Lead” in pencils is mostly graphite
• Used as a lubricant in machines
24. • Empirical formula of a chemical compound is the
simplest whole number ratio of atoms present in
a compound. A simple example of this concept is
that the empirical formula of sulfur monoxide, or
SO, would simply be SO, as is the empirical
formula of disulfur dioxide, S2O2.
25. • A molecular formula consists of the
chemical symbols for the constituent elements
followed by numeric subscripts describing the
number of atoms of each element present in the
molecule.The empirical formula represents the
simplest whole-integer ratio of atoms in a
compound.
26.
27. Hydrocarbons
•Hydrocarbon – compound that contains
only the elements carbon and hydrogen
• Hydrocarbons mix poorly with water
• All hydrocarbons are flammable; CH4 (methane), C2H6 (ethane), C3H8
(propane)
28. Structure of Hydrocarbons
• The carbon chains in the hydrocarbon may be straight, branched or
ring-shaped
• Structural formula – shows the kind, number and arrangement of
atoms in a molecule
• Isomer – compounds that have the same chemical formula but
different structural formulas which makes them have different
properties
C4H10
29. Structure of Hydrocarbons
• Saturated hydrocarbons – only single bonds, has maximum
number a hydrogen atoms attached
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons – has double or triple bonds, have
fewer hydrogen than saturated hydrocarbons
30. Structure of Hydrocarbons
• Substituted hydrocarbon – atoms of other elements replace one or more
hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon
• Include halogen-containing compounds, alcohols, and organic compounds
• Alcohol – a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more hydroxyl
groups
• hydroxyl group –OH
• Alcohols dissolve well in water,
have higher boiling points than other
Hydrocarbons with similar numbers of
carbon
31. • Organic acid – a substituted hydrocarbon that contains
one or more carboxyl groups
• Example: citric acid (lemons) acetic acid (vinegar), malic
acid (apples), butyric acid (butter)
•carboxyl group –COOH
• Ester – compound made by chemically combining an
alcohol and an organic acid
• Have pleasant, fruity smells
• Responsible for smells of pineapple, bananas,
strawberries
32.
33. Other Compounds in Foods
• Vitamins-organic compounds that serve as
helper molecules in a variety of chemical
reactions in your body.
• Minerals-elements in the form of ions in your
body.
• Water-makes up most of your body’s fluids.
34. Polymers
•Polymer – large molecule made of a chain
of many smaller molecules bonded
together
•Monomer – smaller molecules that make
up polymers
35. Forms of Pure Carbon
•Fullerenes – consists of carbon atoms
arranged in the shape of a hollow sphere
• Called buckyballs after an architect
•Nanotube – carbon atoms are arranged in
the shape of a long hollow cylinder
• Tiny, light, flexible and extremely strong
• Good conductors of heat and electricity.