This document discusses oogenesis, the process by which eggs are produced in female organisms. It begins by outlining the objectives and introducing oogenesis and its three phases: proliferative, growth, and maturation. During these phases, significant biochemical changes occur in the nucleus, cytoplasm, RNA, yolk proteins, and hormones of the developing egg. As the egg grows and matures, it accumulates mitochondria, RNA polymerases, DNA polymerases, ribosomes, and other cellular components needed to support development upon fertilization. The process is regulated by hormones like FSH and LH and allows for the production of haploid eggs through meiosis.
Vittelogenesis is a word developed from Latin vitellus-yolk, and genero-produce
Vitellogenesis (also known as yolk deposition) is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction of lecithotrophic organisms. In insects, it starts when the fat body stimulates the release of juvenile hormones and produces vitellogenin protein.
Yolks is the most usual form of food storage in the egg.
Yolks appear in the oocyte in the secondary period of their growth called vittelogenesis.
Thus,the formation and deposition of yolks is known as vittelogenesis
Characteristic
Yolks is a complex variable assembled component.
The principle component are protein,phospholipid and fats in different combination.
Depending upon these component yolks is distinguished into protein yolks and fatty acid
For eg- the avian contain 48.19% water , 16.6 % protein, 32.6% phospholipids and fats and 1% carbohydrates.
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
GAMETES
STRUCTURE OF GAMETES
SPERM
OVUM
RECOGNITION OF EGG AND SPERM
CAPACITATION
ACROSOME REACTION
SPECIES-SPECIFIC RECOGNITION
GAMETE BINDING AND RECOGNITION
GAMETE FUSION
PREVENTION OF POLYSPERMY
ACTIVATION OF GAMETE METABOLISM
FUSION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL
SIGNIFICANCE OF FERTILIZATION
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
A chart showing the fate of each part of an early embryo, in a particular blastula stage is called fate maps. It is done because the correct interpretation of gastrulation is impossible without the knowledge of the position which are the presumptive germinal layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm) occupy in blastula.
Fate mapping is a method used in developmental biology to study the embryonic origin of various adult tissues and structures. The "fate" of each cell or group of cells is mapped onto the embryo, showing which parts of the embryo will develop into which tissue. When carried out at single-cell resolution, this process is called cell lineage tracing. It is also used to trace the development of tumors.
How 3 germ layers are formed in Chick that are endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.As Chick are polylecithal so cell movements are somewhat restricted and gastrulation is modified as compared to frog.
Vittelogenesis is a word developed from Latin vitellus-yolk, and genero-produce
Vitellogenesis (also known as yolk deposition) is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction of lecithotrophic organisms. In insects, it starts when the fat body stimulates the release of juvenile hormones and produces vitellogenin protein.
Yolks is the most usual form of food storage in the egg.
Yolks appear in the oocyte in the secondary period of their growth called vittelogenesis.
Thus,the formation and deposition of yolks is known as vittelogenesis
Characteristic
Yolks is a complex variable assembled component.
The principle component are protein,phospholipid and fats in different combination.
Depending upon these component yolks is distinguished into protein yolks and fatty acid
For eg- the avian contain 48.19% water , 16.6 % protein, 32.6% phospholipids and fats and 1% carbohydrates.
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
GAMETES
STRUCTURE OF GAMETES
SPERM
OVUM
RECOGNITION OF EGG AND SPERM
CAPACITATION
ACROSOME REACTION
SPECIES-SPECIFIC RECOGNITION
GAMETE BINDING AND RECOGNITION
GAMETE FUSION
PREVENTION OF POLYSPERMY
ACTIVATION OF GAMETE METABOLISM
FUSION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL
SIGNIFICANCE OF FERTILIZATION
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
A chart showing the fate of each part of an early embryo, in a particular blastula stage is called fate maps. It is done because the correct interpretation of gastrulation is impossible without the knowledge of the position which are the presumptive germinal layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm) occupy in blastula.
Fate mapping is a method used in developmental biology to study the embryonic origin of various adult tissues and structures. The "fate" of each cell or group of cells is mapped onto the embryo, showing which parts of the embryo will develop into which tissue. When carried out at single-cell resolution, this process is called cell lineage tracing. It is also used to trace the development of tumors.
How 3 germ layers are formed in Chick that are endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.As Chick are polylecithal so cell movements are somewhat restricted and gastrulation is modified as compared to frog.
Giving overview of human embryonic development including spermatogenesis, oogenesis, fertilization, gastrulation, cleavage, extraembryonic layers and pregnancy
presentation on oogenesis of fertilisation process full details about it u will never find it anywhere else have full details about the ovum formation polar bodies and everything . so explore here
Giant cell lesions are a group of lesions that typically display multinucleate giant cells as one of the characteristic histopathological features which are significant and aids in diagnosis.
Detailed description of malarial parasites especially P. falciparum with regards to their Morphology, Life cycle, Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Clinical manifestations and complications and Laboratory diagnosis including modern methods and treatment.
Here provided contents for learning that what are the male and female gametes. How to they form? And described how to both gametes fused (fertilization)on the molecular basis.
differentiation in microbes is a peculiar character, different microbes have a different mode of life some lives as a single cell, and some lives as complex life cycle by having different types of cells, coccoid, rod or sedentary cells it's all depend upon their
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Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
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Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
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A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
7. PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS (PGCs)
GAMETES
GAMETOGENESIS: OOGENESIS
DURING 2ND WEEK OF EMBRYO
4TH WEEK
5TH WEEK
PGC FORMED IN EPIBLAST
PGC BEGINS TO MIGRATE FROM THE YOLK SAC
MIGRATION ENDS IN DEVELOPING GONADS
(OVARY)
DIFFERENTIATE INTO OOGONIA - 7 MILLION
CELL DEATH BEGINS -MAJORITY OF OOGONIA
DEGENERATED
6TH WEEK
7TH WEEK
REMAINING PRIMARY OOCYTES HAVE ENTERED
PROPHASE OF MEIOSIS I – DIPLOTENE STAGE (RESTING PHASE)
• Oogonia divide rapidly from the second to the seventh month of gestation to form
roughly 7 million germ cells. After the seventh month number of germ cells drops
precipitously.
AT BIRTH
BEGINNING OF PUBERTY
TILL 50 YEARS (MENOPAUSE)
2 MILLION PRIMARY OOCYTES
400,000
500 ONLY OVULATED
7
8. • Oogonia divide rapidly from the second to the seventh
month of gestation to form roughly 7 million germ cells.
After the seventh month number of germ cells drops
precipitously.
8
12. BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES
• Gametes formed by oogenesis contains all the materials needed to
initiate and maintain metabolism and development.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Form haploid nucleus,
All the organelles involved in fertilization have to be constructed,
All the mRNAs & proteins have to positioned properly in the oocyte,
All the membrane proteins involved in coordinating the interactions
with sperm have to be synthesized and in place,
The accumulated material in the oocyte cytoplasm includes energy
sources and energy –producing organelles(yolk & mitochondria)
The enzymes and precursors for DNA, RNA and protein synthesis,
Stored messenger RNAs,
Structural proteins,
Morphogenetic regulatory factors that control early embryogenesis
12
13. CELLULAR COMPONENTS STORED IN THE MATURE OOCYTE
OF XENOPUS LAEVIS
COMPONENT
MITOCHONDRIA
APPROXIMATE EXCESS OVER
AMOUNT IN LARVAL CELLS
100,000
RNA POLYMERASES
60,000 -100,000
DNA POLYMERASES
100,000
RIBOSOMES
200,000
TRNA
10,000
HISTONES
15,000
DEOXYRIBONUCLEOSIDE
TRIPHOSPHATES
2,500
13
14. • Oogenesis vary among species to species.
• E.g. Sea urchin & Frogs - routinely produces
hundreds or thousands of eggs at a time.
• Humans and most mammals - only a few eggs are
produced during the lifetime of an individual.
Most of the biochemical changes takes place in the growth
phase
14
16. 2)GROWTH PHASE
1. Oocyte increases in size
• Nutrients & other materials synthesized, then
these substances accumulate in the cytoplasm.
Young oocyte of frog - 50µ in diameter
Mature oocyte of frog- 20-40 times larger.
Hen’s oocyte- 200 times larger.
Mouse oocyte- 43 times larger.
16
17. 2. Period of growth:
Frog 3 years oogenesis – first 2 years size increase
gradually then 3rd year accumulation of yolk
increases its size.
Human – 12 or 13 years
3. Stages of growth phase:
i.
Previtellogenesis (cytoplasmic & nuclear
materials grow- no yolk synthesis)
ii. Vitellogenesis (synthesis of yolk )
17
20. • Homologous chromosomes pair together.
• Active mRNA synthesis –
GENE TRANSCRIPTION IN AMPHIBIAN OOCYTES:
• During the diplotene stage, certain
chromosomes stretch out large loops of DNA,
causing the chromosome to resemble a lamp
brush. These lamp brush chromosomes can
be revealed as the sites of RNA synthesis by in
situ hybridization.
20
21. • Oocyte
chromosomes can
be incubated with
a radioactive RNA
probe, and
autoradiography
used to visualize
the precise
location where
the gene is being
transcribed.
Figure shows diplotene chromosome I of the
newt Triturus cristatus after incubation with
radioactive histone mRNA.It is obvious that a
histone gene (or set of histone genes) is
located on one of these loops of the
21
Lampbrush chromosome (Old et al. 1977).
23. VITELLOGENESIS
• Liver produce inactive/precursor vitellogenin
• Transported through blood to ovary enzymes protein
kinase convert it into active vitellogenin- mitochondria
23
24. • The growing diplotene oocyte is actively
transcribing the genes for zona pellucida
proteins ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3.
24
25. MATURATION PHASE
• The diploid primary oocyte reduced into
haploid & form ovum.
• 1st meiotic division – 1 polar body having small
amount of cytoplasm
- larger cytoplasm having
cell is known as secondary oocyte.
2nd meiotic division – produce 3 polar bodies
and a single ovum
25
26. • The time of maturation varies in different
species.
• It may occur after / before fertilization or at
the time of fertilization.
• Sea urchin – before
• Vertebrates – after
• Acidian – at time of fertilization
26
33. FSH promotes the growth & development of oocyte
LH triggers ovulation
FSH, LH promote meiotic maturation division of oocyte
and stimulate follicle cells to synthesis vitellogenin.
33
34. • During the process of oogenesis, oocytes of
many animal species undergo meiotic arrest
prior to the completion of chromosomal
reduction and it is in this state that they
undergo tremendous growth. The length of
time that oocytes remain in this arrested state
and the nature of the stimulus which
reinitiates meiosis are species dependent
34