Biochem nucleotides(structure and functions) june.18.2010
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Nucleic acids are made up of monomeric units called nucleotides. Nucleotides serve important biochemical functions as components of coenzymes involved in transferring phosphoryl, sugar, lipid groups. They also function as second messengers like cAMP and cGMP. Synthetic nucleotides containing halogens or additional nitrogen are used in chemotherapy and immunosuppression. Purines and pyrimidines are heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds that form the bases of nucleic acids. Nucleosides are derivatives of bases linked to a sugar, while nucleotides contain a phosphoryl group attached to the sugar. RNA and DNA are made up of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides formed through a series of phosphorylation and conversion reactions in
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2) The salvage pathway recycles purine bases and nucleosides obtained from the diet or cell turnover to form nucleotides.
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This power point presentation is useful for Undergraduates as well as postgraduates students of Medicine, health science, Biology and laboratory.
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The six-step de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway converts aspartate and bicarbonate into UMP. The first step produces carbamoyl phosphate from glutamine and bicarbonate. Carbamoyl phosphate then reacts with aspartate to form carbamoyl aspartate. Ring closure produces dihydroorotate, which is oxidized to orotate. Orotate is attached to PRPP to form OMP. OMP is decarboxylated to produce the final product UMP. UMP can be further modified to CTP and other pyrimidine nucleotides. The pathway is regulated by feedback inhibition of early enzymes by end products.
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RNA nucleotides are composed of a phosphate group, ribose sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil. These bases allow nucleotides to bond together via hydrogen bonds to form RNA strands. The order of bases in RNA acts as a code to carry out functions like DNA replication and protein production through transcription and translation. Transfer RNA (tRNA) helps translate the genetic code carried by mRNA into proteins by matching amino acids to mRNA codons through nucleotide base pairing in its anticodon region.
5 nucleotides and nucleic acids lecture
This document discusses nucleotides, nucleic acids, and their roles in biology. It describes how nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base bonded to a pentose sugar and phosphate group. Nucleotides bond together via phosphodiester bonds to form nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, which store and transmit genetic information in living cells. The document outlines the structures of nucleotides and nucleic acids and differentiates between ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides.
Purine metabolism
This document discusses the metabolism of purine nucleotides. It describes how purine bases are recycled through the salvage pathway using phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) and enzymes like adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT). Primary gout is caused by enzyme defects while secondary gout results from overproduction or decreased excretion of uric acid. Symptoms of gout include arthritis in the big toe joint and treatment involves a low purine diet, allopurinol to inhibit xanthine oxidase, and probenecid or colchicine. Lesch-Ny
Forensic medicine medical negligence
Medical negligence occurs when a doctor breaches his duty of care owed to a patient, resulting in injury to the patient. For a claim of medical negligence to be successful, it must be proven that the doctor owed a duty of care, breached this duty, and this breach caused damages to the patient. Breaches of duty can include failing to follow approved medical practices, making inaccurate diagnoses, risks associated with treatment, and failing to communicate with other doctors. The standard of care owed depends on the doctor's specialty and level of experience. Between 1985-1989, the Malaysian Medical Council inquired into 36 cases of medical negligence and disciplinary issues, finding 21 practitioners guilty as charged.
Nucleotides Chemistry
This document discusses nucleotide chemistry. It defines nucleotides as nucleosides bonded to phosphate groups. Nucleosides consist of pentose sugars bonded to nitrogenous bases. The document outlines the structures and names of common nucleotides and nucleosides. It also describes several important biological roles of nucleotides, including as precursors of nucleic acids, components of coenzymes, and carriers of energy and genetic information. The document concludes by noting some medical uses of synthetic nucleotide analogs as chemotherapy agents, antivirals, and treatments for conditions like gout.
Character tables
Basic evaluation how we can come from symmetry elements of molecules to Character Tables - and what we can do with the information in them.
Nucleotides and nucleic acids
This is a continuation of the earlier slide with a name "Nucleotides". Please refer to the previous mentioned slide before moving to this slide for a better overall concept on nucleotides and nucleic acids.
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Lipids are esters of fatty acids and alcohols. They include fats, oils, waxes, sterols and phospholipids. Fatty acids are classified as saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated depending on the number of double bonds in their hydrocarbon tails. Essential fatty acids that must be obtained through diet are alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3) and linoleic acid (omega-6). Lipids are further classified as simple or compound, with triglycerides and phospholipids as examples of each.
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Rna nucleotides chemical structure, function, importance of bases
Rna nucleotides chemical structure, function, importance of bases
Similar to Biochem nucleotides(structure and functions) june.18.2010
200L MBBS, NUCLEOSIDES ETC-1.pptx
This document discusses nucleotides, nucleosides, nucleic acids, and their structures and functions. Some key points:
- Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and phosphate. Nucleosides lack the phosphate.
- Purine nucleosides contain adenine or guanine, while pyrimidine nucleosides contain cytosine, uracil, or thymine.
- Nucleotides and nucleosides play important roles in cell signaling, energy storage, and as components of nucleic acids and coenzymes.
- Nucleic acids DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides. DNA has the sugar deoxyrib
Informational macromolecules (2)
Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids DNA and RNA. They consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and phosphate groups. Nucleotides combine to form nucleic acids and act as carriers of genetic information and cellular energy. Some synthetic nucleotide analogs are used as chemotherapy drugs by incorporating into DNA and disrupting nucleic acid synthesis. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA store and transmit genetic information through their linear polymers of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds into strands with distinct primary, secondary and tertiary structures.
Informational macromolecules (2)
Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids DNA and RNA. They consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and phosphate groups. Nucleotides combine to form nucleic acids and act as carriers of genetic information and cellular energy. Some synthetic nucleotide analogs are used as chemotherapy drugs by incorporating into DNA and disrupting nucleic acid synthesis. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA store and transmit genetic information through their linear polymers of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds into strands with distinct primary, secondary and tertiary structures.
NUCLEOTIDES - Best.ppt
1. Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as monomers for nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. They are composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and at least one phosphate group.
2. Nucleotides have important biochemical functions as building blocks of nucleic acids, as carriers of chemical energy in cells, and as secondary messengers or regulators of metabolism.
3. The four nitrogenous bases found in DNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, while RNA contains adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil instead of thymine. Nucleotides are polymers of these bases linked to ribose or deoxyrib
Nucleotides chemistry and metabolism
This document discusses nucleotides, their chemistry and metabolism. It covers the following key points:
- Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and phosphate groups. They are precursors to nucleic acids DNA and RNA.
- Purines and pyrimidines are the nitrogenous bases present in nucleotides. Adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine are the major bases.
- Nucleotides are synthesized through two pathways - de novo synthesis which builds purine rings from simple precursors, and the salvage pathway which recycles purines.
- The major sites of purine synthesis are the liver and degradation
Introduction to nucleic acid, chemistry of nucleotiides , july 2020
This document provides an introduction to nucleic acids, their components, and chemistry. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Nucleic acids are high molecular weight polymers composed of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds. The nucleotides contain a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
2. DNA contains deoxyribose and RNA contains ribose. The nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, while in RNA thymine is replaced by uracil.
3. Nucleotides are the monomers that make up nucleic acids. They contain a nucleoside (pentose sugar + nitrogenous base), and one or more phosphate groups
Introduction to nucleic acid, chemistry of nucleotides
This document provides an overview of nucleic acids and nucleotides. It defines nucleic acids as polymers of nucleotides connected by phosphodiester bonds. Nucleotides are the monomers and consist of a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. There are two types of nucleic acids - DNA contains deoxyribose and is made of deoxyribonucleotides, while RNA contains ribose and is made of ribonucleotides. Nucleotides can be synthesized through de novo synthesis or salvage pathways. The document discusses the structures, components and functions of nucleic acids and nucleotides in living cells.
Molecular biology and genetics
This document discusses the fundamentals of molecular biology and genetics, focusing on nucleic acids. It defines nucleic acids as polymers of nucleotides covalently linked together. Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. The two main nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose while RNA contains ribose. Purines include adenine and guanine, while pyrimidines include cytosine, uracil, and thymine. Nucleotides are mono, di, or triphosphates of nucleosides, which combine a nitrogenous base and a sugar. Nucleotides serve important functions as carriers of energy and activated intermediates in cellular processes.
Nucleic Acid Metabolism
The document summarizes nucleic acid metabolism. It describes the key components of nucleotides - nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate groups. The two types of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, contain different pentose sugars. DNA contains deoxyribose while RNA contains ribose. The document outlines the biosynthesis and degradation pathways of purines and pyrimidines. It also discusses the structure of DNA, including Chargaff's rules, the DNA double helix model proposed by Watson and Crick, and the relationship between hyperuricemia and the disease gout.
Nucleotide Chemistry - Basics
Dr. P. Harsha vardhan
Assistant Professor
Dpt of Biochemistry
Mallareddy Medical College for Women
Hyderabad, Telangana
11. nucleotide
This document discusses nucleotides and their metabolism. It begins by defining nucleotides and their roles in biochemical processes as the monomeric units of DNA and RNA. It then describes how purine and pyrimidine nucleotides differ based on their nitrogenous base and pentose residue, and how DNA contains deoxyribonucleotides while RNA contains ribonucleotides. The document goes on to explain that inosine monophosphate is the initially synthesized purine derivative, and that AMP and GMP are subsequently synthesized from this intermediate via separate pathways. It concludes by outlining the first step in pyrimidine ring synthesis and the synthesis of thymine from dUMP.
chemistry NUCLEOTIDES
Nucleotides are organic compounds that serve as the monomeric units of nucleic acids DNA and RNA. They consist of three components - a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and one of five nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, or uracil). Nucleotides function as carriers of chemical energy in cells and participate in cellular signaling and enzymatic reactions. They are the building blocks that make up nucleic acids, with DNA containing the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, and RNA containing adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil instead of thymine. Nucleotides differ based on their
Lecture 1 part.1 Structure and Function of Nucleic Acid
This presentation is the part of Molecular Biology and Genetic course that would describe you about structure and function of nucleic acid and there types
Chemistry of nucleotides dr. vani
Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. The nitrogenous bases are either purines (adenine and guanine) or pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil). When a base combines with a pentose sugar, a nucleoside is formed. The addition of one or more phosphate groups creates a nucleotide. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA and are also involved in energy storage and transfer through molecules like ATP.
Structure of dna
DNA is composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogen bases, sugars, and phosphates. The order of these nucleotides determines the genetic code. DNA exists as a double helix structure with two complementary strands joined by hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases on each strand. This double helix structure allows DNA to efficiently store and replicate genetic information.
Chemistry of nucleotides
Nucleotides are composed of nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate groups. They are the building blocks of nucleic acids DNA and RNA. Nucleotides act as precursors and regulators in many biochemical pathways. Derivatives of nucleotides like ATP are important energy carriers, while cAMP and cGMP act as intracellular messengers. Synthetic nucleotides have clinical applications as chemotherapy agents and treatments for diseases.
final_n.a_metabolism.pptx
This document discusses nucleoprotein metabolism and the biosynthesis of purine nucleotides. It describes how purines are synthesized de novo through a multi-step pathway beginning with ribose-5-phosphate. The pathway involves 11 steps to produce inosine monophosphate (IMP) as the first purine nucleotide. IMP is then converted to AMP and GMP. The process requires energy and nitrogen/carbon sources like glutamine, glycine, and formate. Key regulatory enzymes control the pathway in response to levels of purine nucleotides like IMP, AMP and GMP.
Chemistry of nucleotides.pdf
nucleotides discovery, functions,
composition of nucleotides
nitrogenous bases- purines and pyrimidines
nucleosides, riobonucleosides , deoyxribonucleosides
Nucleic acid introduction & metabolism
The document discusses nucleic acids, their composition, types (DNA and RNA), and metabolism. It describes that nucleic acids are made of nucleotides, which consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and phosphate. The four nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and either thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA. Nucleotides are synthesized through de novo and salvage pathways. The de novo pathway builds nucleotides from simple precursors, while the salvage pathway recycles bases and nucleotides. Key enzymes and steps in the biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines are also outlined.
NA- 01: Chemistry of Nucleotides & It's clinical importance
This document discusses nucleoproteins, which are genetic proteins that are also known as nucleoproteins. Nucleoproteins are largely composed of chromatin, which contains both protein and nucleic acid components. The protein components are histones or protamines, while the nucleic acid components are DNA and RNA. Nucleoproteins are involved in cell division and transmission of hereditary factors. The document then describes the specific protein and nucleic acid components in more detail.
Similar to Biochem nucleotides(structure and functions) june.18.2010 (20)
Introduction to nucleic acid, chemistry of nucleotiides , july 2020
Introduction to nucleic acid, chemistry of nucleotiides , july 2020
Introduction to nucleic acid, chemistry of nucleotides
Introduction to nucleic acid, chemistry of nucleotides
Lecture 1 part.1 Structure and Function of Nucleic Acid
Lecture 1 part.1 Structure and Function of Nucleic Acid
NA- 01: Chemistry of Nucleotides & It's clinical importance
NA- 01: Chemistry of Nucleotides & It's clinical importance
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
ここ3000字までしか入らないけどタイトルの方がたくさん文字入ると思います。
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
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- 1. NUCLEIC ACID Structure and Functions
- 3. Purine and Pyrimidine Purines and pyrimidines are nitrogen-containing heterocycles, cyclic compounds whose rings contain both carbon and other elements (hetero atoms).
- 4. Sources of the individual atoms in the purine ring.
- 5. Under physiologic conditions, the amino and oxo tautomers of purines,pyrimidine, and their derivatives predominate.
- 6. Nucleosides Nucleosides are derivatives of purines and pyrimidines that have a sugar linked to a ring nitrogen. The sugar is linked to the heterocyclic base via a β -N-glycosidic bond, almost always to N-1 of a pyrimidine or to N-9 of a purine.
- 7. Nucleotides RNA RNA DNA DNA
- 8. Mononucleotides are nucleosides with a phosphoryl group esterfied to a hydrosyl group of the sugar. 3’- and 5’ –nucleotides are nucleosides with a phosphoryl group on the 3’ – or 5’ –hydroxyl group of the Sugar. Nucleotides Nucleostides are present in all type of cells.
- 9. Ribonucleoside monophosphate, diphosphate, and triphosphate.
- 10. Conversion of nucleoside mono phosphates to nucleoside di phosphates and tri phosphates.
- 11. Conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides.
- 13. Cyclic AMP and GMP Adenylate cyclase
- 14. .
- 15. figures.
- 16. . .
- 17. figures.
- 19. 4. In .
- 24. Dinucleotide
- 26. ,