This document discusses various techniques for enhancing the bioavailability of drug formulations, including cocrystallization, copolymerization, and PEGylation. Cocrystallization involves forming a crystalline complex between an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a co-crystal former, which can improve solubility and bioavailability. Copolymerization uses block copolymer micelles to encapsulate hydrophobic drugs and improve their solubility. PEGylation attaches polyethylene glycol chains to proteins and peptides to increase their circulating half-life and protect them from degradation. The document examines each technique in more detail and concludes that proper selection of a bioavailability enhancement method is key to developing an effective drug formulation.
Liposomes-Classification, methods of preparation and application Vijay Hemmadi
liposome preparation and application
A liposome is a tiny bubble (vesicle), made out of the same material as a cell membrane. Liposomes can be filled with drugs, and used to deliver drugs for cancer and other diseases. Membranes are usually made of phospholipids, which are molecules that have a head group and a tail group
Liposomes-Classification, methods of preparation and application Vijay Hemmadi
liposome preparation and application
A liposome is a tiny bubble (vesicle), made out of the same material as a cell membrane. Liposomes can be filled with drugs, and used to deliver drugs for cancer and other diseases. Membranes are usually made of phospholipids, which are molecules that have a head group and a tail group
‘Targeted drug delivery system is a special form of drug delivery system where the medicament is selectively targeted or delivered only to its site of action or absorption and not to the non-target organs or tissues or cells.’
drug execipent compatibilty studies is of prime importance for the better formulation of the new drug and also for reducing cost by verfication of the data at the earlier atage.
this presentation will give the brief explanation of the goal, importance, dteps involve to studi the drug execient compatibility studies with different examples suitable accordiingly.
“It is define has an substance or Pharmaceutical material is encapsulated over the surface of solid, droplet of liquid and dispersion of medium is known has Microencapsulation”
Pharmaceutical formulation is the means whereby a drug is converted into a medicine, i.e., to a suitable form for administration to a patient by a particular route.
The conversion of a drug into a medicine often involves the addition of pharmaceutical adjuvants (excipients) such as binding agents, disintegrating agents, antioxidants, antimicrobial preservative and emulsifying agents etc.
The stability of a medicine relates to the various changes that may occur in the medicine during preparation and storage and to the impact of those changes on its fitness for use.
‘Targeted drug delivery system is a special form of drug delivery system where the medicament is selectively targeted or delivered only to its site of action or absorption and not to the non-target organs or tissues or cells.’
drug execipent compatibilty studies is of prime importance for the better formulation of the new drug and also for reducing cost by verfication of the data at the earlier atage.
this presentation will give the brief explanation of the goal, importance, dteps involve to studi the drug execient compatibility studies with different examples suitable accordiingly.
“It is define has an substance or Pharmaceutical material is encapsulated over the surface of solid, droplet of liquid and dispersion of medium is known has Microencapsulation”
Pharmaceutical formulation is the means whereby a drug is converted into a medicine, i.e., to a suitable form for administration to a patient by a particular route.
The conversion of a drug into a medicine often involves the addition of pharmaceutical adjuvants (excipients) such as binding agents, disintegrating agents, antioxidants, antimicrobial preservative and emulsifying agents etc.
The stability of a medicine relates to the various changes that may occur in the medicine during preparation and storage and to the impact of those changes on its fitness for use.
Bioavailability and bioequivalence studyMcpl Moshi
BCS is a scientific framework for classifying drug substances based on their aqueous solubility and intestinal permeability.
It is a drug development tool that allows estimation of solubility, dissolution and intestinal permeability affect that oral drug absorption.
Kashikar V S
PES Modern College of Pharmacy ( for ladies), Moshi Pune
Bioavailability and Bioequivalence studyMcpl Moshi
Bioavailability and Bioequivalence study, BCS is a scientific framework for classifying drug substances based on their aqueous solubility and intestinal permeability.
It is a drug development tool that allows estimation of solubility, dissolution and intestinal permeability affect that oral drug absorption.
his guideline should be read in conjunction with other ICH guidelines relevant to the
conduct of clinical trials (e.g., E2A (clinical safety data management), E3 (clinical study
reporting), E7 (geriatric populations), E8 (general considerations for clinical trials), E9
(statistical principles), and E11 (pediatric populations)).
This ICH GCP Guideline Integrated Addendum provides a unified standard for the European
Union, Japan, the United States, Canada, and Switzerland to facilitate the mutual acceptance
of data from clinical trials by the regulatory authorities in these jurisdictions. In the event of
any conflict between the E6(R1) text and the E6(R2) addendum text, the E6(R2) addendum
text should take priority.
Biopharmaceutics classification system class 1Aloysiatreslyn
Biopharmaceutics classification system class
defination,bcs,class1 drugs,physiochemical parameters,advantages,disadvantages,list of drugs,formulaton consideration,solubility,permability,disssolution etc .The Biopharmaceutics Classification System is a system to differentiate the drugs on the basis of their solubility and permeability. This system restricts the prediction using the parameters solubility and intestinal permeability.
Fundamental concept of modified drug releaseAbhinayJha3
Different Terminologies used in a modified release
1. Sustained release
2. Delayed release
3. Prolonged release
4. Extended-release
5. Controlled release
6. Site-specific targeting and receptor targeting
SELECTION OF DRUG CANDIDATE FOR ORAL SUSTAINED RELEASE SYSTEMS, BIOPHARMACEUTICAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM.
Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of a microorganism (like bacteria, viruses, and some parasites) to stop an antimicrobial (such as antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals) from working against it.
Pharmaceutical Quality by Design (QBD) is a concept introduced by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q8 guideline, as a systematic approach to development that begins with predetermined objectives and emphasizes the understanding of production and processes and process control, based on sound science and quality risk management.
The basic concept of QBD is “The Quality cannot be tested into the product, but it should be built into it.”
QBD Quality by design for Immediate release dosage formKushal Saha
Traditional approach of formulating a new drug product is an exhaustive task and involves a number of resources like man, money, time and experimental efforts. While, using this Quality by Design (QBD) approach one can get the pharmaceutical product of desired (best) quality with minimizing above resources as well as knowing the influence of one factor over the desired associated process. Hence aim of this study is the understanding of QBD approach to design product and manufacturing process to get desired pharmaceutical product. QBD follows the concepts of ICH guidelines (Q8, Q9 & Q10) which are essential for processing a pharmaceutical process. In this presentation we are going to focus upon QBD for immediate release dosage forms.
Personalised Medicine is a young but rapidly advancing field.
The term 'Personalised Medicine' is described as providing "the right patient with the right drug at the right dose at the right time".
Suprachoroidal drug delivery system is a novel drug delivery used in opthalmology.. It is a novel approach by which ocular side effects can be minimized.
Ayurveda vs Allopathy : Look, Think & DecideKushal Saha
Life is a running race now a day. We need quick but efficient relief. Modern medicine or Allopathic medicine is saving numerous lives since the time of World War II. Especially in emergencies like viral attacks, epidemic and surgical cases the allopathic system has been so impressive and approved by all over the world. Presently, use of computers is making it more accurate. But, this rapid relief method of medicine or you can say "Short-Cut" method of relief is also producing several adverse effects which cause severe problems like multi organ failure etc. We're taking medicine to get rid of a side effect created by another and that also shows another side effect and thus we're becoming medicine prone.
So I'm trying to look behind, in the pages of Vedas, our traditional medicinal system – Ayurveda; Which not only cures the disease but also teaches us how to stay healthy. They've very less side effects as they are naturally derived.
But, here also one question arises. Can the so called backdated ayurveda satisfy our need for being healthy in this modern era?
So, here I'm presenting the basic comparison between Ayurveda and Allopathy. Now you have to look, think and decide which you should choose for your betterment.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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2. Contents
Introduction
Significance of Bioavailability
Causes of low bioavailability
Biopharmaceutical Classification System
Co-Crystalisation
Co-polymerization
PEGylation
3. Introduction:
Bioavailability: Bioavailability is defined as rate and extent of absorption of unchanged drug from it’s dosage
form and become available at the site of action. Bioavailability of a drug from it’s dosage form depends upon
3 major factors:
Pharmaceutical factors
Patient related factors
Route of administration
Absolute Bioavailability: If the systemic availability of a drug administered orally is determined by doing its
comparison with I.V. administration, it is known as absolute bioavailability.
AUC extravascular DOSE intravenous
F= X
AUC intravenous DOSE extravascular
Relative Bioavailability: If the systemic availability of a drug administered orally is determined by doing
its comparison with that of an oral standard of the same drug, it is known as a relative bioavailability.
AUC extravascular1 DOSE extravascular2
F(rel) = X
AUC extravascular2 DOSE extravascular1
So, now we will know the significance of bioavailability, so that we can understand the need
of the enhancement procedures of it.
4. Significance of Bioavailability
1. Drugs having low therapeutic index, e.g. cardiac glycosides, quinidine, phenytoin etc. and narrow margin of
safety e.g. antiarrythmics, antidiabetics, adrenal steroids, theophylline.
2. Drugs whose peak levels are required for the effect of drugs, e.g. phenytoin, phenobarbitone, primidone,
sodium valporate, anti- hypertensives, antidiabetics and antibiotics.
3. Drugs that are absorbed by an active transport, e.g. amino acid analogues, purine analogues etc. In addition,
any new formulation has to be tested for its bioavailability profile.
4. Drugs which are disintegrated in the alimentary canal and liver, e.g. chlorpromazine etc. or those which
undergo first pass metabolism.
5. Formulations that give sustained release of drug, formulations with smaller disintegration time than
dissolution rate and drugs used as replacement therapy also warrant bioavailability testing.
6. Drugs with steep dose response relationship i.e. drugs obeying zero order kinetics / mixed order
elimination kinetics ( e.g. warfarin , phenytoin, digoxin, aspirin at high doses, phenylbutazone).
CAUSES OF LOW BIOAVAILABILITY
• First pass metabolism
• Poorly water soluble, slowly
absorbing oral drugs Insufficient
time for absorption in GIT Poor
dissolution (highly ionized and
polar)
• Age, stress, disorders, surgery etc.
• Chemical reactions
• Metabolism by luminal micro flora
5. Biopharmaceutical Classification
System
The Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) has been a prognostic tool for assessing the potential
effects of formulation on the human drug oral bioavailability. The therapeutic efficacy of solid dosage forms is
dependent upon bioavailability of the drug, which in turn is determined by its solubility and dissolution rate
at the site of absorption.
Four classes of
biopharmaceutical
classification system
with examples
Now we will discuss some novel methods by which bioavailability of formulations
can be improved.
In 2000, the FDA promulgated the BCS system as a science-based approach to allow waiver of in vivo
bioavailability and bioequivalence testing of immediate-release solid oral dosage forms for Class 1 high
solubility, high permeability drugs when such drug products also exhibited rapid dissolution.
6. Co-Crystalisation
Co-crystals consists of API and a stoichiometric amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable co-crystal former
Pharmaceutical Co-crystals are nonionic supramolecular complexes and can be used to address physical
property issues such as solubility, stability, & bioavailability in pharmaceutical development without changing
the chemical composition of the API. Cocrystal is a crystalline entity formed by two different or more
molecular entities where the intermolecular interactions are weak forces like hydrogen bonding and π- π
stacking Co-crystallization alters the molecular interactions and composition of pharmaceutical materials and
is considered a better alternative to optimize drug properties. Co-crystals offer a different pathway, where
any API, regardless of acidic, basic, or ionizable groups, could potentially be co-crystallized.
This aspect also helps complement existing methods by reintroducing molecules that had limited
pharmaceutical profiles based on their nonionizable functional groups. Co-crystallization actually helps
enhancing the solubility of formulations.
The thermodynamic solubility of crystal forms is directly related to their dissolution rate, which critically
impacts the pharmacokinetic profile of the orally delivered APIs. This direct proportional relationship of rate
of dissolution to exposure of a poorly soluble API has been well established and therefore remains engrained
in the form selection process.
For APIs with solubility-limited bioavailability, a challenging task in the product development is to improve
their solubility while maintaining stability and other performance characteristics. Thus, choosing the best
crystalline form of an API is an essential step in the drug development process. Over the past few years,
cocrystals have remarkably impacted the field of pharmaceutical
research.
7. Co-crystallization is broadening the intrinsic values of
APIs primarily due to their ability to alter the bulk
physical properties without tampering with the
pharmacological behavior of compounds at molecular
level.
Therefore, cocrystals may provide new opportunities for
addressing issues related to solid-state physicochemical
properties such as stability or longer shelf life, solubility
and dissolution, and thus possibly the bioactivity
Various possible solid state forms for an API
Salt formation is an acid-base reaction involving the
transfer of protons from acidic to basic species, and
generally the salts are expected to form if the ΔpKa [ΔpKa
= pKa (base) – pKa (acid)] is greater than 2 or 3.
Thus, the interactions are charge assisted, restricting the salt formation only to those APIs having ionizable
groups. Moreover, crystalline salts with the appropriate properties might be impossible to find, especially for
acidic compounds with fewer pharmaceutically acceptable counter ions than those of basic compounds.
In contrast cocrystals contain at least one un-ionized component and can be used for both ionizable and non-
ionizale APIs. In addition, a cocrystal consisting of three or even more components is possible, such as a
cocrystal containing the salt of an API and a guest compound.
Merits
9. Co-polymerization
Block copolymer micelles are generally formed by the self-assembly of either amphiphilic or oppositely
charged copolymers in aqueous medium. The hydrophilic and hydrophobic blocks form the corona and the
core of the micelles, respectively.
The presence of a nonionic water-soluble shell as well as the scale (10–100 nm) of polymeric micelles are
expected to restrict their uptake by the mononuclear phagocyte system and allow for passive targeting of
cancerous or inflamed tissues through the enhanced permeation and retention effect.
The capacity of block copolymer micelles to increase the solubility of hydrophobic molecules stems from
their unique structural composition, which is characterized by a hydrophobic core sterically stabilized by a
hydrophilic corona. The former serves as a reservoir in which the drug molecules can be incorporated by
means of chemical, physical or electrostatic interactions, depending on their physicochemical properties.
Beyond solubilizing hydrophobic drugs, block copolymer micelles can also target their payload to specific
tissues through either passive or active means.
Prolonged in vivo circulation times and adequate retention of the drug within the carrier are prerequisites to
successful drug targeting. Long circulation times ensue from the steric hindrance awarded by the presence of
a hydrophilic shell and the small scale of polymeric micelles. Indeed, micelles are sufficiently large to avoid
renal excretion (N50 kDa), yet small enough (b200 nm) to bypass filtration by inter-endothelial cell slits in the
spleen. Apart from enhancing the water-solubility of many hydrophobic drugs, polymeric micelles can modify
the biodistribution of drugs through either passive or active targeting strategies.
10. PEGylation
The term ‘PEGylation’ can be defined as the covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain to
bioactive substances.
Protein and peptide drugs hold great promise as therapeutic agents. However, many are degraded by
proteolytic enzymes, can be rapidly cleared by the kidneys, generate neutralizing antibodies and have a short
circulating half-life. Pegylation, the process by which polyethylene glycol chains are attached to protein and
peptide drugs, can overcome these and other shortcomings By increasing the molecular mass of proteins and
peptides and shielding them from proteolytic enzymes, PEGylation improves pharmacokinetics.
The FDA has approved PEG to use as a vehicle or base in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, including
injectable, topical, rectal and nasal formulations. PEG shows very little toxicity and lacks immunogenicity.
• To improve drug solubility.
• To reduce dosage frequency, without diminished
efficacy with potentially reduced toxicity.
• To extend circulating life.
• To Increase drug stability.
• To enhance protection from proteolytic
degradation.
• Opportunities for new delivery formats and
dosing regimens.
• To Extend patent life of previously approved
drugs.
The purpose of PEGylation
11. Three different strategies of PEGylation Technology:
1. Chemical PEGylation Technology
2. Enzymatic PEGylation Technology
3. Genetic PEGylation Technology
Contd…
12. Conclusion
Solubility is the most important physical characteristic of a drug for its oral bioavailability, formulation,
development of different dosage form of different drugs, therapeutic efficacy of the drug and for quantitative
analysis. Proper selection of solubility enhancement method is the key to ensure the goals of a good
formulation.
Here, I have discussed only three novel techniques to enhance bioavailability, but apart from these, there are
several methods to improve the bioavailability of formulations. They are,
1. Traditional techniques, like co-solvency, hydrotropy, micronization, alteration of pH of solvent, use of
surfactants, complexation etc.
2. Newer and novel techniques, like nanoparticle technology, nanocrystal technology, high pressure
homogenization, sonocrystallisation etc.
3. Vesicular approaches, like liposomes, niosomes, pharmacosomes etc.
An appropriate method can be selected by considering the properties of drug to be formulated and the
properties of desired dosage form. Other possible methods are yet to be explored in the field of
pharmaceutical particle technology that can be used to formulate various drugs with poor aqueous solubility.
13. 1. Benet, Leslie Z. “The Role of BCS (Biopharmaceutics Classification System) and BDDCS (Biopharmaceutics
Drug Disposition Classification System) in Drug Development.” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, U.S.
National Library of Medicine, Jan. 2013, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684558/.
2. Khadka, Prakash, et al. “Pharmaceutical Particle Technologies: An Approach to Improve Drug Solubility,
Dissolution and Bioavailability.” Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 9, no. 6, 2014, pp. 304–316.,
doi:10.1016/j.ajps.2014.05.005.
3. Kanikkannan, Narayan. “Technologies to Improve the Solubility, Dissolution and Bioavailability of Poorly
Soluble Drugs.” Journal of Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 7, no. 1, 2018,
doi:10.15406/japlr.2018.07.00198.
4. Bajaj H, Bisht S, Yadav M, Singh V (2011). Bioavailability enhancement: a review. International Journal of
Pharma and Bio Sciences 2(2):202-216.
5. Kumar S, Singh P (2016). Various techniques for solubility enhancement: An overview. The Pharma
Innovation Journal 5(1):23-28.
6. Hetal T, Bindesh P, Sneha T (2010). A review on techniques for oral bioavailability enhancement of drugs.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 4(3); 203-223
References