This document discusses the production and properties of biodiesel derived from rubber seed oil using a solid metal oxide catalyst. The key points are:
1) Rubber seed oil was characterized and found to have suitable properties for biodiesel production, including a low acid value making it possible to convert to biodiesel in a single stage process.
2) Biodiesel was produced from rubber seed oil using calcium oxide as the solid metal oxide catalyst. The yield was around 98%.
3) The properties of the biodiesel produced, such as viscosity, flash point, cloud point and cetane number were found to meet international standards and be comparable to petrodiesel, suggesting it can be safely
This document summarizes research into optimizing the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil via transesterification. Key findings include:
1) The optimum conditions for highest biodiesel yield (99.2%) were 0.75% catalyst concentration, 15% alcohol concentration, and 45 minute reaction time.
2) The biodiesel produced under optimal conditions had viscosity, flash point, and fire point within specifications of ASTM standards for biodiesel.
3) Waste cooking oil has potential to be used as an alternative fuel source after processing into biodiesel via transesterification to reduce its high viscosity.
Production and evaluation of biodiesel from palm oil and ghee (clarified butter)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an experimental study on the production of biodiesel from palm oil and ghee (clarified butter) via transesterification. Key factors affecting the yield of biodiesel such as methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration, and operating temperature were investigated. The results showed that a methanol to oil ratio of 0.25v/v, catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt%, and temperature of 60°C provided optimal conditions for biodiesel yield. Under these conditions, palm oil produced a higher biodiesel yield of over 90% compared to ghee which had a lower yield. The biodiesel produced from both feedstocks met biodiesel standards according to characterization.
This document summarizes a study on producing biodiesel from fat tail and internal organs of sheep in Kirkuk City, Iraq. The study involved a two-stage process: 1) pre-treatment using sulfuric acid and ethanol to extract saturated fat, and 2) transesterification using sodium hydroxide and ethanol to produce biodiesel. Experiments were conducted with different ethanol percentages (22-40% by weight) and temperatures (57.5-67.5°C). The highest biodiesel yields of 66.66% were obtained using 35% ethanol at 57.5°C with no freezing observed.
1) The document describes using glutaraldehyde-crosslinked chitosan membranes derived from shrimp shell waste to purify biodiesel produced from transesterification of Calophyllum inophyllum oil.
2) The purification process reduced the glycerol content in the biodiesel from 0.3014±0.05% to 0.1429±0.09% after 1 hour of processing.
3) Chitosan was derived from shrimp shells through deproteinization, demineralization, and deacetylation processes. The chitosan was then crosslinked with glutaraldehyde to form a membrane which was used to purify the biodiesel.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of different frying oils (sesame oil, palm olein, and a blend of the two) on the formation of acrylamide in fried potato products. The researchers found that the type of frying oil significantly impacted the amount of acrylamide formation. Fried potatoes produced using palm olein had the highest acrylamide levels (1140 ppb), while those fried in sesame oil alone had the lowest levels (860 ppb). A blend of sesame oil and palm olein resulted in an intermediate acrylamide amount (952 ppb). This is because sesame oil is more thermally stable during frying due to its powerful natural antioxidants, which
IRJET- Manufacturing of Pongamia Oil based Bio-Lubricant for Machining Applic...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on manufacturing a bio-lubricant from pongamia oil for machining applications. Pongamia oil was chemically modified through epoxidation to increase its lubricating properties. Its flash point and viscosity increased after epoxidation, making it more suitable as a lubricant. Turning experiments were conducted using epoxidized pongamia oil, mineral oil, and no oil. Cutting force and surface roughness were measured and analyzed using Design of Experiments methods to identify optimal machining parameters for minimum force and roughness. Results showed that epoxidized pongamia oil performed comparably to mineral oil and provided an environmentally-friendly alternative for machining
The transesterification procedure is a reversible response and did by blending the reactants – unsaturated fats, liquor and impetus. A solid base or a solid corrosive can be utilized as an impetus. At the mechanical scale, for the most part sodium or potassium methanolate is utilized. The finished results of the transesterification procedure are crude biodiesel and crude glycerol. In a further procedure these crude items experience a cleaning step. If there should be an occurrence of utilizing methanol as liquor FAME (unsaturated fat methyl ester) biodiesel is delivered. The cleansed glycerol can be utilized in the nourishment and corrective ventures, just as in the oleochemical business. The glycerol can likewise be utilized as a substrate for anaerobic absorption.
Optimization, kinetic degradation and quality characterization of oil extract...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that optimized oil extraction from Nigeria Hibiscus sabdariffa (sorrel) oilseeds using response surface methodology. The study extracted oil from the seeds using solvent extraction with n-hexane. It investigated 17 experimental runs using a Box-Behnken design to determine the optimal extraction conditions of time, solvent volume, and sample weight. The study also characterized the physicochemical properties of the extracted oil and analyzed its fatty acid composition. Additionally, it examined the kinetics of degradation when heating the oil at temperatures up to 250°C. The results showed that the maximum oil yield of 18.25% could be achieved with an extraction time of 2 hours, solvent volume of 157mL, and
This document summarizes research into optimizing the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil via transesterification. Key findings include:
1) The optimum conditions for highest biodiesel yield (99.2%) were 0.75% catalyst concentration, 15% alcohol concentration, and 45 minute reaction time.
2) The biodiesel produced under optimal conditions had viscosity, flash point, and fire point within specifications of ASTM standards for biodiesel.
3) Waste cooking oil has potential to be used as an alternative fuel source after processing into biodiesel via transesterification to reduce its high viscosity.
Production and evaluation of biodiesel from palm oil and ghee (clarified butter)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an experimental study on the production of biodiesel from palm oil and ghee (clarified butter) via transesterification. Key factors affecting the yield of biodiesel such as methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration, and operating temperature were investigated. The results showed that a methanol to oil ratio of 0.25v/v, catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt%, and temperature of 60°C provided optimal conditions for biodiesel yield. Under these conditions, palm oil produced a higher biodiesel yield of over 90% compared to ghee which had a lower yield. The biodiesel produced from both feedstocks met biodiesel standards according to characterization.
This document summarizes a study on producing biodiesel from fat tail and internal organs of sheep in Kirkuk City, Iraq. The study involved a two-stage process: 1) pre-treatment using sulfuric acid and ethanol to extract saturated fat, and 2) transesterification using sodium hydroxide and ethanol to produce biodiesel. Experiments were conducted with different ethanol percentages (22-40% by weight) and temperatures (57.5-67.5°C). The highest biodiesel yields of 66.66% were obtained using 35% ethanol at 57.5°C with no freezing observed.
1) The document describes using glutaraldehyde-crosslinked chitosan membranes derived from shrimp shell waste to purify biodiesel produced from transesterification of Calophyllum inophyllum oil.
2) The purification process reduced the glycerol content in the biodiesel from 0.3014±0.05% to 0.1429±0.09% after 1 hour of processing.
3) Chitosan was derived from shrimp shells through deproteinization, demineralization, and deacetylation processes. The chitosan was then crosslinked with glutaraldehyde to form a membrane which was used to purify the biodiesel.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of different frying oils (sesame oil, palm olein, and a blend of the two) on the formation of acrylamide in fried potato products. The researchers found that the type of frying oil significantly impacted the amount of acrylamide formation. Fried potatoes produced using palm olein had the highest acrylamide levels (1140 ppb), while those fried in sesame oil alone had the lowest levels (860 ppb). A blend of sesame oil and palm olein resulted in an intermediate acrylamide amount (952 ppb). This is because sesame oil is more thermally stable during frying due to its powerful natural antioxidants, which
IRJET- Manufacturing of Pongamia Oil based Bio-Lubricant for Machining Applic...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on manufacturing a bio-lubricant from pongamia oil for machining applications. Pongamia oil was chemically modified through epoxidation to increase its lubricating properties. Its flash point and viscosity increased after epoxidation, making it more suitable as a lubricant. Turning experiments were conducted using epoxidized pongamia oil, mineral oil, and no oil. Cutting force and surface roughness were measured and analyzed using Design of Experiments methods to identify optimal machining parameters for minimum force and roughness. Results showed that epoxidized pongamia oil performed comparably to mineral oil and provided an environmentally-friendly alternative for machining
The transesterification procedure is a reversible response and did by blending the reactants – unsaturated fats, liquor and impetus. A solid base or a solid corrosive can be utilized as an impetus. At the mechanical scale, for the most part sodium or potassium methanolate is utilized. The finished results of the transesterification procedure are crude biodiesel and crude glycerol. In a further procedure these crude items experience a cleaning step. If there should be an occurrence of utilizing methanol as liquor FAME (unsaturated fat methyl ester) biodiesel is delivered. The cleansed glycerol can be utilized in the nourishment and corrective ventures, just as in the oleochemical business. The glycerol can likewise be utilized as a substrate for anaerobic absorption.
Optimization, kinetic degradation and quality characterization of oil extract...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that optimized oil extraction from Nigeria Hibiscus sabdariffa (sorrel) oilseeds using response surface methodology. The study extracted oil from the seeds using solvent extraction with n-hexane. It investigated 17 experimental runs using a Box-Behnken design to determine the optimal extraction conditions of time, solvent volume, and sample weight. The study also characterized the physicochemical properties of the extracted oil and analyzed its fatty acid composition. Additionally, it examined the kinetics of degradation when heating the oil at temperatures up to 250°C. The results showed that the maximum oil yield of 18.25% could be achieved with an extraction time of 2 hours, solvent volume of 157mL, and
The document discusses using an artificial neural network (ANN) to analyze the performance of biodiesel. It outlines objectives of selecting a suitable oil source for biodiesel extraction and experimentally testing performance characteristics. Experimental results from engine tests using biodiesel blends are then used to create and train an ANN model. The accuracy of the ANN is evaluated by comparing its theoretical results to real experimental data.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of adding diethyl ether as an additive to biodiesel made from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) in a diesel engine. CNSL biodiesel was produced through pyrolysis of cashew nut shells. The biodiesel was blended with diesel fuel at a 20% ratio to create B20. B20 was then blended with 5%, 10%, and 15% diethyl ether by volume and tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. Test results showed exhaust emissions were reduced when using the 10% diethyl ether blend with B20, with nitric oxide emissions reduced by 69.4% compared to B20 alone. The aim was to improve engine performance and
Production of simarouba oil methyl ester using mixed base catalyst and its ch...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on producing biodiesel from Simarouba glauca oil using a mixed base catalyst. Simarouba glauca oil was transesterified using methanol with sodium hydroxide and disodium hydrogen phosphate as catalysts. The properties of the resulting Simarouba oil methyl ester (SOME) biodiesel were analyzed and met ASTM standards. Key properties like viscosity, density, and flash point of SOME were comparable to diesel. The mixed base catalyst achieved a 95% conversion rate under optimal reaction conditions. Overall, the study shows the viability of producing biodiesel from Simarouba glauca oil as a sustainable alternative fuel.
OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM SUNFLOWER OIL USING RESPONSE SURFA...samiii_25
1) The document discusses biodiesel production from sunflower oil via transesterification.
2) Key steps in the process included mixing sunflower oil, methanol and potassium hydroxide catalyst in a reactor at 290 rpm and 48°C for 2 hours to complete the transesterification reaction.
3) Response surface methodology was used to optimize reaction variables like temperature, catalyst concentration and oil to methanol ratio to achieve 98.1% biodiesel yield under optimum conditions.
IRJET- Enhanced Biodiesel Production using Eggshell as the CatalystIRJET Journal
This document discusses using eggshell as a catalyst to enhance biodiesel production from waste cooking oil through transesterification. Eggshell is a promising heterogeneous catalyst due to its high calcium content and low cost. The researchers collected waste cooking oil and cleaned, dried, and calcined eggshell at high temperatures to produce calcium oxide catalyst. Tests showed the calcined eggshell effectively catalyzed the transesterification of waste cooking oil and methanol to produce biodiesel and glycerol. Using eggshell as a catalyst provides an affordable, sustainable way to produce biodiesel from waste materials on an industrial scale.
Optimization of biodiesel production from sunflower oil usingAmanda Susanne
Macroestructura textual referente a la tesis siguiente: http://saia.psm.edu.ve/moodle/pluginfile.php/75822/mod_resource/content/1/OPTIMIZATION%20OF%20BIODIESEL%20PRODUCTION.pdf para la materia de Inglés Técnico.
Biodiesel Production Technology & Feedstocks For Indiashekhar619
1) Biodiesel can be produced from a variety of vegetable oils or animal fats through a chemical process called transesterification.
2) For high free fatty acid feedstocks, acid catalysis is used first to convert free fatty acids to esters, followed by base catalysis to transesterify triglycerides.
3) Jatropha is a suitable biodiesel crop for India as it grows in varied climates with minimal inputs and its press cake can be used as organic fertilizer. Large-scale cultivation of Jatropha is being demonstrated across India.
This document describes the manufacturing process for biodiesel from waste cooking oil. It involves a 4-step process: 1) testing the free fatty acid content to determine the appropriate conversion process, 2) heating the oil to convert it to biodiesel using a methoxide catalyst, 3) separating the biodiesel and glycerol layers, and 4) washing the biodiesel to remove impurities until the pH is neutral. The biodiesel is then tested for viscosity, copper corrosion, and flash point to ensure it meets standards before being implemented as an alternative fuel to address increasing crude oil prices and need for renewable fuels.
This document summarizes research on producing biodiesel from non-edible crude oils and evaluating its performance compared to diesel fuel. Specifically, it discusses how non-edible oils like neem, hemp and castor are converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process. It then compares various physicochemical properties of the resulting biodiesel like viscosity, density, cetane number, and sulfur content to those of diesel fuel. The conclusion is that while biodiesel from non-edible oils has some disadvantages in properties like higher viscosity, it can be used as a substitute for diesel with engine preheating and has benefits like lower emissions.
WASTE OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR FUTURE –A REVIEWijiert bestjournal
The financial growth of the country is measured by efficient use of natural resources especially fuel. Fossil fuels have played a dominant role in t he rapid industrialization of the world and thereby increased and improved quality of life. How ever,due to the threat of supply crunch ever rising prices and the effect of green house gases c aused by conventional fuels there is an urgent need to explore the possibility of using waste oils (tire process oil) as alternative fuels to reduce the pollution and to increase the energy self-relia nce of the country. The study aims to review the alternative fuels for diesel engine for future. It was found that the properties of the TPO are almost same as that of pure diesel oil.
This document describes a study on the production and characterization of biodiesel from cottonseed oil. The researchers investigated various parameters that affect biodiesel yield, including methanol to oil ratio, catalyst type and concentration, and reaction time. The highest biodiesel yield of 92% was obtained using a 1:1 methanol to oil ratio, 0.75% NaOH catalyst, and 150 minutes reaction time. The properties of the produced biodiesel, such as viscosity, flash point, carbon residue and specific gravity, were tested and found to meet ASTM standards for biodiesel.
Biodiesel is an elective fuel like regular or 'fossil' diesel. Biodiesel can be delivered from straight vegetable oil, creature oil/fats, fat and waste cooking oil. The procedure used to change over these oils to Biodiesel is called transesterification. This procedure is depicted in more detail beneath. The biggest conceivable wellspring of appropriate oil originates from oil yields, for example, rapeseed, palm or soybean. In the UK rapeseed speaks to the best potential for biodiesel creation. Most biodiesel created at present is delivered from squander vegetable oil sourced from eateries, chip shops, modern nourishment makers, for example, Birdseye and so forth. Despite the fact that oil directly from the horticultural business speaks to the best potential source it isn't being delivered economically essentially in light of the fact that the crude oil is excessively costly. After the expense of changing over it to biodiesel has been included it is basically too costly to even think about competing with fossil diesel. Squander vegetable oil can regularly be sourced for nothing or sourced effectively treated at a little cost.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a C.I. Engine Fuelled with Diffe...idescitation
In this research work, waste mustard biodiesel-diesel fuel blends as alternative
fuels for diesel engines were studied. An experimental investigation has been carried out to
evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with waste
mustard biodiesel-diesel blends (10%, 15% and 20%) and important fuel properties have
also been determined. The performance parameters analyzed include brake power, brake
thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperature whereas
exhaust emissions include unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides
of nitrogen (NO x). The results of the experiment in each case were compared with baseline
data of diesel fuel. Significant improvements have been observed in the performance
parameters of the engine as well as exhaust emissions. The waste mustard biodiesel-diesel
fuel blends were tested in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Engine
performance and exhaust emissions were measured while the engine running at no, part and
full load condition. This paper investigates the scope of utilizing waste mustard oil blends
with diesel fuel. It concluded that B10 blend of waste mustard biodiesel act as best
alternative fuel among all tested fuel at full load condition. The objective of the present
research was to explore technical feasibility of waste mustard oil in direct injection C.I.
engine without any substantial modifications in the engine design..
Pongamia Pinnata is the scientific name of Karanja. It is a medium sized tree that is plentily found alloverOdisha. There are a lot of research is going on regarding production of Biodiesel from Karanja oil but the main objective of the paper is the production and implementation of Glycerol from Karanja oil. Alcohol glycerol, a clear, colorless, viscous, sweet-tasting liquid belonging to the family of organic compounds; molecular formula HOCH2CHOHCH2OH. In this experiment we have produced Biodiesel as well as Glycerol as a byproduct but we have focused mainly on the formation of the Glycerol and its application. So in a different view point,if the production of value added glycerol can be increased within the same cost of biodiesel production, overall cost of biodiesel can be reduced to an optimum level. The effective utilization of crude glycerol will contribute to the viability of biodiesel. In this experiment, we have taken non edible Karanja oil for preparation of Glycerol by transesterification of crude oil with methanol in presence of NaOH/KOH as catalyst and yielded of approximately 11% (w/w) glycerol.
The document describes the production of bio-grease from scrap aluminum. It discusses that bio-grease is more environmentally friendly than traditional grease and provides various desirable properties. Aluminum-based bio-grease is a good example as its raw materials of aluminum scrap, stearic acid, and vegetable oil are all natural products. The document then outlines the experimental method for producing bio-grease which involves pretreating aluminum scrap through chemical cleaning before reacting it with sulfuric acid to produce aluminum sulfate, a thickening agent.
Depleting nature of nonrenewable energy sources and continuous environmental tribulations make the mankind to think differently regarding alternative renewable energy sources. In this regard, present research investigation contributes biodiesel from canola oil deodorizer distillate (CODD) using Lipase AY Amano 30 (Candida rugosa) and Novozyme 40013 (Candida antarctica) in the presence of methanol. Initially the neutral glycerides present in CODD were hydrolysed using lipase Amano AY 30 in the presence of water. The hydrolysed CODD was then esterified with methanol using non-specific immobilized enzyme NS 40013 for the production of biodiesel. The characteristics of final product were compared with diesel fuel and it showed good results. This bioprocess technology using biohydrolysis and bioesterification is a novel technology for biodiesel production from cheap raw materials like CODD.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses using an artificial neural network (ANN) to analyze the performance of biodiesel. It outlines objectives of selecting a suitable oil source for biodiesel extraction and experimentally testing performance characteristics. Experimental results from engine tests using biodiesel blends are then used to create and train an ANN model. The accuracy of the ANN is evaluated by comparing its theoretical results to real experimental data.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of adding diethyl ether as an additive to biodiesel made from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) in a diesel engine. CNSL biodiesel was produced through pyrolysis of cashew nut shells. The biodiesel was blended with diesel fuel at a 20% ratio to create B20. B20 was then blended with 5%, 10%, and 15% diethyl ether by volume and tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. Test results showed exhaust emissions were reduced when using the 10% diethyl ether blend with B20, with nitric oxide emissions reduced by 69.4% compared to B20 alone. The aim was to improve engine performance and
Production of simarouba oil methyl ester using mixed base catalyst and its ch...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on producing biodiesel from Simarouba glauca oil using a mixed base catalyst. Simarouba glauca oil was transesterified using methanol with sodium hydroxide and disodium hydrogen phosphate as catalysts. The properties of the resulting Simarouba oil methyl ester (SOME) biodiesel were analyzed and met ASTM standards. Key properties like viscosity, density, and flash point of SOME were comparable to diesel. The mixed base catalyst achieved a 95% conversion rate under optimal reaction conditions. Overall, the study shows the viability of producing biodiesel from Simarouba glauca oil as a sustainable alternative fuel.
OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM SUNFLOWER OIL USING RESPONSE SURFA...samiii_25
1) The document discusses biodiesel production from sunflower oil via transesterification.
2) Key steps in the process included mixing sunflower oil, methanol and potassium hydroxide catalyst in a reactor at 290 rpm and 48°C for 2 hours to complete the transesterification reaction.
3) Response surface methodology was used to optimize reaction variables like temperature, catalyst concentration and oil to methanol ratio to achieve 98.1% biodiesel yield under optimum conditions.
IRJET- Enhanced Biodiesel Production using Eggshell as the CatalystIRJET Journal
This document discusses using eggshell as a catalyst to enhance biodiesel production from waste cooking oil through transesterification. Eggshell is a promising heterogeneous catalyst due to its high calcium content and low cost. The researchers collected waste cooking oil and cleaned, dried, and calcined eggshell at high temperatures to produce calcium oxide catalyst. Tests showed the calcined eggshell effectively catalyzed the transesterification of waste cooking oil and methanol to produce biodiesel and glycerol. Using eggshell as a catalyst provides an affordable, sustainable way to produce biodiesel from waste materials on an industrial scale.
Optimization of biodiesel production from sunflower oil usingAmanda Susanne
Macroestructura textual referente a la tesis siguiente: http://saia.psm.edu.ve/moodle/pluginfile.php/75822/mod_resource/content/1/OPTIMIZATION%20OF%20BIODIESEL%20PRODUCTION.pdf para la materia de Inglés Técnico.
Biodiesel Production Technology & Feedstocks For Indiashekhar619
1) Biodiesel can be produced from a variety of vegetable oils or animal fats through a chemical process called transesterification.
2) For high free fatty acid feedstocks, acid catalysis is used first to convert free fatty acids to esters, followed by base catalysis to transesterify triglycerides.
3) Jatropha is a suitable biodiesel crop for India as it grows in varied climates with minimal inputs and its press cake can be used as organic fertilizer. Large-scale cultivation of Jatropha is being demonstrated across India.
This document describes the manufacturing process for biodiesel from waste cooking oil. It involves a 4-step process: 1) testing the free fatty acid content to determine the appropriate conversion process, 2) heating the oil to convert it to biodiesel using a methoxide catalyst, 3) separating the biodiesel and glycerol layers, and 4) washing the biodiesel to remove impurities until the pH is neutral. The biodiesel is then tested for viscosity, copper corrosion, and flash point to ensure it meets standards before being implemented as an alternative fuel to address increasing crude oil prices and need for renewable fuels.
This document summarizes research on producing biodiesel from non-edible crude oils and evaluating its performance compared to diesel fuel. Specifically, it discusses how non-edible oils like neem, hemp and castor are converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process. It then compares various physicochemical properties of the resulting biodiesel like viscosity, density, cetane number, and sulfur content to those of diesel fuel. The conclusion is that while biodiesel from non-edible oils has some disadvantages in properties like higher viscosity, it can be used as a substitute for diesel with engine preheating and has benefits like lower emissions.
WASTE OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR FUTURE –A REVIEWijiert bestjournal
The financial growth of the country is measured by efficient use of natural resources especially fuel. Fossil fuels have played a dominant role in t he rapid industrialization of the world and thereby increased and improved quality of life. How ever,due to the threat of supply crunch ever rising prices and the effect of green house gases c aused by conventional fuels there is an urgent need to explore the possibility of using waste oils (tire process oil) as alternative fuels to reduce the pollution and to increase the energy self-relia nce of the country. The study aims to review the alternative fuels for diesel engine for future. It was found that the properties of the TPO are almost same as that of pure diesel oil.
This document describes a study on the production and characterization of biodiesel from cottonseed oil. The researchers investigated various parameters that affect biodiesel yield, including methanol to oil ratio, catalyst type and concentration, and reaction time. The highest biodiesel yield of 92% was obtained using a 1:1 methanol to oil ratio, 0.75% NaOH catalyst, and 150 minutes reaction time. The properties of the produced biodiesel, such as viscosity, flash point, carbon residue and specific gravity, were tested and found to meet ASTM standards for biodiesel.
Biodiesel is an elective fuel like regular or 'fossil' diesel. Biodiesel can be delivered from straight vegetable oil, creature oil/fats, fat and waste cooking oil. The procedure used to change over these oils to Biodiesel is called transesterification. This procedure is depicted in more detail beneath. The biggest conceivable wellspring of appropriate oil originates from oil yields, for example, rapeseed, palm or soybean. In the UK rapeseed speaks to the best potential for biodiesel creation. Most biodiesel created at present is delivered from squander vegetable oil sourced from eateries, chip shops, modern nourishment makers, for example, Birdseye and so forth. Despite the fact that oil directly from the horticultural business speaks to the best potential source it isn't being delivered economically essentially in light of the fact that the crude oil is excessively costly. After the expense of changing over it to biodiesel has been included it is basically too costly to even think about competing with fossil diesel. Squander vegetable oil can regularly be sourced for nothing or sourced effectively treated at a little cost.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a C.I. Engine Fuelled with Diffe...idescitation
In this research work, waste mustard biodiesel-diesel fuel blends as alternative
fuels for diesel engines were studied. An experimental investigation has been carried out to
evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with waste
mustard biodiesel-diesel blends (10%, 15% and 20%) and important fuel properties have
also been determined. The performance parameters analyzed include brake power, brake
thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperature whereas
exhaust emissions include unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides
of nitrogen (NO x). The results of the experiment in each case were compared with baseline
data of diesel fuel. Significant improvements have been observed in the performance
parameters of the engine as well as exhaust emissions. The waste mustard biodiesel-diesel
fuel blends were tested in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Engine
performance and exhaust emissions were measured while the engine running at no, part and
full load condition. This paper investigates the scope of utilizing waste mustard oil blends
with diesel fuel. It concluded that B10 blend of waste mustard biodiesel act as best
alternative fuel among all tested fuel at full load condition. The objective of the present
research was to explore technical feasibility of waste mustard oil in direct injection C.I.
engine without any substantial modifications in the engine design..
Pongamia Pinnata is the scientific name of Karanja. It is a medium sized tree that is plentily found alloverOdisha. There are a lot of research is going on regarding production of Biodiesel from Karanja oil but the main objective of the paper is the production and implementation of Glycerol from Karanja oil. Alcohol glycerol, a clear, colorless, viscous, sweet-tasting liquid belonging to the family of organic compounds; molecular formula HOCH2CHOHCH2OH. In this experiment we have produced Biodiesel as well as Glycerol as a byproduct but we have focused mainly on the formation of the Glycerol and its application. So in a different view point,if the production of value added glycerol can be increased within the same cost of biodiesel production, overall cost of biodiesel can be reduced to an optimum level. The effective utilization of crude glycerol will contribute to the viability of biodiesel. In this experiment, we have taken non edible Karanja oil for preparation of Glycerol by transesterification of crude oil with methanol in presence of NaOH/KOH as catalyst and yielded of approximately 11% (w/w) glycerol.
The document describes the production of bio-grease from scrap aluminum. It discusses that bio-grease is more environmentally friendly than traditional grease and provides various desirable properties. Aluminum-based bio-grease is a good example as its raw materials of aluminum scrap, stearic acid, and vegetable oil are all natural products. The document then outlines the experimental method for producing bio-grease which involves pretreating aluminum scrap through chemical cleaning before reacting it with sulfuric acid to produce aluminum sulfate, a thickening agent.
Depleting nature of nonrenewable energy sources and continuous environmental tribulations make the mankind to think differently regarding alternative renewable energy sources. In this regard, present research investigation contributes biodiesel from canola oil deodorizer distillate (CODD) using Lipase AY Amano 30 (Candida rugosa) and Novozyme 40013 (Candida antarctica) in the presence of methanol. Initially the neutral glycerides present in CODD were hydrolysed using lipase Amano AY 30 in the presence of water. The hydrolysed CODD was then esterified with methanol using non-specific immobilized enzyme NS 40013 for the production of biodiesel. The characteristics of final product were compared with diesel fuel and it showed good results. This bioprocess technology using biohydrolysis and bioesterification is a novel technology for biodiesel production from cheap raw materials like CODD.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
El documento define un repositorio como un sitio centralizado para almacenar y mantener información digital como bases de datos o archivos informáticos. Explica que los datos almacenados pueden distribuirse a través de una red, ser de acceso público o privado, y tener copias de seguridad. Además, describe diferentes tipos de repositorios como los institucionales, de software, audio y video. Finalmente, destaca las ventajas de los repositorios institucionales como aumentar el impacto de la investigación y facilitar que los usuarios encuentren información.
El documento describe los problemas de una escuela como altos índices de repitencia, ausentismo y deserción escolar. Un proyecto capacitó a los docentes para abordar estos problemas mediante el fortalecimiento de su rol, enfocándose en problemas como la alfabetización y comprensión lectora. La implementación de cambios positivos mejoró la comunicación entre docentes, familias y otras instituciones.
Este documento describe la evolución del pensamiento geográfico a través de los siglos y propone un marco renovado para la enseñanza de la geografía. Explica que en los siglos 18 y 19, la geografía se estudió como una ciencia separada de lo social y lo natural, pero en el siglo 20 se fragmentó debido a la especialización. Propone que la enseñanza de la geografía debe priorizar conceptos y redes de conceptos, seleccionar contenidos de manera coherente considerando criterios de relevancia social, validez cient
This program cannot be run in DOS mode. The document appears to be computer code or system information related to running a program in different operating modes. It provides technical details but no higher level context about the purpose or functionality of the program.
Este documento habla sobre la generación de poder y cómo los creyentes deben dar ejemplo a través de su palabra, conducta, amor y fe. Afirma que Dios nos ha llamado y escogido para luchar contra la iniquidad y traer la verdad. Aunque enfrentamos dificultades, nuestra confianza debe estar en Dios, quien nos sostendrá y nos salvó. Exhorta a no temer y a luchar por difundir la verdad, ya que a los ojos de Dios nuestro valor es grande.
O documento discute a diversidade na IBM, definindo diversidade e destacando a importância de promover um ambiente de trabalho inclusivo. A IBM foi pioneira em contratar pessoas com deficiência e nomear uma vice-presidente mulher, e hoje tem programas e grupos focados em promover diversidade cultural, de gênero, geração e orientação sexual.
O documento discute os principais formatos de exibição no universo digital, incluindo sites, redes sociais, blogs, fóruns, canais de vídeo e áudio, ferramentas de busca e e-commerce. Também aborda estratégias de publicidade online, como comprar mídia por CPM, CPC, CPA e formatos de anúncios como banners.
O deputado federal Beto Mansur concentrou sua atuação parlamentar nas 27 cidades da baixada santista, litoral norte e Vale do Ribeira, destinando mais de R$ 67 milhões para 48 municípios em todo o estado. Os recursos foram destinados principalmente para projetos de saneamento, pavimentação, saúde e inclusão digital.
El autor se siente solo y triste porque una persona querida se encuentra lejos e inalcanzable. El poema expresa estos sentimientos de soledad y añoranza por el amor mientras espera encontrarlo. Los seres humanos pasan por cambios de humor inesperados entre la felicidad y la tristeza, la compañía y la soledad.
A empresa de tecnologia anunciou um novo smartphone com câmera avançada, tela grande e bateria de longa duração por um preço acessível. O aparelho tem como objetivo atrair mais consumidores para a marca com especificações de ponta a um custo menor que os principais concorrentes. Analistas esperam que o lançamento ajude a empresa a ganhar participação no competitivo mercado de smartphones.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Evaluation of Biodiesel as an Alternate Fuel to Compression Ignition Engine a...IJMER
To meet increasing energy requirements, there has been growing interest in alternate fuels like biodiesel to provide a suitable diesel oil substitute for internal combustion engines. Biodiesel offer a very promising alternate to diesel oil since they are renewable and have similar properties. Further it can be used with/without any modifications to the engine. It is an oxygenated fuel and emissions of carbon monoxide are less unlike fossil fuels, the use of biodiesel does not contribute to global warming as CO2 emitted is once again absorbed by the plants grown for vegetable oil/biodiesel production, thus CO2 balance is maintained. In the present work the Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil (Biodiesel) at various blends is used with pure diesel to study its effect on performance and emission characteristics of the engine. The performance of the engine under different operating conditions and blends are compared by calculating the brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption by using pure diesel and adding various blends of Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil to diesel. The exhaust gas analyzers and smoke meters are used to find the percentage of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions.
IRJET- Analysis of Biodiesel Blend at BaramatiIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing biodiesel blends in Baramati, India. Researchers produced biodiesel from waste vegetable cooking oil through a double-step transesterification process. They compared the conventional and ultrasound-assisted transesterification methods, finding ultrasound reduced reaction time. The biodiesel was tested in a diesel engine without modification. Properties like flash point, cloud point, and yield were affected by reaction time, molar ratio, and catalyst used. Testing found a B20 biodiesel blend could serve as a viable alternative fuel.
This project aims at a comparative study on Performance, Emission and
Combustion characteristics of Biodiesel when blended with Barium Oxide
nanoparticles in single cylinder DI Diesel Engine. Because of modernizations and
increase in number of automobiles worldwide, the consumption of diesel has
massively increased. As petroleum is non-renewable major source of energy and its
reserves are scare now a days, there is a need for research in finding alternative fuels
for automobiles. And also Bio diesels are renewable, nontoxic and eco-friendly fuels
that can play an important role in automobile industries. And this paper deals with the
transesterification of biological seed oil by means of methanol in presence potassium
hydroxide catalyst. The viscosity of biodiesel produced from biological seed oil is
nearer to that of the commercially available diesel. The biological seed oil is analyzed
by Gas chromatography and the important properties of biodiesel such as density,
flash point, cloud point, carbon residue are found out and compared with that of
ASTM – biodiesel standards and commercially available diesel
performance and emission radiation using of indianIJAEMSJORNAL
This document discusses a study on the performance, combustion characteristics, and emissions of an Indian Pomegranate seed oil biodiesel in a diesel engine. Biodiesel was produced from pomegranate seed oil via an alkaline transesterification process. The biodiesel and its blends (B25, B50, B75, B100) were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. Test results showed a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency for biodiesel blends compared to diesel alone. Emissions of CO, HC, and NOx decreased for biodiesel blends while smoke and CO2 increased marginally. Combustion characteristics also improved with biodiesel blends compared to diesel alone
Emission Analysis of Sapodilla seed oil as bio-dieselIJCMESJOURNAL
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio – fuels, for this fruit like Sapodilla seed oil as bio – diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Sapodilla fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Sapodilla seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Sapodilla seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
Study of Performance of Different Blends of Biodiesel Prepared From Waste Co...IJMER
1. The document discusses the production of biodiesel from waste cottonseed oil through transesterification and its use as a fuel in compression ignition engines. Different blends of biodiesel (B10, B20, B30) were tested in a diesel engine and their performance was compared to petrodiesel.
2. Biodiesel production parameters like reaction temperature, catalyst percentage, and alcohol percentage were optimized. Fuel properties of the biodiesel like density, viscosity, and flash point were determined and found to be close to diesel standards.
3. Engine tests showed that while biodiesel blends had slightly lower performance than petrodiesel, B10 and B20 bl
Bio fuel production by mixed of used cooking oil and used engine oil project pptStudyCreek
The document presents a research proposal for producing biodiesel from a mixture of used engine oil and used cooking oil. The proposal outlines the following:
1) The objectives are to identify suitable feedstocks, produce biodiesel through various processes like transesterification, and test the properties of the produced biodiesel.
2) The methodology involves selecting raw materials and chemicals, manufacturing biodiesel through processes like transesterification, and testing the biodiesel properties.
3) A work plan is presented spanning 29 weeks to complete tasks like literature review, material procurement, biodiesel production, engine testing, and reporting. The expected outcomes are production of biodiesel that can replace diesel fuel
Experimental Investigation on Diesel Engine using DMC as a Fuel Additive in T...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates using tamarind seed oil methyl ester (TSOME) and its blends with diesel as fuels in a diesel engine. TSOME was produced from tamarind seeds through a transesterification process. The engine was tested using blends of 10%, 20%, and 30% TSOME with diesel by volume. Performance and emissions were evaluated and compared to baseline diesel data. Results showed increased brake thermal efficiency and decreased brake specific fuel consumption for TSOME blends compared to diesel. Emissions of hydrocarbons and smoke opacity were also lower for TSOME blends. Nitrogen oxide emissions were similar to diesel. Dimethyl carbonate was then added as a fuel additive
Determination of physico chemical properties of castor biodiesel a potentialIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that determined the physicochemical properties of castor biodiesel as a potential alternative to conventional diesel. Castor oil was extracted from seeds using solvent extraction. The oil was then transesterified to produce fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) using methanol and a base catalyst. Physicochemical properties of the castor oil and biodiesel were analyzed and found to exhibit properties suitable for biodiesel, with improved properties compared to the original oil. Thermal stability tests also showed satisfactory results, indicating castor biodiesel's potential as an alternative fuel.
Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) and karanja oil have been identified for the comparative study of production of renewable energy sources i.e. biodiesel as well as physico-chemical properties of biodiesel for its potentiality. Enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) is used as biocatalyst (8%) for the conversion in both the cases with 5:1 molar ratio of alcohol to oil for 8 hours with mixing intensity of 600 rpm at 550C. JCO shows higher conversion efficiency at these parameters than karanja oil. Biodiesels obtained from JCO and karanja oil are analysed based on physico-chemical properties like specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, density, calorific value, cetane number, flash point, cloud point and acid number. With regard to specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, density, calorific value and cetane number, the JCO biodiesel shows higher values than karanja biodiesel whereas flash point and cloud point of karanja biodiesel are higher than JCO biodiesel. With respect to the compositional analysis, JCO biodiesel contains 95.67% methyl ester but karanja biodiesel contains 92.57% methyl ester. Apart from this, triglycerides (TG), diglycerides (DG) and monoglycerides (MG) content of JCO and karanja oil biodiesel are 1.68%, 1.08%, 2.68% and 1.89%, 2.75% and 3.69% respectively.
This document outlines an experimental investigation on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with mahua oil methyl ester (biodiesel) and an additive. The objectives were to produce biodiesel from mahua oil via transesterification, characterize fuel properties, prepare test fuels as biodiesel blends, and test the blends in a diesel engine. Various engine performance and emission parameters were estimated using the blends and compared to diesel. The results showed that with increasing additive percentage in the biodiesel, engine performance improved with lower emissions. The conclusion was that mahua biodiesel with an additive can be a suitable alternative fuel for diesel engines.
This document summarizes research on producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil through a double stage trans-esterification process. The researchers found that blending the produced biodiesel with diesel at a 20% ratio (B20) increased the engine's brake thermal efficiency by 1.5% compared to pure diesel. Emissions of CO, HC and smoke decreased with the B20 blend, while NOx increased slightly. The document discusses the trans-esterification process used to reduce the viscosity of waste cooking oil for use as biodiesel, and factors that influence the process like temperature, alcohol-to-oil ratio, catalyst type and concentration.
Experimental Investigation of Blends of Esterified Coconut Oil and Sunflower ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of blends of esterified coconut oil and sunflower oil used in a 4-stroke compression ignition engine. Various blends of the two vegetable oils with diesel were tested in a single cylinder engine to analyze their performance characteristics and emissions. The best performing blend was identified as having the highest brake power and thermal efficiency, lowest brake specific fuel consumption, and minimum smoke density emissions. This blend could serve as a suitable alternative to diesel fuel.
EXPERMENTAL ANALYSIS OF PEANUT OIL AS BIO-DIESEL ON CI ENGINEIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental analysis of using peanut oil biodiesel in a compression ignition (CI) engine. Peanut oil was converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process then blended with diesel fuel in ratios of B10 to B30. The biodiesel blends were tested in a CI engine and evaluated based on performance parameters compared to pure diesel. Key findings were that B20 biodiesel produced similar brake power but higher brake thermal efficiency than pure diesel. Overall, the results indicate that peanut oil biodiesel is a suitable alternative fuel for CI engines.
IRJET- Biodiesel from Peanut Oil and its Emission and Performance Charect...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on biodiesel produced from peanut oil and its performance characteristics as an engine fuel. Peanut oil is a potential feedstock for biodiesel production due to its high oil content compared to other crops. The study involves producing biodiesel from peanut oil via a transesterification process and washing. The properties and emissions of the peanut oil biodiesel are then evaluated according to ASTM standards when used in a four-stroke IC engine at various blend percentages. The results found the peanut oil biodiesel had properties within fuel standards and produced less soot and smoke emissions than conventional diesel.
Experimental Investigation on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel E...ijtsrd
In this study, experimental investigations on the performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine was carried out using Palm oil Shea butter oil biodiesel as fuel. The two vegetable oils, Shea butter SB and Palm oil PO were blended in the proportion 25 75 , 50 50 , and 75 25 v v. The transesterification of the blended oils were carried out using ethanol, with potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Abdul Musa | L. T. Tuleun | J. S. Ibrahim | G. B. Nyior "Experimental Investigation on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fueled With Palm Oil/Shea Butter Oil Blends Biodiesels" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42486.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/mechanical-engineering/42486/experimental-investigation-on-performance-and-exhaust-emissions-of-a-diesel-engine-fueled-with-palm-oilshea-butter-oil-blends-biodiesels/abdul-musa
Notable improvement of fuel properties of waste tire pyrolysis oil by blendin...Adib Bin Rashid
A comprehensive fuel property using neat diesel, neat tire (100% tire oil after distillation of crude tire oil from pyrolysis
process) oil, diesel–tire oil blend and diesel–tire oil–biodiesel blends were investigated in this study. The tire oil was derived
from waste tire by pyrolysis process at a temperature of 450 ◦C. The tire oil was upgraded by the fractional distillation
process. Different proportions (10 vol% and 20 vol%) of waste tire oil were mixed with a reference diesel fuel. Various ratios, including 10 vol% and 20 vol% biodiesel was blended with waste tire oil and waste tire oil–diesel blends to examine the fuel properties with a target to use the different fuel blends as compression ignition (CI) engine’s fuel. A novel pumpkin seed oil (Cucurbita pepo) biodiesel was chosen due to its abundant availability and renewable nature. The reason for blending pumpkin
seed oil–biodiesel is to improve the waste tire oil fuel properties and investigate the influence of fuel oxygen on different fuel
properties. Binary blends, including tire oil–diesel, tire oil–biodiesel, and ternary blends, including diesel–tire oil–biodiesel, were prepared for the tests. The properties tested in this investigation were density, viscosity, higher and lower heating value, smoke limit, flash point, fire point, aniline point, pour point, cloud point, cetane number, sulphur and carbon residue, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy and elemental analysis (CHONS). The comprehensive fuel property results showed that all binary and ternary blends show similar properties compared to reference diesel. Although the binary blends of tire oil and biodiesel indicate a little inferior property than reference diesel fuel, they can be used as fuels for compression ignition engines.
Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil By Co-Solvent Method.IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Biodiesel is a mixture of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from a renewable lipid feedstock. It can be used as an alternative fuel as the fossil fuels are getting depleted day by day. Moreover the use of biodiesel leads to the substantial reduction in the pollution caused by PM, HC, CO etc. This paper consists of the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using alkaline catalysts NAOH and KOH and cosolvent acetone in the presence of methanol. Waste cooking oil is used because of its high oil content and abundant availability. This method used is co-solvent method.
Biodiesel production from neem oil –an alternate approachIJERA Editor
In this study, neem oil which is one of the abundant non-edible oils in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and bangladesh is used for biodiesel production. The conventional 2-step transesterification production of biodiesel using sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide as catalysts is carried out. The optimum process parameters like reaction time, temperature, catalyst loading and methanol-oil molar ratio were investigated with respect to maximum yield. A maximum yield of 88% biodiesel is obtained via this method. A novel technique to produce biodiesel via complete hydrolysis followed by acid esterification is developed. Optimum reaction conditions were found to be 100ml 0.5N sulphuric acid loading, reaction temperature of 40ºC and reaction time of 2 hours. This resulted in a maximum FFA of 82%. Then acid esterification was carried out at the following reaction conditions of 0.55:1 v/v methanol-oil-ratio, 0.5% v/v H2SO4 acid catalyst loading, 50˚C and 4 hours reaction time. A maximum biodiesel yield of 92% was obtained by this method. The viscosity of biodiesel produced by this method as well as the other physicochemical properties, were found to be in compliance with international standard.
This document summarizes research on producing biodiesel from macroalgal biomass using natural catalysts. It discusses how macroalgal biomass is a suitable feedstock for biodiesel production. The study used Salvinia molesta macroalgae collected from various locations in India. Various pre-treatment methods were tested to extract oil from the biomass most efficiently. Acid-base catalyzed transesterification was performed on the extracted oil to produce biodiesel. Analysis showed the biodiesel met specifications for properties like density, viscosity, and flash point. The biodiesel produced from macroalgal oil has potential as an alternative fuel and offers economic and environmental benefits.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
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1. Uma Krishnakumar, Dr. V. Sivasubramanian, Dr. N. Selvaraju / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.2206-2209
2206 | P a g e
Physico-Chemical Properties of the Biodiesel Extracted From
Rubber Seed Oil Using Solid Metal Oxide Catalysts
Uma Krishnakumar, Dr. V. Sivasubramanian*
, Dr. N. Selvaraju
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of technology, Calicut, Kerala, India
Abstract
Physicochemical properties of the
commercially procured rubber seed oil (RSO)
were studied to evaluate its potential as viable
feedstock for biodiesel production. The procured
rubber seed oil were characterized for acid value,
saponification value, free fatty acid, flash point,
kinematic viscosity, and refractive indices using
standard methods. Results indicate that the
procured rubber seed oil is a potential biodiesel
feed stocks and it is possible to convert this to
biodiesel with a single stage process. The trans-
esterification reactions were carried out in the
presence of a solid metal oxide catalyst, calcium
oxide (CaO) and the yield estimated was around
98%.The quality of the biodiesel produced was
comparable with that of the petro diesel which
indicates that this can be blended with the
commercial petro diesel. The calorific value and
cetane number of this biodiesel was higher than
that of the petro diesel which indicates that the
blending may increase the fuel efficiency as well.
Keywords: Biodiesel, Rubber seed oil, Solid metal
oxides, Catalysts
I. Introduction
Competition for fossil fuel reserves and
growing concern for the environment have given rise
to increased demand for biodiesel research [1-3].
More over biodiesel has gained significant attention
as it is a renewable, biodegradable, less pollutant
emitting, non-toxic and more environmentally
friendly fuel source as compared with the fossil
diesel fuel available at present. It is a renewable and
biodegradable fuel that consists of fatty acid methyl
esters (FAMEs). It is carbon neutral because the
carbon content in the exhaust is equal to the amount
initially fixed from the atmosphere. Most of the
research activities reported so far is about the
production of the biodiesel from the edible oils and
fats [4-6]. Despite the considerable potential of
biodiesel, the production of biodiesel is found to be
expensive from edible oils owing to the growing
demand for edible oils and the high cost of the
feedstock. According to previous reports, the raw
materials for biodiesel production account for almost
75% of the total biodiesel cost.
Hence future of the biodiesel is going to be
limited unless biodiesel can be extracted from other
non edible raw materials. Therefore, a number of
research projects have been carried out using non-
edible oils such as jatropha oil or fats, and other
waste oils, to reduce the raw material cost. Large
scale plantations of non edible oil plants were also
being thought of. An important constraint of this is its
sustainability, as the extension of land required for
biodiesel production is considerably larger.
Nevertheless, such oils usually contain a high
percentage of free fatty acids (FFAs) that severely
affect the biodiesel production process. So
explorations of alternate options are highly important.
In this context the research activities of rubber seed
oil has its importance. As far as the availability of
the feed stock is concerned Kerala is the leader in
rubber production among the states of India. More
than 90 percent of the Rubber produced in India is
from Kerala. Rubber seeds are being a by product in
this plantation which are not being utilized properly
at present.
In the trans-esterification process, biodiesel
is usually prepared in the presence of a homogeneous
base/acid catalyst [7-8]. In this conventional
homogeneous process the catalyst removal is a big
problem and most of the acid and base catalysts are
corrosive in nature. Many studies are being carried
out for the replacement of this homogeneous
catalyst[9-10]. In this regard solid metal oxide based
heterogeneous catalysts were being considered as a
promising candidate [11-12]. They are known to be
environment friendly with added advantageous like
easy catalytic separation, purification etc. In this
context the present investigation aims to evaluate the
performance of the solid metal oxide catalyst calcium
oxide, CaO for the trans-esterification reaction of
rubber seed oil. Experimental studies will be
conducted to investigate the effects of main
parameters, including methanol to rubber seed oil
ratio, catalyst to oil weight ratio, reaction
temperature, and reaction time to obtain the optimal
condition. Various analyses such as acid value, flash
point, heating value and cetane number will be
applied to the biodiesel product obtained, and then,
its quality will be compared with the available
standard quality of biodiesel. This research is an
effort to find out an efficient, timesaving,
economically functional and environmental friendly
2. Uma Krishnakumar, Dr. V. Sivasubramanian, Dr. N. Selvaraju / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.2206-2209
2207 | P a g e
biodiesel production process at industrial scale
having superiority over the classical procedure.
II. Material and methods
Crude rubber seed oil had been selected as a
potential feedstock for biodiesel preparation. Oil used
is non-edible and is commercially obtained after
extraction from rubber seeds. Methanol with a purity
of 99.5% and calcium oxide, CaO are purchased from
Chemind Chemicals Ltd. Fatty acid composition of
crude rubber seed oil has been obtained from GC-MS
data taken at CUSAT, Cochin. Physical and chemical
properties of crude rubber seed oil had been analysed.
Physical properties include density, viscosity, flash &
fire point, cloud & pour point and calorific value.
Chemical properties include acid value, iodine value
and saponification value.
III. Experimental Procedure
3.1 Catalyst preparation
Calcium oxide (24 g) was dipped in 200 ml
of ammonium carbonate solution then the mixture
was stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. After
filtration and drying at 112 0
C till constant weight,
the dried solid was milled and sieved then calcined at
850 0
C for 1.5 hrs. After cooling in a dessicator to
room temperature the base CaO is ready to use. High
temperature calcinations of CaO improved the
performance of the catalyst.
3.2 Biodiesel preparation
A bench scale set-up consisted mainly of a
round glass reactor placed in an adjusted temperature
bath is used for the trans-esterification reaction. This
flask was provided with reflux condenser, magnetic
stirrer, and thermometer for temperature follow up
and funnel for methanol addition. Measured amount
of methanol + calcium oxide (CaO) stirred by a
magnetic stirrer for 10 minutes after which it was
preheated to about 65 ºC below the boiling point of
methanol. Thereafter, 150 ml of RSO was taken and
heated to 65 ºC on a temperature water bath before it
was poured into a blender. Methanol + CaO were
then poured gently into the RSO in the blender. The
entire content was allowed to blend for the required
reaction time. After the completion of reaction, the
product was decanted from the blender & centrifuge
at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes, where the CaO catalyst
was separated from the reaction product. Then the
supernatant product mixture was exposed to open air
for 30 minutes to evaporate excess methanol.
Thereafter, it was poured into a separating funnel and
allowed to settle overnight so as to separate the
glycerine from the biodiesel. The lower glycerine
layer was drawn off and the upper biodiesel layer was
then removed, dried and weighed.
3.3 Physico-chemical properties
An approximate estimation of the molecular
weight of the RSO was determined from the
estimation of fatty acid composition in the oil from
the gas chromatographic analysis. Molecular weight
of crude rubber seed oil was also calculated using its
measured acid and saponification values using as per
equation 3.1. Here AV is the acid value (mg KOH/g
oil) and SV is the saponification value (mg KOH/g
oil).
M = (56.1 * 1000 * 3) / (SV - AV) (3.1)
The physical and chemical properties like kinematic
viscosity were determined using the ASTM D445
method and flash point using the ASTM D 93
method. Pour point and density of the biodiesel was
determined by following ASTM D97 and ASTM
D1298 respectively. Cloud point was estimated by
ASTM D2500 procedure and calorific value was
estimated using ASTM D240.
IV. Results and discussion
The results of the gas chromatographic
analysis of the fatty acid composition of the crude
rubber seed oil is shown in table 1. From this table it
is clear that the rubber seed oil used in this present
study mainly consist of linoleic, oleic and stearic
acids with minor component of palmitic acid. The
ability of biodiesel to meet ASTM D 6751 standard
criteria is dependent on the fatty acid composition
[13]. Petroleum diesel is largely made of
hydrocarbon with carbon chain length of 8 to 10
carbon atoms compared to rubber seed oils that
contained fatty acids comprising mainly of 18 carbon
atoms. Cetane number which is a prime indicator of
fuel quality for diesel engines is increased with
increased carbon number [14]. Branched chains and
double bonds improve low temperature flow
properties [15-16]. So from this analysis it is clear
that the biodiesel produced from this rubber seed oil
will have a higher cetane number as it contain fatty
acids with 18 carbon atoms [17-18].
Table 1 Fatty acid composition of the crude rubber
seed oil
Sl No Component Structure Percentage
1 Palmitic acid C16:0 0.23
2 Linoleic acid C18:2 52.84
3 Oleic acid C18:1 12.7
4 Stearic acid C18:0 35.85
3. Uma Krishnakumar, Dr. V. Sivasubramanian, Dr. N. Selvaraju / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.2206-2209
2208 | P a g e
The quality of biodiesel is important for
end-users, engine manufacturers and petroleum
companies to ensure that it can be used directly or
blended with petroleum diesel. So a detailed analysis
about the qualities of the bio diesel as well as the feed
stock is important. Table 2 presents various physic-
chemical properties measured for the crude rubber
seed oil as well as that of the biodiesel produced
using the present method.
Table 2 Physico-chemical properties measured
From the data presented in table 2 it can be
seen that the measured acid values of the rubber seed
oil is not so high in comparison with that of the
ASTM standard of 0.8 mgKOH/g for non edible oils
This is an interesting result since the acid value
measures the presence of corrosive free fatty acids
and oxidation products. Which is an important
variable in considering the quality of oil because the
lower the free fatty acid, the better the quality of oil.
The acceptable limit for edible oils is ≤10. Non edible
vegetable oils generally contain high free fatty acids
and have significant effects on the trans-esterification
with methanol using alkaline catalyst. It also
interferes with the separation of fatty acid ester and
glycerols. This means that these types of oils would
be better converted to biodiesel using the two-stage
process of esterification and trans-esterification. But
the measured acid value of the rubber seed oil shows
that it is possible to convert rubber seed oil to bio
diesel with a single stage process. Similarly the trans-
esterification process brings down the flash point and
kinematic viscosity to an acceptable level. This
shows that its volatile characteristics had improved
and it is also safe to handle.
Table 3 Property comparison of biodiesel produced
with commercial petro diesel
Fuel property Biodiesel
from RSO
Petro diesel
Kinematic
Viscosity [mm2
/s]
3.7 2.0-5.5
Flash Point [0
C] 110 54
Acid Value [mg
KOH/g]
0.22 0.835
Cloud Point [0
C] -6 2max
Calorific Value
[MJ/kg]
39.78 43.73
Cetane number 50 45
As we know the fuel’s viscosity is an
important factor since it has the effect on pumps and
influence on injector systems spray pattern. On
comparison of the viscosity of the Bio diesel
produced from the rubber seed oil it is clear that the
Kinematic viscosity is of the Bio diesel produced is
in comparison with that of petro diesel and it is
having a moderate value. This is quite interesting
because High viscosity will cause poor atomization,
and high spray jet penetration. The jet tends to be a
solid stream. The fuel spray may impinge upon the
cylinder walls, washing away the lube oil film and
causing dilution of the crankcase oil. Low viscosity
fuel does not penetrate far enough in the combustion
chamber. Low viscosity leads to excessive leakage
past the injection pump plunger. In either case the
results are poor combustion, loss of power, inaccurate
metering and increased wear in both the fuel system
and engine.
Similarly the cloud point is relatively low compared
to that of petro diesel. The cloud point relates to the
tendency of filter plugging at cold temperatures. The
cloud point is a guide as to what temperature the fuel
may plug filter systems and restrict flow. The higher
cloud point indicates a higher precipitation
temperature of the fuel. Which indicates the fuel is
less suitable for low temperature operation.
The flash points of the obtained bio diesel
extract are found to be higher than that of petro
diesel. The flash point temperature is the minimum
temperature at which the fuel will ignite (flash) on
application of an ignition source under specified
conditions. Flash point varies inversely with the
fuel’s volatility. Flash point minimum temperatures
are required for proper safety and handling of fuels.
Note that the biodiesel component must meet flash
point criteria, prior to blending. In general fuels with
flash point above 66⁰C are considered as safe fuels
which can be blended with petro diesel. The obtained
results shows that the bio diesel extract from rubber
seed oil can be safely blended with petro diesel.
Another important parameter which quantify
the quality of a fuel oil is its cetane number. Cetane
number is a measure of ignition quality of the fuel. A
high cetane number indicates shorter ignition delay
and improved combustion. For most engines, high
cetane number fuels generally cause a shorter ignition
delay period and therefore lower rates of pressure
rise. This tends to lessen combustion noise, improve
control of combustion, and results in increased
engine efficiency and power input. The present bio
Oil/Fuel Kinematic
Viscosity
[mm2
/s]
Flash Point
[0
C]
Acid Value
[mg
KOH/g]
Cloud
Point [0
C]
Density
[kg/m3
]
Calorific Value
[MJ/kg]
Crude RSO 6 ± 0.2 208 ± 0.5 1.68 ± 0.3 -
5 ± 0.2 857 ± 0.5 36.1±1.08
Biodiesel from
RSO
3.7 ± 0.2 110 ± 0.5 0.22 ± 0.3 -6 ± 0.2 892 ± 0.5 39.78 ± 1.08
4. Uma Krishnakumar, Dr. V. Sivasubramanian, Dr. N. Selvaraju / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.2206-2209
2209 | P a g e
diesel extract has got a cetane number of 50 which
shows it will improve the cetane number of petro
diesel on blending.
V. Conclusion
In conclusion it can be confirmed that the
biodiesel derived from the rubber seed oil is suited
for use in diesel engines given that its kinematic
viscosity, flash point, cloud point, and calorific value
conform to the recommended international standards.
This means that CaO can be effectively used as a
solid metal oxide catalyst in the trans-esterification
reaction of the rubber seed oil for biodiesel
production. By the usage of CaO catalyst savings
could be made from the expensive refining processes
admissible in the case of conventional acid/alkali
based trans-esterification reactions. More over rubber
seed oil can be converted into biodiesel directly by a
single stage trans-esterification process while most of
the non edible vegetable oils required two stage
trans-esterification reactions for the bio diesel
conversion. This is also an added advantage in this
process.
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