Full proceedings at: http://www.extension.org/72790 This high efficient and low-cost eggshell catalyst could make the process of biodiesel production economic and fully ecologically friendly. The ecologically friendly and economic process could effectively reduce the processing cost of biodiesel, making it competitive with petroleum diesel.
Latest details about Edible Oil Industry In India. Overview, Impact, demand, Supply, Consumption, Problems, Opportunities, etc. about Edible Oil Industry.
Latest details about Edible Oil Industry In India. Overview, Impact, demand, Supply, Consumption, Problems, Opportunities, etc. about Edible Oil Industry.
Biodiesel is an elective fuel like regular or 'fossil' diesel. Biodiesel can be delivered from straight vegetable oil, creature oil/fats, fat and waste cooking oil. The procedure used to change over these oils to Biodiesel is called transesterification. This procedure is depicted in more detail beneath. The biggest conceivable wellspring of appropriate oil originates from oil yields, for example, rapeseed, palm or soybean. In the UK rapeseed speaks to the best potential for biodiesel creation. Most biodiesel created at present is delivered from squander vegetable oil sourced from eateries, chip shops, modern nourishment makers, for example, Birdseye and so forth. Despite the fact that oil directly from the horticultural business speaks to the best potential source it isn't being delivered economically essentially in light of the fact that the crude oil is excessively costly. After the expense of changing over it to biodiesel has been included it is basically too costly to even think about competing with fossil diesel. Squander vegetable oil can regularly be sourced for nothing or sourced effectively treated at a little cost.
Biodiesel is an elective fuel like regular or 'fossil' diesel. Biodiesel can be delivered from straight vegetable oil, creature oil/fats, fat and waste cooking oil. The procedure used to change over these oils to Biodiesel is called transesterification. This procedure is depicted in more detail beneath. The biggest conceivable wellspring of appropriate oil originates from oil yields, for example, rapeseed, palm or soybean. In the UK rapeseed speaks to the best potential for biodiesel creation. Most biodiesel created at present is delivered from squander vegetable oil sourced from eateries, chip shops, modern nourishment makers, for example, Birdseye and so forth. Despite the fact that oil directly from the horticultural business speaks to the best potential source it isn't being delivered economically essentially in light of the fact that the crude oil is excessively costly. After the expense of changing over it to biodiesel has been included it is basically too costly to even think about competing with fossil diesel. Squander vegetable oil can regularly be sourced for nothing or sourced effectively treated at a little cost.
An overview of the scale of the problem of food waste around the world and also the problem of hunger and what can be done or what is being done to solve this problem.Various organizations working on this problem is also discussed.certain guidelines are also provided which can be followed by an individual to reduce food waste.
The future can be great for our community, for our province, for the energy industry, for you and me and our children. However, it will require us to embrace positive change and to start the transition now. We can create an Alberta that is a renewable energy powerhouse by energy companies utilizing land and infrastructure they already use to generate renewable energy as well as using fuel cell technology to produce much cleaner energy from hydrocarbons during the transition period. And we can become the supplier of choice for clean and green hydrocarbon products, with extraction, processing and use of final products without emissions, pollution, fresh water and use of harmful chemicals. Why won't we start now? We can do it together!
Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil By Co-Solvent Method.IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Biodiesel is a mixture of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from a renewable lipid feedstock. It can be used as an alternative fuel as the fossil fuels are getting depleted day by day. Moreover the use of biodiesel leads to the substantial reduction in the pollution caused by PM, HC, CO etc. This paper consists of the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using alkaline catalysts NAOH and KOH and cosolvent acetone in the presence of methanol. Waste cooking oil is used because of its high oil content and abundant availability. This method used is co-solvent method.
Characterization of biodiesel produced by meth butanolysis of castor oileSAT Journals
Abstract Crude Castor oil was transesterified using methanol, mixtures of methanol and butanol in molar percentages and potassium hydroxide as catalyst. The optimum reaction conditions, based on the percentage yield of biodiesel, were 45 mins reaction time at 650C and 1.5w/w% catalyst. The alcohol/oil ratio and agitation rate were both held constant at 12:1 and 450rpm respectively throughout the process. The yield of biodiesel from castor oil at such optimum reaction conditions were 87.1%, 85.7 % and 81.7 for 100%, 95% and 90% methanol-butanol molar blends respectively. . The specific gravities at 150C were 0.898 and 0.902ml/g, kinematic viscosities at 400C varied from 6.4 to 7.8 cSt. The calorific values were between 10690 and 10708 cal/g and the flash points were found to be within the range 144 to 1500C. The standard specifications for biodiesel (ASTM D67651) show that the specific gravity, flash point and calorific value requirements were satisfied. The higher viscosity (above 6.0 cSt.) can be controlled by the use of additives. Alternatively, blending with petroleum diesel will lead to improvement of the flow properties of the biodiesel fuel. Keywords: Transesterification, Castor oil, methanol/butanol molar blend, Biodiesel yield.
Episode 4: PRODUCTION OF 60, 000 MTPA OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM RBD P...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 4: PRODUCTION OF 60, 000 MTPA OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM RBD PALM KERNEL OIL
Micro-emulsion
Process of reducing the viscosity of vegetable oil by the means of solvent (methanol, ethanol as well as normal butanol).
Due to increase demand of energy, increasing price
of petroleum fuels, depletion of petroleum fuels, and
environmental pollution by these fuel emissions, it is very
necessary to find the alternative fuels. This work focused on use
of hybrid blends of Karanja and Cottonseed oil Biodiesels. In this
work 20% and 25% blends are used and the performance and
emission tests were conducted on single cylinder, 4-stroke, water
cooled CI engine by running the engine at a speed of 1500rpm, at
a compression ratio of 16.5:1 and at an injection pressure of
205bar and performance parameters like BP, BSFC, BTE and
the emissions like CO, HC and NOx are compared. It was found
that the blends gave comparatively good results in respect of
performance and emissions.
Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) and karanja oil have been identified for the comparative study of production of renewable energy sources i.e. biodiesel as well as physico-chemical properties of biodiesel for its potentiality. Enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) is used as biocatalyst (8%) for the conversion in both the cases with 5:1 molar ratio of alcohol to oil for 8 hours with mixing intensity of 600 rpm at 550C. JCO shows higher conversion efficiency at these parameters than karanja oil. Biodiesels obtained from JCO and karanja oil are analysed based on physico-chemical properties like specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, density, calorific value, cetane number, flash point, cloud point and acid number. With regard to specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, density, calorific value and cetane number, the JCO biodiesel shows higher values than karanja biodiesel whereas flash point and cloud point of karanja biodiesel are higher than JCO biodiesel. With respect to the compositional analysis, JCO biodiesel contains 95.67% methyl ester but karanja biodiesel contains 92.57% methyl ester. Apart from this, triglycerides (TG), diglycerides (DG) and monoglycerides (MG) content of JCO and karanja oil biodiesel are 1.68%, 1.08%, 2.68% and 1.89%, 2.75% and 3.69% respectively.
1. Process Overview: Pyrolysis is a thermal degradation process that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The absence of oxygen prevents combustion and allows the organic material to break down without being fully burned.
2. Temperature: Pyrolysis typically occurs at elevated temperatures, often ranging from 300 to 900 degrees Celsius, depending on the specific feedstock and desired products.
3. Feedstock: Pyrolysis can be applied to a wide range of organic materials, including biomass (wood, crop residues), plastics, rubber, and organic waste (such as municipal solid waste).
4. **Products**:
- **Gases**: Pyrolysis produces gases like hydrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide, which can be used as fuel or chemical feedstocks.
- **Liquids**: Liquid products, often called bio-oil when derived from biomass, can be used as a source of biofuels or for chemical synthesis.
- **Char**: The solid residue left behind is known as char. Depending on the feedstock, this char can have various applications, such as as a soil conditioner or for carbon sequestration.
5. **Applications**:
- **Biofuels**: Pyrolysis of biomass can yield biofuels like bio-oil or biochar, which can be used as alternatives to fossil fuels.
- **Waste Management**: Pyrolysis can be used to treat organic waste and reduce its volume while recovering energy or valuable products.
- **Plastic Recycling**: Plastic pyrolysis is used to convert plastic waste into valuable chemicals or fuel.
6. **Types of Pyrolysis**:
- **Fast Pyrolysis**: This process involves very high heating rates and produces a higher proportion of liquid products.
- **Slow Pyrolysis**: Slow pyrolysis takes place at lower temperatures and longer residence times, resulting in a higher proportion of solid char.
- **Intermediate Pyrolysis**: As the name suggests, it falls between fast and slow pyrolysis in terms of temperature and product distribution.
7. **Challenges**: The efficiency and selectivity of pyrolysis can vary depending on the feedstock and process conditions. Controlling the reaction parameters is crucial to obtaining the desired products.
In summary, pyrolysis is a versatile and important process for converting organic materials into valuable products, including biofuels, chemicals, and char, while also addressing waste management and environmental concerns. It plays a significant role in sustainable energy and resource management.
Statistical Modeling and Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Azadiracht...IJAEMSJORNAL
In this work, statistical modeling and optimization of biodiesel production from Azadirachta Indica(neem) using co-solvent technique via a two-step transesterification process was carried out. Neem oil was extracted from neem seeds and properties such as moisture content, specific gravity, acid value, saponification value and iodine value were determined. The experimental design used was Central Composite Design. The range of factor levels used for the Central Composite Design were reaction temperature (30°C to 46°C), catalyst amount (0.8% to 1.2%, w/w), reaction time (20 to 40min) and methanol-to-oil molar ratio (5:1 to 9:1). The co-solvents used were methanol and diethyl ether. The co-solvent-to-methanol volume ratio for all the experimental runs was kept constant at 1:1. Also the biodiesel produced was characterized for some important properties including acid value, specific gravity, saponification value, iodine value, cetane number, ester value, kinematic viscosity, flash point, pour point and cloud point. Optimized biodiesel yield of 84.77% was obtained for reaction time of 35 min, catalyst amount of 1.10g, reaction temperature of 34°C, and oil-to-methanol molar ratio of 6:1. The cetane number (51.733), specific gravity (0.8881g/cm3), flash point (134oC) and kinematic viscosity (5.86mm2/s) of the produced biodiesel met the ASTM specifications. The results of characterization of the biodiesel revealed that biodiesel can be produced at lower reaction conditions and with comparable fuel property with biodiesel produced using conventional methods.
Similar to Food waste and food processing waste for renewable energy production (20)
Animal agriculture adaptation planning guide (climate change)LPE Learning Center
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What is the difference when talking about weather versus climate? How do you measure and describe the atmosphere? How are models used in predicting weather or climate? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
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User capabilities and next generation phosphorus (p) indicesLPE Learning Center
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72814
The phosphorus (P) index is the primary approach to identify field management strategies and/or manure application strategies likely to lead to excessive risk of P loss. It has been over 40 years since the first research connecting agronomic P management and water quality and over 20 years since the initial publication defining a P Index. This session will consider opportunities to build on and expand existing P Index strategies to make them more effective at protecting water quality and friendlier to the target user.
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72818
Phosphorus indices provide relative loss ratings that then have a corresponding management response. Because most state Phosphorus Indices are qualitative it is not clear how the relative loss rating corresponds to actual phosphorus inputs into the receiving water and how the receiving water would react to these additions. Even with qualitative Phosphorus Indices, unless the water resource has a specific Total Maximum Daily Load, it is not clear how losses correspond to water quality outcomes. These issues will be discussed in the context of the 590 Natural Resources Conservation Standard for nutrient management.
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72868
There has been a tremendous amount of activity and funding of conservation programs with regional and watershed-specific cost-share initiatives. While there have been some successes, water quality response in many areas has not been as great as expected. This has led many to question the efficacy of these measures and to call for stricter land and nutrient management strategies. In many cases, this limited response has been due to the legacies of past management activities, where sinks and stores of phosphorus along the land-freshwater continuum mask the effects of reductions in edge-of-field losses of phosphorus.
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Full Proceedings is available at: http://www.extension.org/72817
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Estimation of phosphorus loss from agricultural land in the heartland region ...LPE Learning Center
Full Proceedings is available at: http://www.extension.org/72813
Phosphorus (P) indices are a key tool to minimize P loss from agricultural fields but there is insufficient water quality data to fully test them. Our goal is to use the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender Model (APEX), calibrated with existing edge-of-field runoff data, to refine P indices and demonstrate their utility as a field assessment tool capable of protecting water quality. In this phase of the project our goal is to use existing small-watershed data from the Heartland Region (IA, KS, MO and NE) to determine the level of calibration needed for APEX before using the model to generate estimates of P loads appropriate for evaluating a P Index.
Checking ambition with reality the pros and cons of different approaches to s...LPE Learning Center
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72793
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Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72839
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Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72864
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The full proceedings paper is at: http://www.extension.org/72867
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Full Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72795
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Food waste and food processing waste for renewable energy production
1. Food waste and food processing waste for
renewable energy production
Syu-Ruei Jhang, Yuan-Chung Lin*, Kang-Shin Chen, Chin-En Chen
Po-Ming Yang, Shang-Cyuan Chen, I-Wei Wang
Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University
Kaohsiung , Taiwan
1
3. Introduction
Due to the fossil fuel depletion and increasing global price,
developing new alternative fuels has become a pressing issue
nowadays.
More and more concern on the impact of environmental
issues.
Biodiesel, a renewable biofuel has been considered as an
alternative diesel fuel.
3
carbonyl compounds
4. Introduction
4
the advantages of heavy duty diesel engine
(HDDE)
high fuel efficiency
high power output
high fuel economy
PM, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Odor
5. Introduction
5
What is biodiesel?
• Biodegradable
• Used in any compression
ignition engine.
• Usually done by
base‐catalyzed
transesterification of
fats/oils.
6. Introduction
6
Commercial biodiesel is sold as a “blend” with regular
ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD).
Example: B2 (2% biodiesel, 98% petroleum diesel)
(CPC corporation, Taiwan)
Pure biodiesel is known as B100 (100%) or neat
biodiesel
-Normally B100 is not used in vehicle engines due to engine warranty
concerns.
7. Introduction
7
Why biodiesel is so advantage using as additive to use in
engine?
The cetane number of biodiesel is higher than that of diesel which results in a shorter ignition
delay time. (Raslavicius et al., 2010)
Biodiesel seems very promising because it can directly replace petroleum diesel and be used in
diesel engines without any major modifications. (Rajasekar et al., 2010)
Biodiesel is used as an alternative fuel in diesel engines reduce emissions of hydrocarbons (HC),
carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxide (SO2), PM (particle matter), polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH). (Salamanca et al., 2012)
【US EPA, 2002】
1.Low sulfur content
2.Higher flash point
3.Higher oxygen content
4.Higher cetane number
5.Biodegradable
6.No PAH content
7.No Pb content
8.No halogens
8. Introduction
Catalysts
The heterogeneous catalysts of alkaline earth metal oxides,
have been investigated for biodiesel production (Carrero et al.,
2011).
CaO have been shown to possess good performance (Khemthong et
al., 2012).
Because of sources for the preparation of Ca-based catalysts
are mainly commercial precursors, and hence would increase
the cost of biodiesel production.
8
The major obstacle to biodiesel commercialization is its high
cost.
9. Experimental section
9
In our work, we have investigated the transesterification of
waste cooking oil and jatropha oil with methanol catalyzed by
CaO derived from the food wastes of Eggshell and Oystershell.
Our work
Eggshell Oystershell
15. Results and discussion
15
Effects of amounts of catalyst
84.4 85.1
87.8
86.4 85.6
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
3 4 5 6 7
Yield(%)
catalyst (wt%)
Egg shell
waste cooking oil
Time :165 min
Temperature: 65 ℃
Methanol:Oil : 9:1
85.5
89.1
91.7
87.4 86.8
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
3 4 5 6 7Yield(%)
catalyst (wt%)
Egg shell
Jatropha oil
Time :165 min
Temperature: 65 ℃
Methanol:Oil : 9:1
• The yield increased with increasing amounts of catalyst from 3 wt% to 5 wt%, and
then decreased from 6 wt% to 7 wt%.
• We can find that when control the reaction temperature at 65 degree in the control
condition the best yield of jatropha oil is 91.7%, compared with waste cooking oil the
best yield of waste cooking oil is 87.8%.
16. Results and discussion
16
84.5
85.9 86.1
87.3 86.9
75
80
85
90
95
100
3 4 5 6 7
Yield(%)
catalyst (wt%)
Oyster shell
waste cooking oil
Time :180 min
Temperature: 65 ℃
Methanol:Oil : 9:1
Effects of amounts of catalyst
We can find that when control the reaction temperature at 65 degree in the control
condition the best yield of jatropha oil is 91.1%, compared with waste cooking oil the
best yield of waste cooking oil is 87.8%.
The yield increased with increasing amounts of catalyst from 3 wt% to 6 wt%, and
then decreased at 7 wt%.
83.3
86.6
89.1
91.1
88.5
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
3 4 5 6 7
Yield(%) catalyst (wt%)
Oyster shell
Jatropha oil
Time :180 min
Temperature: 65 ℃
Methanol:Oil : 9:1
17. Results and discussion
17
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
120 135 150 165 180 195 210
Yield(%)
Time (min)
5wt% Egg shell
6wt% Oyster shell
Jatropha oil
Temperature: 65 ℃
Methanol:Oil : 9:1
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
120 135 150 165 180 195 210Yield(%)
Time (min)
5wt% Egg shell
6wt% Oyster shell
Waste cooking oil
Temperature: 65 ℃
Methanol:Oil : 9:1
Effects of reaction time
CaO derived from the food wastes of Eggshell have best performance at a reaction
time of 165min.
CaO derived from the food wastes of oyster shell have best performance at a reaction
time of 180min.
The saponification lead to reduce in biodiesel yields, with the increasing of reaction
time.
18. Results and discussion
18
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
45 55 65 75 85
Yield(%)
Temperature (℃)
5wt% Egg shell
6wt% Oyster shell
Jatropha oil
Egg shell Time: 165 min
Oyster shell Time: 180 min
Methanol:Oil : 9:1
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
45 55 65 75 85
Yield(%)
Temperature (℃)
5wt% Egg shell
6wt% Oyster shell
Waste cooking oil
Egg shell Time: 165 min
Oyster shell Time: 180 min
Methanol:Oil : 9:1
Effects of temperature
The process of transesterification, 65 degree had best yield of both oil and different
wt% of catalyst.
High temperatures can reduce the viscosity of the oil but it may cause a large amount
bubbles from vaporize of methanol, lead to reduce in biodiesel yields.
19. Results and discussion
19
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
Yield(%)
Methanol:Oil
5wt% Egg shell
6wt% Oyster shell
Jatropha oil
Egg shell Time: 165 min
Oyster shell Time: 180 min
Temperature :65 ℃
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
Yield(%)
Methanol:Oil
5wt% Egg shell
6wt% Oyster shell
Waste cooking oil
Egg shell Time: 165 min
Oyster shell Time: 180 min
Temperature :65 ℃
Effects of molar ratio of methanol/oil
7:1 8:1 9:1 10:1 11:1 7:1 8:1 9:1 10:1 11:1
The optimal methanol to oil molar ratios was 9:1.
A high methanol to oil ratio interferes with the separation of glycerol because of an
increase in solubility.
20. Results and discussion
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Feedstock Operating conditions
Yield
(%)
Reference
Waste
cooking oil
CaO/ZrO2 (10 wt%)
reaction time = 2 h
temperature = 65 ℃
Methanol:Oil =30:1
92.1
Asghar and
Mohammad, 2012
Waste
cooking oil
snail shell(CaO) (2 wt%)
reaction time = 7 hr
temperature = 60 ℃
Methanol:Oil = 6.03:1
87.3 Birla et al., 2012
Waste
cooking oil
Ba/CaO (3 wt%)
reaction time = 3 h
temperature = 65 ℃
Methanol:Oil = 9:1
88.0
Balakrishnan et al.,
2013
Waste
cooking oil
Sr / ZrO2(2.7wt%)
reaction time = 87 min
temperature = 115.5 °C
Methanol:Oil = 29:1
79.7
Wan Omar and Amin,
2011
Waste
cooking oil
Egg shell(5wt%)
reaction time = 165 min
temperature =65℃
Methanol:Oil =9:1
87.8 This study
Feedstock Operating conditions Yield (%) Reference
Jatropha oil
CaO/MgO (3wt%)
temperature =120℃
reaction time = 3 h
Methanol:Oil =25:1
90.0
Taufiq-Yap et al.,
2011
Jatropha oil
CaO(1.5wt%)
reaction time = 150
min
temperature =70℃
Methanol:Oil =9:1
93.0 Zhu et al., 2006
Jatropha oil
KNO3/CaO(6 wt%)
temperature =70 ℃
reaction time = 6 h
Methanol:Oil =12:1
84.0 Vyas et al., 2009
Jatropha oil
KNO3/Al2O3(6 wt%)
reaction time = 6 h
temperature =70℃
Methanol:Oil =12:1
87.0 Vyas et al., 2009
Jatropha oil
Egg shell(5wt%)
reaction time = 165
min
temperature =65℃
Methanol:Oil =9:1
91.7 This study
21. Conclusion
20
The amount of eggshell at 5 wt%, jatropha oil had best yield of
biodiesel production.
The amount of oystershell at 6 wt%, jatropha oil had best yield of
biodiesel production.
Due to the more residual from waste cooking oil, it’s caused the yield
of biodiesel is lower than jatropha oil .
The high potential food wastes uses as biodiesel synthesis catalysts
can be a green biodiesel process due to their eco-friendly
characteristics and cheap cost.
The best yield of waste cooking oil and jatropha oil were 87.3% and
91.1%, respectivity.
22. What have we learned
This highly efficient and low cost eggshell catalyst
could make the process of biodiesel production
economically.
In the future, the ecologically and economically
friendly process could effectively reduce the
processing cost of biodiesel, making it competitive
with petroleum diesel.
We can learn from waste to worth is very important.
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23. Thanks for your attention
TEL : +886-7-5252000 ext. 4412
E-mail :yclin@faculty.nsysu.edu.tw
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Editor's Notes
Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Good afternoon, Ladies and gentlemen. I am very proud to be here to present our research . The topic of my presentation Food waste and food processing waste for renewable energy production. The research team includes Prof. Lin from National Sun Yat-Sen University and Mr. Yang PhD from Na tional Sun Yat-Sen University ,and my name is Syu-Ruei Jhang
The first slide is outline of today’s presentation.
I've divided my presentation into four parts.
The introduction I will introduce how to produced the biodiesel and the application of biodiesel(including the advantage and disadvantage)
I will introduce how to use food waste to be the catalyst using in biodiesel production
And then is the result of my research and conclusion.
1.Rapid depletion of global energy resources and increased concern on the impact of environmental issues.
2. So, Biodiesel, a renewable energy has been considered as an alternative diesel fuel.
Now, I would like to introduce the diesel engine, the diesel engine have high fuel efficiency and high power output and high economy
But the diesel engine have more pollution than gasoline engine, So, the biodiesel has best characteristic blends with diesel engine it’s will have best performance using in engine.
A biodegradable, combustible fuel made from vegetable oils and/or animal fats.
Usually done by base‐catalyzed transesterification of fats/oils.
Can be used in any compression ignition engine that will accept regular diesel fuel.
Engine does NOT need to be modified to use biodiesel blended with regular diesel.
This yields mono-alkyl methyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerin.
The research by US EPA, with increase of biodiesel we can found the tradition pollutant (PM, CO, HC) will decrease but the NOx was increase with biodiesel blends.
Why biodiesel is so advantage using as additive to use in engine?
1.It has a higher flashpoint
2. Lower exhaust gas emissions
3. Aids in keeping the fuel system clean.
4. Improved engine lubricity.
The increase of biodiesel addition will decreased the pollutant emissions, but NOx emission will increase with blends of biodiesel
*A lot of research had published as follows
The major obstacle to biodiesel commercialization is its high cost, which is approximately 1.5 times more than petroleum diesel fuel due to the cost of vegetable oil [7]. One of the best ways to reduce the cost of biodiesel is to increase biodiesel yields.
So, what should we do?
The next slide we are talking about the heterogeneous catalysts of alkaline earth metal oxides, have been investigated for the process of biodiesel production.
In particular Calcium oxide (CaO), have been shown to possess good performance.
The food waste can be an alternative catalyst
We need to find the alternative catalysts by using food waste and food processing wastes.
Oyster shells were collected from dongshin fishing harbor where is form chiayi at the south of taiwan.
Dongshin fishing harbor aquaculture includes pond fish culture , marine fish culture and oyster culture.
This is production process of biodiesel
It was considered that the related chemical reactions are accelerated by microwave energy .
How to produced Biofuels?
The Biofuel is produced from animal fats or vegetables with methanol or ethanol as the catalyst by transesterification reaction.
We finally can get the product Biodiesel and byproduct glycerin.
1.The waste eggshells were collected from the restaurant near by school.
2.Dried at 105℃ and calcined at 1000 ℃
3. The crystalline phase of the calcined sample was confirmed using a powder X-ray diffractometer
After calcined the eggshell, the Calcium carbonate was become the calcium oxide
The crystalline phase of the calcined sample was confirmed using a powder X-ray diffractometer (XRD).(Ashish et al., 2010)
The physicochemical properties of the eggshell-derived catalyst, which was calcined at 1000 ◦C
The result of X-ray diffractometer (XRD) in this study are similar to the other results of (Ashish et al., 2010; Natarajan et al., 2013)
1.The waste oystershells were collected from Dongshin Fishing Harbor.
2. Dried at 105℃ and calcined at 1000 ℃.
3. The crystalline phase of the calcined sample was confirmed using a powder X-ray diffractometer
After calcined the oystershell, the Calcium carbonate was become the calcium oxide
When effect of amount of eggshell catalyst we can find both of them, 5wt% have the best yield of biodiesel were 87.8% and 91.7%, respectivity.
When effect of amount of eggshell catalyst we can find both of them, 6wt% have the best yield of biodiesel were 87.3% and 91.1%, respectivity.
We can found that when control the reaction temperature at 65 degree in the control condition the best yield of jatropha oil is 91.7%, compared with waste cooking oil the best yield of waste cooking oil is 87.8%.
concluded that
the addition of an excessive amount of alkaline catalyst gives rise to the formation of an emulsion, which increases viscosity and leads to the formation of gels
When control the best amount of catalyst form eggshell and oystershell, we can find both of them have the best time is 165 min.
The saponification lead to reduce in biodiesel yields, with the increasing of reaction time.
When control the best amount of catalyst form eggshell and oystershell, we can find both of them have the best temperature is 65 degree.
High temperatures can reduce the viscosity of the oil but it may cause a large amount bubbles from vaporize of methanol, lead to reduce in biodiesel yields
When control the best amount of catalyst form eggshell and oystershell, we can find both of them have the best Methanol: oil is 9:1 .
High temperatures can reduce the viscosity of the oil but it may cause a large amount bubbles from vaporize of methanol, lead to reduce in biodiesel yields