The document discusses definitions of bilingualism from different perspectives, including maximalist, minimalist, and functional definitions. It also examines types of bilingual education programs based on underlying language ideologies like monoglossic vs heteroglossic. Key types discussed are subtractive, additive, recursive, and dynamic bilingual education models. The document further analyzes total and partial immersion bilingual education programs by showing the percentage of the non-dominant language used over grade levels.
Bingualism refers to the phenomenon of competence and communication in two languages. A bilingual individual is someone who has the ability to communicate in two languages alternately. Such an ability or psychological state in the individual has been referred to as bilinguality (Hamers and Blanc 2000). A bilingual society is one in which two languages are used for communication. In a bilingual society, it is possible to have a large number of monolinguals (those who speak only one of the two languages used in that society), provided that there are enough bilinguals to perform the functions requiring bilingual competence in that society. There is therefore a distinction between individual bilingualism and societal bilingualism.
Can bilingualism cause problems for children? Which language should parents speak? Should parents avoid mixing languages? This slideshare accompanies a RALLI film by Dr Vicky Murphy providing some basic information about bilingualism based on the research evidence. http://youtu.be/p9iWG0M5z40
For an index of the RALLI films and slides see: http://ralliindex.blogspot.co.uk
Language education reflects largely unstated government policies, mainstream cultural values, and minority group aspirations. Their diverse aims result in monolingualism or various types of bilingual education, weak or strong forms in terms of bilingual outcomes among students. This presentation shows how 10 cases of school systems in Japan and the world can be analyzed into types of bilingual education.
Bingualism refers to the phenomenon of competence and communication in two languages. A bilingual individual is someone who has the ability to communicate in two languages alternately. Such an ability or psychological state in the individual has been referred to as bilinguality (Hamers and Blanc 2000). A bilingual society is one in which two languages are used for communication. In a bilingual society, it is possible to have a large number of monolinguals (those who speak only one of the two languages used in that society), provided that there are enough bilinguals to perform the functions requiring bilingual competence in that society. There is therefore a distinction between individual bilingualism and societal bilingualism.
Can bilingualism cause problems for children? Which language should parents speak? Should parents avoid mixing languages? This slideshare accompanies a RALLI film by Dr Vicky Murphy providing some basic information about bilingualism based on the research evidence. http://youtu.be/p9iWG0M5z40
For an index of the RALLI films and slides see: http://ralliindex.blogspot.co.uk
Language education reflects largely unstated government policies, mainstream cultural values, and minority group aspirations. Their diverse aims result in monolingualism or various types of bilingual education, weak or strong forms in terms of bilingual outcomes among students. This presentation shows how 10 cases of school systems in Japan and the world can be analyzed into types of bilingual education.
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2. Bilingualism
Definition
Maximalist Minimalist Functional
The almost native
control of two
languages
Bloomfiel
d, 1935
To have
linguistic abilities
even in a
minimal way
Macnamara,
1969
To use 2 or more
languages in daily
life, over regular
bases
Grossjean, 1982
“Bilingualism as a countenance”
(Hornberger 1989)
5. Definitions based on levels of proficiency
(maximal and minimal)
-balanced bilinguals
-semilinguals
Coordinated – compound
Definitions based on use (functional)
-conversational fluency (BICS)
-academic language competence (CALP)
Definitions of
Bilingualism
6. Definitions of Bilingualism
proficiency use
semilingual
balanced
(maximal and minimal) (functional)
Basic Intercommunicative
Skills (BICS)
Cognitive Academic Language
Proficiency (CALP)
Communicative language teaching
(CLT)
Content-based or Content and Language Integrated
time
competence
time
7. Relación de competencia
comunicativa y uso de la
lengua
Suficiencia uso
semilingüe
balanceado
(maximalista and minimalista) (funcional)
Habilidades Interpersonales
Comunicativas Básicas (BICS en
inglés)
Suficiencia Lingüística
Cognitivamente Académica
(CALP en inglés)
Enseñanza comunicativa (CLT)
Aprendizaje Integrado de Lengua y Contenido (AICLE)
tiempo
competencia
tiempo
15. Bilingual Education foundations
Monoglosic ideology Heteroglosic ideology
Subtractive
Bilingual
education
Additive Bilingual
education
Recursive
Bilingual
education
Dynamic
Bilingual
education
Language
ideology
monoglossic monoglossic heteroglossic heteroglossic
Linguistic
goal
monolingualism monolingualism bilingualism bilingualism
Linguistic
ecology
Lge shift Lge addition
manteinance
Lge
revitalization
plurilingualism
Bilingualism
orientation
Bi as problem Bi as enrichment Bi as right Bi as resource
Cultural
ecology
monocultural Mono to
biculturalism
Bicultural
multiplicity
transcultural
Types of
children
minority majority Non-dominant All
16. Bilingual Education Types
Subtractive
bied
Addtive bied Recursive
bied
Dynamic
bied
Language
ideology
monoglossic monoglossic heteroglossic heteroglossic
Linguistic
goal
monolingualism monlingualism bilingualism bilingualism
types transitional Maintenance
Prestigious
Immersion
Immersion
developmenta
l
Polydirectiona
l-two way-
dual language
CLIL-CLILtype
17. Total immersion program
Types of Bilingual programs
% of
Lge
10
0
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 50 50
grade pre 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th
Bilingual process
18. Partial immersion program
Types of Bilingual programs 2
% of
Lge
75 75 75 75 75 75 50 50 50 50 50 50
grade pre 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th
Bilingual process
