1. There are various definitions of bilingualism based on levels of proficiency, use, and control of languages. Definitions include maximalist, minimalist, and functional views. 2. There is a distinction between knowledge or competence of languages versus their functional use. Proficiency develops over time and relates to concepts like basic interpersonal communication skills and cognitive academic language proficiency. 3. Views of bilingualism have evolved from seeing it as a problem and subtractive to seeing languages as an additive resource and right, in line with changing ideologies and geopolitical contexts.

2. MYTHS AND REALITIES
From colonization to internationalization

4. 1. Myth: one view of bilingualism
Productive - Receptive Bilingualism
(Bialystock, 2001)
Simultaneous - Early Sequential – Late
Bilingualism (Baker, 2006)
Compound – Coordinate – Subordinate
bilingual (Baker, 2001)

5. Bilingualism
Definition
Maximalist Minimalist Functional
The almost native
control of two
languages
Bloomfiel
d, 1935
To have
linguistic abilities
even in a
minimal way
Macnamara,
1969
To use 2 or more
languages in daily
life, over regular
bases
Grossjean, 1982
“Bilingualism as a countenance”
(Hornberger 1989)

6. Bilingualism
authors definition
Bloomfield (1933, p55-56)
Baker (2006, p6)
Diebold (1964)
Thiery (1978, p146)
Grosjean (1982, p232)
Control - Native
Incipient bilingualism
True bilingual

7. One language
bilingualism
One bigger
than
the other

8. Definitions based on levels of proficiency
(maximal and minimal)
-balanced bilinguals
-semilinguals
Coordinated – compound
Definitions based on use (functional)
-conversational fluency (BICS)
-academic language competence (CALP)
Definitions of
Bilingualism

9. 2. Myth: knowledge vs. use
proficiency use
semilingual
balanced
(competence) (functional)
Basic Intercommunicative
Skills (BICS)
Cognitive Academic Language
Proficiency (CALP)
Communicative language teaching
(CLT)
Content-based or Content and Language Integrated
time
competence
time

10. Relación de competencia
comunicativa y uso de la
lengua
Suficiencia uso
semilingüe
balanceado
(maximalista and minimalista) (funcional)
Habilidades Interpersonales
Comunicativas Básicas (BICS en
inglés)
Suficiencia Lingüística
Cognitivamente Académica
(CALP en inglés)
Enseñanza comunicativa (CLT)
Aprendizaje Integrado de Lengua y Contenido (AICLE)
tiempo
competencia
tiempo

11. Let´s have a brain break

12. 3. Myth: mother tongue forbidden
time
knowledge
L1 L2

13. CODE SWITCHING VS.
TRANSLANGUAGING

14. From Prada to nada

15. Code switching vs. translanguaging

16. MONOGLOSSIC VS.
HETEROGLOSSIC

17. 20th century geopolitics & bilingualism
Language groupsLanguage groups
territorializedterritorialized

18. Subtractive bilingualism
Language difference as a problem
L1 L2

19. Additive bilingualism
Monoglossic ideologies
Language as privilege for elite, their right
L1 L1+L2
+ L2

20. Bilingualism in 20th century
• A bicycle with two full separate wheels
• L1 + L2 = L1 + L2
• Balanced bilingualism

21. 4. Myth: Foreign Language or
second language
EFL
L2
knowledge
knowledge
L2
SL

22. 21st century geopolitical changes &
bilingualism
Non territorialized languages

23. 21st century
Dynamic bilingualism
Language as resource

24. Enacting dynamic bilingualism
Monolingual
English
Bilingual
English-Spanish
English as a
subject
English as a
source

25. Enacting dynamic bilingualism
Monolingual
English
Bilingual
English-Spanish
English as a
subject
English as a
source
Isolated
Subject-matters
Content and
Language
Integrated (CLIL)
English

26. Let´s have a brain break

27. 5. Myth: Bilingual education is
for elites

28. Types of Bilingual Schools
• International bilingual school
• National Bilingual school
• National school with intensification

30. Bilingual Education foundations
Monoglosic ideology Heteroglosic ideology
Subtractive
Bilingual
education
Additive Bilingual
education
Recursive
Bilingual
education
Dynamic
Bilingual
education
Language
ideology
monoglossic monoglossic heteroglossic heteroglossic
Linguistic
goal
monolingualism bilingualism bilingualism bilingualism
Linguistic
ecology
Lge shift Lge addition
manteinance
Lge
revitalization
plurilingualism
Bilingualism
orientation
Bi as problem Bi as enrichment Bi as right Bi as resource
Cultural
ecology
monocultural Mono to
biculturalism
Bicultural
multiplicity
transcultural
Types of
children
minority majority Non-dominant All

31. 6. Myth: Bilingual means English
• Multilingual & multicultural country
(Colombian Constitution, 1991)
• 69 indigenous languages and
communities (prestigous and majority
language)
• Blind and deaf people (Braille and Sign
languages): Spanish as a second
language education
• Spanish as a Foreign Language (ELL)
• French as an opportunity

32. Bilingual Education Types
Subtractive
bied
Addtive bied Recursive
bied
Dynamic
bied
Language
ideology
monoglossic monoglossic heteroglossic heteroglossic
Linguistic
goal
monolingualism monlingualism bilingualism bilingualism
types transitional Maintenance
Prestigious
Immersion
Immersion
developmenta
l
Polydirectiona
l-two way-
dual language
CLIL-CLILtype

33. Total immersion program
Types of Bilingual programs
% of
Lge
10
0
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 50 50
grade pre 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th
Bilingual process

34. Partial immersion program
Types of Bilingual programs 2
% of
Lge
75 75 75 75 75 75 50 50 50 50 50 50
grade pre 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th
Bilingual process