BENDASING SALUR PERNAFASAN
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This document discusses airway obstruction, including its definition, causes, signs and symptoms, and emergency treatment. Airway obstruction is a medical emergency that can lead to respiratory arrest if not addressed promptly. Causes include foreign objects like food or toys becoming lodged in the trachea or bronchi. Signs may include clutching the neck, difficulty speaking or breathing. Emergency treatment involves back blows, chest thrusts or Heimlich maneuver to dislodge the obstruction, as well as advanced procedures like cricothyrotomy or endotracheal intubation if needed. Prevention strategies are also outlined.
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FRACTURE OF CERVICAL VERTEBRAE WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY.
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www.indiandentalacademy.com
Management of stridor
This document provides guidance on evaluating and managing stridor in children. It outlines the key components of history taking, physical examination, investigations, and treatments for various causes of stridor. History should determine time of onset, mode of onset, duration, and any associated symptoms. Physical exam locates the obstruction site and identifies associated characteristics. Investigations depend on findings but may include radiography, CT, angiography, and direct laryngoscopy. Management involves treating the underlying cause, such as nebulized epinephrine for croup, antibiotics for epiglottitis, observation for laryngomalacia, or endoscopic removal for foreign bodies.
Airway Management and Intubation.pptx
This document provides an overview of airway management and intubation. It describes the anatomy of the airway, the importance of airway management, different methods including basic and advanced adjuncts as well as surgical techniques. It details the types of intubation, instruments used, drugs administered, steps for intubation, complications that can occur, and ways to confirm proper endotracheal tube placement.
Airway management
Introduction:
Patients in any healthcare setting can quickly become acutely unwell, and assessment and management of the airway is always the priority in any clinical situation (Resuscitation Council UK, 2021). When patients are critically unwell, there is a high risk of respiratory deterioration, and many patients require an artificial airway to facilitate their treatment. Knowing how to assess and manage the airway is a key skill for the nurse working in critical care.
Pediatric airway management
This document provides guidance on managing pediatric airways. It discusses signs of airway instability including retractions, nasal flaring, and head bobbing. It describes pediatric airway anatomy and how it differs from adults. The document outlines how to open and maintain an airway manually or with devices. It also discusses techniques for bag-mask ventilation and intubation in pediatric patients, as well as dealing with difficult airways. Complications of airway management are addressed.
AIRWAY MANAGEMENT.pdf
- Menjaga kepala pasien dalam posisi sniffing
- Menekan kartilago krikoid (BURP manuver)
- Membantu masukkan ETT
- Membantu ventilasi pasca intubasi
- Memantau parameter vital pasien
Intubator:
- Melakukan intubasi
- Memastikan posisi ETT
- Memasang cuff dan ventilasi
- Memantau parameter vital pasien
Komunikasi yang baik antara intubator dan asisten sangat penting untuk
keberhasilan dan keselamatan pasien.
Chapter 3 Airway Management.
The document provides information on emergency care of the airway in athletic training. It discusses the anatomy of the upper and lower airway, including the oropharynx, nasopharynx, epiglottis, and larynx. Signs of an obstructed airway like cyanosis, snoring respirations, and accessory muscle use are outlined. Techniques for opening the airway like head-tilt chin-lift and jaw thrust are described. Foreign body airway obstructions and their management in adults, children, and infants are covered. Various methods of ventilation including mouth-to-mask, mouth-to-barrier, and mouth-to-mouth are explained. Finally, the document discusses oxygen therapy
4.CPR.pptx
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) involves restoring breathing and circulation in a patient whose heart has stopped. CPR has three main steps - airway, breathing, and circulation. For airway, techniques like head tilt and jaw thrust are used to open the airway. For breathing, mouth-to-mouth or bag-mask ventilation is provided. For circulation, chest compressions are given at a rate of 100-120 per minute to manually pump the heart and circulate blood to vital organs. Advanced CPR techniques involve use of equipment like endotracheal tubes, defibrillators, and drugs to further support breathing and restore heart rhythm. The goal of CPR is to prevent irreversible brain
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TONSILITIS
Tonsilitis adalah infeksi pada tonsil yang dapat berupa akut atau kronik. Tonsilitis akut disebabkan oleh virus, bakteria atau jamur dan menyebabkan sakit tekak, demam, dan bengkak pada leher. Tonsilitis kronik disebabkan oleh episode tonsilitis akut berulang dan ditandai dengan sakit tekak kronik serta bengkak pada tonsil dan kelenjar leher. Pengobatan untuk tonsilitis akut meliputi obat pereda nyeri
OFTALMOLOGI
Dokumen tersebut memberikan ringkasan tentang simtomatologi, etiologi, dan penyebab-penyebab kabur penglihatan dan buta. Beberapa penyebab utama yang disebutkan adalah katarak, degenerasi makula, retinopati diabetik, glaukoma, trauma, infeksi seperti trakoma, dan kekurangan gizi seperti xeropthalmia. Dokumen ini sangat bermanfaat untuk memahami kondisi-kondisi medis yang dapat menyebabkan gang
KERATITIS - UVEITIS
1. Uveitis adalah inflamasi seluruh lapisan uvea mata.
2. Terdapat dua jenis utama uveitis: anterior dan posterior.
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SIMTOMATOLOGI SISTEM SARAF
The document summarizes common neurological symptoms involving the nervous system, motor functions, and sensory functions. Some key symptoms mentioned include loss of consciousness, motor impairments like tremors and involuntary movements, sensory changes like numbness and tingling, and meningeal irritation signs such as headache, neck stiffness, and photophobia. Neurological disorders can cause a range of symptoms affecting thinking, movement, sensation, and other nervous system functions.
PARKINSONISME
Penyakit Parkinson merupakan gangguan degeneratif yang menyebabkan kekakuan otot dan gangguan gerakan. Ia disebabkan oleh kehilangan neuron dopaminergik di substantia nigra otak. Gejala utama termasuk tremor, kekakuan otot, dan kesukaran bergerak. Pengurusannya meliputi ubat-ubatan seperti levodopa dan amantadine serta latihan fizikal.
Migraine - SAKIT KEPALA
Sakit kepala atau migrain melibatkan vasokonstriksi dan vasodilatasi arteri yang menyebabkan gangguan fungsi otak dan kesakitan. Jenis migrain termasuk klasik dengan aura dan biasa tanpa aura, disebabkan oleh faktor psikologi, fisiologi dan makanan tertentu. Gejala termasuk sakit kepala sebelah, muntah, dan gangguan penglihatan. Rawatan untuk serangan akut dan pencegahan meliputi ubat-ubatan seperti ergot
EPILEPSI
Epilepsi adalah gangguan paroksismal otak yang menyebabkan pergerakan, sensasi, dan tingkah laku tidak normal yang bermula dan berakhir secara spontan. Ia disebabkan oleh faktor genetik, usia, jenis kelamin, masalah otak seperti tekanan cairan otak dan infeksi, serta faktor luar seperti racun dan masalah metabolik. Serangan epilepsi boleh dicetuskan oleh keletihan, stres, demam, dan pengambilan alk
BELL'S PALSY
Bell's palsy adalah kelumpuhan otot muka sementara yang biasanya disebabkan oleh infeksi virus. Gejala utamanya adalah kelumpuhan separa atau penuh pada satu sisi wajah yang menyebabkan kesukaran menutup mata, tersenyum, dan mengunyah. Rawatan utama adalah steroid untuk mengurangkan pembengkakan saraf dan terapi fizikal untuk memulihkan fungsi otot. Kebanyakan kes pulih sepenuhnya dalam tempoh
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The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
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9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
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1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
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Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
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Endocrine Therapy
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Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
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BENDASING SALUR PERNAFASAN
- 1. BENDASING SALUR PERNAFASAN Disediakan Oleh : Nassruto
- 2. BENDASING SALUR PERNAFASAN OBJEKTIF Diakhir kuliah ini pelatih akan dapat; 1. Mendefinisikan penyekatan salur pernafasan 2. Menyatakan etiologi penyekatan salur pernafasan 3. Menyatakan tanda dan simptom penyekatan salur pernafasan 4. Menerangkan rawatan kecemasan keadaan penyekatan salur pernafasan
- 3. BENDASING SALUR PERNAFASAN Benda asing di saluran pernafasan menyebabkan penyekatan saluran pernafasan ~ tercekik ~ yg merupakan satu keadaan kecemasan yg memerlukan pengurusan segera. Pengesanan awal adalah penting utk mencegah komplikasi termasuk terhenti bernafas (respiratory arrest)
- 4. BENDASING SALUR PERNAFASAN ETIOLOGI Sekatan bendasing spt makanan, alat permainan (kanak-kanak) pada cabang bronkiol atau laring. Makanan yg tidak dikunyah sempurna Makan di bawah pengaruh alkohol (café coronary ~ spt penyakit koronari)
- 5. BENDASING SALUR PERNAFASAN MANIFESTASI KLINIKAL 1. Sejarah sedang makan / main 2. Tanda universal ~ memegang leher 3. Sukar bercakap / bernafas PERINGATAN Jika pesakit batuk ~ jangan ganggu Menunjukan ada pertukaran udara yg berkesan ~ biarkan pesakit cuba mengeluarkan sendiri dulu
- 6. BENDASING SALUR PERNAFASAN MANIFESTASI KLINIKAL IF... the infant or child is breathing and continues to be able to speak or cough THEN... do not interfere, but take to an advanced life support facility IF... the infant or child has a fever and a history of illness (the air passages may be swollen) THEN... transport immediately to an emergency care facility
- 7. BENDASING SALUR PERNAFASAN MANIFESTASI KLINIKAL IF... the infant or child has ineffective coughing, high pitched inspirations, and the inability to speak or cry, THEN... immediately begin the obstructed airway sequence described below.
- 8. BENDASING SALUR PERNAFASAN RAWATAN KECEMASAN 1. ‘Heimlich maneuvre’ atau ‘subdiaphargmatic abdominal thrust’ 2. Langkah-langkah lain Krikotiroidektomi ~ insisi pada membran krikotiroid antara rawan tiroid dgn gelang rawan krikoid Intubasi endotrakea ~ memasukkan tiub endotrakea utk memberi ventilasi Trakeotomi ~ insisi pd kawasan rawan trakea
- 9. BENDASING SALUR PERNAFASAN RAWATAN KECEMASAN 3. Ibu mengandung / dewasa gemuk ~ lakukan ‘chest thrust’ 4. Piawai rawatan mengikut Persatuan Jantung Amerika Pesakit sedarkan diri Pesakit sedarkan diri tidak sedar Pesakit yg dijumpai tidak sedarkan diri
- 11. PREVENTION IS NO ACCIDENT DEWASA 1. Cut food into small pieces. 2. Chew food slowly and thoroughly, especially if wearing dentures. 3. Avoid laughing and talking during chewing and swallowing. 4. Avoid excessive intake of alcohol before and during meals.
- 12. PREVENTION IS NO ACCIDENT BAYI & KANAK-KANAK Keep marbles, beads, thumbtacks, and other small objects out of their reach and prevent them from walking, running, or playing with food or toys in their mouths.