Basidiomycetes, or club fungi, are a division of fungi that produce basidiospores on club-shaped structures called basidia. They can be saprophytes that feed on dead organic matter or parasites that live within a host. The perfect stage of their life cycle involves the basidium bearing basidiospores. Examples of basidiomycetes include mushrooms, smuts, rusts, puffballs, and stinkhorns. Some basidiomycetes have medical benefits while others can cause plant or animal diseases.

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2. Basidiomycetes – Club Fungi

3. Saprophytes- feed on dead / decaying organic matter Parasites- live on within a host who is its food source Has a basidium – produced in basidiocarps Basidiospores/ sporidia - born outside the basidium - usually uninucleate and 4 in number, rarely binucleate

4. Septate Mycellium- with binucleate cells forming clamp connections Chitinous cell walls All basidiomycetes are composed of masses of hyphae. The perfect stage is when the basidium bears basidiospores.

8. CLAMP CONNECTION

9. SMUTS belong to the order Ustilaginales able to complete their life cycle with only a single host spread to infest the whole plant from an initial infection spot corn smut ( Ustilago myadis )

10. RUSTS belong to the order Uredinales complicated life cycles which involve the infection of two different plant species five spore stages stem rust (Puccinia graminis) on wheat stem and leaves

11. MUSHROOMS spore-bearing fruit bodies of fungi basidiospores produced on the gills

12. OTHER EXAMPLES: Puffballs Stinkhorns Jelly Fungi

13. ADVANTAGES edible Basidiomycetes Ex. pizza mushrooms ( Agaricus bisporus ) shiitake mushrooms ( Lentinula edodes ) Basidiomycota extract -Used to make Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC) -Have a toxic effect on cancer cells -Prevents Trypanothione -Does not harm our PMBCs or Peripheral Blood Mononuclear cells -Fights other hard-to-fight diseases Ex. Leishmaniasis -PSK (Basidiomycete-derived protein bound polysaccharide - Medecine to stop Liver metatesis of cancer 356 357

14. DISADVANTAGES Dimorphic form can cause diseases or infections on -Plants -Animals -Other fungi 356 357 Ex. Cryptococcus neoformans Ustilago maydis

15. Unknown author. Mushrooms. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushrooms Unknown author. The Rusts and Smuts. Retrieved from http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/BOT135/2009/Lec ture07/Lect08.htm Kendrick, B. The Fifth Kingdom. Waterloo, Ontario: Mycologue Publications, 1985. Simpson, B.B., and M.C. Ogrorzaly. Economic Botany: Plants in Our World. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986. Moore-Landecker, E. (1972). Fundamentals of the Fungi. New Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall. Gupta, J.S. (1981). Textbook of Fungi. New Delhi, India: Dhawan Printing Works. Unknown Author. Evolution of Fungi. Retrieved from h ighered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072919345/63796/co23.pdf