This document discusses several fungal plant diseases. It begins by covering wheat rust, describing the three types (leaf rust, stem rust, and stripe rust), their symptoms, and control methods. It also discusses cedar apple rust in apples, coffee leaf rust, and various root rots caused by fungi in different plants. Verticillium wilt and oak wilt are described. Finally, it discusses loose smut of barley and maize smut, detailing their symptoms, life cycles, and prevention strategies.
Downy mildew of grapes refers to any of several types of oomycete microbes that are obligate parasites of plants. Downy mildews exclusively belong to Peronosporaceae. In commercial agriculture, they are a particular problem for growers of crucifers, grapes and vegetables that grow on vines. slide contains vivid descrition of the plant pathogen.
This ppt illustrates and describes the two bacterial diseases included in the BSc Hons Program Syllabys Core Course III or DSC 3- Citrus canker and angular leaf spot of cotton
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
Fungi constitute the largest number of plant pathogens and are responsible for a range of serious plant diseases. Most vegetable diseases are caused by fungi. They damage plants by killing cells and/or causing plant stress. Sources of fungal infections are infected seed, soil, crop debris, nearby crops and weeds.
tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco-significance of TMV, Economic loss of TMV, distribution of TMV, disease cycle of TMV, Favourable condition of TMV, Protein synthesis and RNA replication of TMV,infection process and life cycle of TMV, Disease management of TMV in tobacco plants
Downy mildew of grapes refers to any of several types of oomycete microbes that are obligate parasites of plants. Downy mildews exclusively belong to Peronosporaceae. In commercial agriculture, they are a particular problem for growers of crucifers, grapes and vegetables that grow on vines. slide contains vivid descrition of the plant pathogen.
This ppt illustrates and describes the two bacterial diseases included in the BSc Hons Program Syllabys Core Course III or DSC 3- Citrus canker and angular leaf spot of cotton
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
Fungi constitute the largest number of plant pathogens and are responsible for a range of serious plant diseases. Most vegetable diseases are caused by fungi. They damage plants by killing cells and/or causing plant stress. Sources of fungal infections are infected seed, soil, crop debris, nearby crops and weeds.
tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco-significance of TMV, Economic loss of TMV, distribution of TMV, disease cycle of TMV, Favourable condition of TMV, Protein synthesis and RNA replication of TMV,infection process and life cycle of TMV, Disease management of TMV in tobacco plants
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
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Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
3. Introduction
Rust is a fungal disease that attacks
on variety of plants.
There are more than 500 species of
fungi which infects wheat, barley,
apples, tomatoes, coffee and many
other plants.
Low light intensity, moisture and
humidity are favourable conditions
for this disease.
4. Wheat Rust
Causative agent
Wheat rust is caused by
fungus Puccinia .
It is a common disease
that can destroy the
crop yield .
It also causes a huge
economic loss.
5. Types Of Wheat Rust
Three
types.
Leaf rust Stem rust Stripe rust
6. Leaf rust
Causative Agent
It is caused by fungus Puccinia recondita.
Symptoms
It affects the leaves of wheat crop.
First small circular oval yellow spots form on
leaves.
The color of spot changes into orange and
finally black spores or lesions form on leaf.
7. StemRust
Causative agent
It is caused by Puccinia graminis.
Symptoms
It affects stem of wheat crop.
Usually reddish brown lesions
appear on stem.
At later stage stem is weakened and
black spores are produced.
8. Stripe Rust
Causative agent
It is caused by fungus Puccinia
striiformis.
Symptoms
It affects the stripes on leaves.
Usually light yellow pustules are
formed.
Finally the tissues around pustules
are turned brown and dry.
9. Prevention And Control
Use fungicide sprays.
Choose resistant seeds.
Remove all the infected parts and destroy them.
Clean away all the debris in between the plants
to prevent rust from spreading.
Avoid splashing water into leaves to avoid
spread of rust.
10. Cedar Apple Rust
Causative Agent
It is caused by fungus Gymniosporangium juniper viriginianae.
Symptoms
On the leaves of apple rust appears as small pale yellow spots.
The spots enlarge and causes defoliation .
It also reduces fruit size and quality.
Galls formation occur.
11.
12. Prevention And Control
Use resistant variety of crops .
Apply disease fighting fungicides on on
apples.
Remove infected plants.
Rust can be controlled by applying copper
solution.
Remove the galls from infected plant and
if required remove the entire plant.
14. Symptoms:
Spots Formation
Pustules Formation
Powdery & orange
yellow pustules
(underleaf)
Pustules turn black Rusted leaves drop
Lower coffee yield
Death of coffee
tree
Small, Yellowish
oily spots on leaf
upper surface
Larger round
spots
Spots become
Orange to red
Finally become
brown with a
yellow border
15. Prevention And Control:
Timely application of fungicide sprays.
Plantation of lower regions should be moved to higher and
cooler latitudes.
Resistant varieties should be used.
16. Wilt:
Any number of diseases that affect the vascular system of plants.
Attacks by fungi, bacteria, nematodes can cause rapid killing of plants,
large tree branches or entire trees.
Pathogens that cause wilting disease invade the vascular vessels and
cause the xylem to fail to transport water to the foliage, thus causing the
wilting of the stems and leaves.
Presented By: Falak Naz Tariq
17. 1.VerticilliumWilt:
Wilt disease affecting over 350 species of eudicot plants.
Caused by Verticillium dahliae.
Many economically important plants are susceptible: cotton, potatoes, tomatoes,
oilseed rape, eggplants, peppers, ornamentals.
20. Prevention andcontrol:
Crop rotation
Use of resistant
varieties
Deep plowing
Pre-plant soil
fumigation with
chloropicrin
Qualified
personnel for soil
fumigation
21. 2. OAK WILT:
Occur in Eastern half of US.
All oaks(Quercus) are susceptible.
Presented By: Usama Sadiq
22. SYMPTOMS:
Affected parts loose turgidity and droop
Leaves
Leaves turn
pale or dull
green
Looked
water-
Curl upward
Become
yellow from
margins
inward
23. PREVENTION ANDCONTROL:
Prompt removal of diseased trees
Injecting fungicide into the soil midway
Avoiding of injury or pruning of trees
Growing disease free and resistant plants
Rotating with highly resistant plants for five years
Fertilizing and watering to encourage vigour
25. INTRODUCTION
Root rot is a disease that attacks the roots of plants growing in wet soil.
When plants start showing symptoms of root rot, such as yellow leaves or stunted
growth, take action immediately to resolve the problem.
26. Causative agent
Root rot are caused by fungi Rhizoctonia
and Armillaria.
Rhizoctonia root rot is a frequent disease of
many crops such as bean, apple, tobacco,
blueberry, tomato and caused by R. solani.
27. Armillaria root rot is caused by Armillaria spp.
Armillaria root rot causes poor growth, yellow to brown foliage, and
eventual death of the tree.
29. World range host responsible loses on more than 500 cultivated
and wild plants species.
In Pakistan it has been reported to cause diseases on 67 economic
host including pulses, field, crops, flowers and vegetables,
It attack 400 plants such as soyabean, corn.
Yield reduction upto 50%.
30. SYMPTOMS
Growth of
infected plants
slows as
compared to
healthy plants.
Older leaves
yellow and fall.
Stunted,pale
leaves.
Roots appear
dark brown or
black and few or
no white roots or
root tips can be
found when the
root ball is
washed free of
soil.
31. Treatment & prevention:
Destruction of affected plants.
Replace the surrounding soil.
Treatment option depends on extent of root rot.
1. NON-CHEMICAL TREATMENT:
Replant the affected plant in fresh soil with good drainage to avoid standing water
Gently wash diseased roots & remove all brown, soft parts of the root
Presented By: Khizer Akhtar
32. CHEMICAL TREATMENT:
Fungicides.
Chloropicrin.
Methyl bromide.
Can be used to limit progression of disease.
Cinnamon powder.
Water the plants when the becomes dry.
33. 1.LooseSmutOf Barley:
It is a disease that can destroy a large proportion of a barley crop.
Caused by Ustilago nuda.
Loose smut replaces grain heads with smut, or masses of spores which infect the
open flowers of healthy plants and grow into the seed, without showing any
symptoms.
Presented By: Aamir Mumtaz
34. SYMPTOMS:
"smutted" grain heads containing
masses of black or brown spores
No grain harvested
fungus causes infected plants to grow
slightly taller and mature slightly sooner
35. DISEASE CYCLE:
teliospores are
blown to open
flower
infect the ovary
give rise to
basidiospores
Germination of
basidiospores
fungal mycelia
invade the
developing embryo
in the seed
fungus stays
alive in the seed
until the next
growing season
the fungus grows
with developing
plant
Teliospores
production
36. ENVIRONMENT:
It needs to infect the seed in the previous growing season
The growing conditions are good for the plant, they will be good for the fungus
In case of environmental stressors, the plant will be more susceptible to injury
because of the added stress from the fungal infection
If dry, calm conditions persist for the entire time the flowers are open, the infection
rate will be low.
Wind and moderate rain, as well as cool temperatures (16–22 °C) are ideal for the
dispersal of spores.
37. Control :
Using treated seed.
Barley varieties with resistance to loose smut are also commercially available.
38.
39. Economic Importance Of Maize:
In Pakistan, maize is being grown on an area of 1.016 million
hectares with annual production of 3.037 million tons and an
average grain yield of 2,864 kg/ha.
In Pakistan after potato, the maize stands most profitable, stable
and dependable crop.
41. Characteristics
The fungus infects all parts of the host plant by invading the ovaries
of its host.
The infection causes the corn kernels to swell up into tumor-like
galls, whose tissues, texture and developmental pattern are
mushroom-like.
42. These galls are made up of hypertrophied cells of the infected plant, along
with resulting fungal threads, and blue-black spores.
These dark-colored spores give the cob a burned, scorched
appearance.
43. Symptoms
Plant in the seedling stage show stunted growth and may
not produce inflorescences or ears.
On older plants, the infection results in the formation of
galls full of black smut on ears. As they rupture they
show a powdery black content.
On leaves, the tumourous growth usually remains small and
dries out without rupturing
44. Environment
Can survive for several
years in the soil and in
corn debris.
Spores spread by – wind,
splashing water (rain and
irrigation) or manure of
animals that have eaten
corn with the fungus.
Favourable conditions
which facilitate spores
spread and make fungal
growth possible.
Both too much or too little
precipitation.
Rainy, wet weather.
Soils low in fertilizers or
contain excessive
nitrogen increase
vulnerability to fungus.
Poor pollination.
45. Prevention And Control
Bag or burn infected plants- do NOT compost
Use balanced organic fertilizers
Fungicides are not effective due to persistence in the soil
for years
Collect and destroy galls before release of spores
Reduce infection points by avoiding injury
Choose best resistant varieties like silver, king.