The classification of fungi is a complex and ever-evolving field, but I can give you a good overview of the main categories and some of the key characteristics that define them. **Firstly, it's important to differentiate between true fungi and fungus-like organisms: True fungi: These are the "classic" fungi we typically think of, with cell walls made of chitin and a heterotrophic lifestyle (obtaining nutrients from other organisms). They are further divided into several phyla based on their reproductive structures and cell wall composition. * **Fungus-like organisms:** These share some similarities with true fungi, but lack certain defining characteristics like chitin cell walls or fungal-specific metabolic pathways. Some common examples include water molds (oomycetes), slime molds (myxomycetes), and chytridiomycetes. **Here are the main phyla of true fungi:** 1. **Chytridiomycota (Chytrids):** The most primitive lineage, known for their aquatic lifestyle and flagellated zoospores. Examples include Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid fungus responsible for amphibian declines worldwide. 2. **Zygomycota (Conjugated fungi):** Characterized by the formation of zygospores during sexual reproduction. Common examples include bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer) and athlete's foot fungus (Mucor circinelloides). 3. **Ascomycota (Sac fungi):** The most diverse and species-rich phylum, including yeasts, molds, and many common mushrooms. Their defining feature is the ascus, a sac-like structure containing ascospores. Examples include brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), penicillin mold (Penicillium chrysogenum), and morels (Morchella spp.). 4. **Basidiomycota (Club fungi):** Another large and diverse phylum, known for their fruiting bodies with basidia that produce basidiospores. Examples include mushrooms like button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), chanterelles (Cantharellus cibarius), and various bracket fungi. 5. **Glomeromycota:** A recently established phylum characterized by their symbiotic relationship with plant roots. They play a crucial role in plant nutrient uptake and soil health. **In addition to these phyla, the Deuteromycota (Fungi imperfecti) category exists:** * **Deuteromycota:** This group used to be classified as a separate phylum, but most of its members have now been reclassified into other phyla based on genetic analysis. They lack a known sexual reproductive stage, but many are still important ecologically and commercially. Examples include bread mold (Neurospora crassa) and the antibiotic-producing Penicillium species. Remember, this is just a brief overview, and there are many more intricacies to the classification of fungi. If you have any specific questions about a particular type of fungus or want to delve deeper into a specific phylum, I'd be happy to provide more information!

1. TOPIC : FUNGI CLASSIFICATION (PLANT PATHOLOGICAL
ASPECTS)
V.AJAYDESOUZA
M.Sc. (Agri) Plant Pathology
Annamalai university
ajaydesouza0003@gmail.com

2. THREE KINGDOM SYSTEM-HAECKEL
1866
The classification of living things is based on
their multicellularity and unicellularity.
Protista
(Unicellular algae,
Fungi & Bacteria)
Plantae
(Metaphyta)
Multicellular
plants
Animalia
(Metazoa)
Multicellular
animals

4. The Five kingdoms – R.H Whittaker
• Monera: it includes all the prokaryotes (Eubacteria, Actinomycetes,
Blue Green Algae, Mycoplasma And Akaryote (virus).
• Protista: it includes all the unicellular eukaryotes (Protozoans,
Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Euglenoids, Slime Molds).
• Mycota: it includes true fungi
• Plantae: it includes multicellular eukaryotic plants (Algae,
Bryophyte, Pteridophyte, Gymnosperm and Angiosperm ).
• Animalia: it includes multicellular animals

5. Ainsworth Classification Of Fungi -1966

6. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI
(Dictionary of Fungi-10th edition: krik et al.,2008)
Domain : Eukarya
Protozoa Chromista Fungi
1. Plasmodiophoramycota
2. Dictylosteliomycota
3. Acrasiomycota
4. Myxomycota
1. Oomycota
2. Hypochytridiomycota
3. Labrinthulomycota
1. Chytridiomycota
2. Zygomycota
3. Ascomycota
4. Basidiomycota
5. Microsporidia
6. Glomeromycota
7. Blastocladiomycota
8. Neoclallimastigomycota
3 kingdoms
4 phyla 3 phyla 8 phyla

7. Kingdom : Protozoa
Phylum
Plasmodiophoromycota
(Endoparasitc Slime mould)
Class
Plasmodiophoromycetes
Order
Plasmodiophorales
Family
Plasmodiophoraceae
Genus & Species
1. Plasmodiophora brassicae
(Club root of cabbage)
2. Spongospora subteranea
(Powdery scab of potato)

8. Characteristics features of Plasmodiophoromycetes
 Obligate endoparasites attacking cabbage, potato
 Infection results into hypertrophy and hyperplasia in host
 Disruption of vascular elements of the host results into general
stunting
 A characteristics cruciform type of nuclear division is found
 Two distinct plasmodial phases are seen:
 First phase is a zoosporangial plasmodium and the
 Second plasmodial phase gives rise to resting spores
 Walls of the resting spores contain either chitin or cellulose
 In some species, sexual fusion is observed before the development
of the resting spore plasmodium

9. 2.Kingdom: Chromista (Straminopila) (False fungi)
Phylum : Oomycota
Class : Oomycetes
O1:Pythiales
F:Pythiaceae
Pythium
O2: Peronosporales
F1: Albuginaceae
Albugo
F2: Peronosporaceae
Peronospora
Pseudoperonospora
Plasmopara
Phytophthora
Bremia
O3: Sclerosporales
F1: Sclerosporaceae
Sclerospora
Peronosclerospora
F2: Verrucalvaceae
Sclerophthora

10. General characteristics of Oomycetes
• The majority of them are Eucarpic aquatic fungus that feed on
algae, water mould, aquatic insects, animals, and plants as
parasites.
• Mycelium is coenocytic, filamentous, and well-branched (Non-
septate)
• Zoospores, which are biflagellate, pyriform, or reniform, and
lack a cell wall, are used for asexual reproduction ( both
whiplash and tinsel types)
• Oogamous sexual reproduction occurs through gametangial
contact (Sexual spore – Oospore)

11. Chain Of Sporangium
Single
Sporangium
Dichotomously
Branched
Sporangiophore
Right
Angled
Stout And
Numerous

12. 3.Kingdom: Fungi (True Fungi)

13. 3.Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum : Chytridiomycota
Class: Chytridiomycetes
O1: Chytridiales
F1: Synchytriaceae
G&S: Synchytrium Endobioticum
O2: Spizellomycetales
F1: Olpidaceae
G&S: Olpidium Brassicae
Class: Monoblepharidomycetes
O1: Monoblepharidales
F2: Monoblepharidaceae
G1: Monoblepharis

14. Synchytrium Endobioticum
(potato wart )
Vector for pvx
Olpidium Brassicae
(Root burn diseases)
Vector for tobacco stunt virus

15. General characteristics of Chytridiomycota
• Thallus is coenocytic with oval multinucleate cell or elongated hyphae
or a well developed mycelium. It may be holocarpic or eucarpic and
monocentric or polycentric.
• Reproduce asexually with motile zoospores with a single posteriorly
directed whiplash flagellam
• The encysted uninucleate zoospore germinate to form different thallus
growth and reproductive development.
• Sexual reproduction is well known in certain chytrids. Plasmogamy by
planogametic copulation. Sexual spores germinate to produce
sporangium after a dormant period
• The members have alternation of generations

16. 3.Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum1: Zygomycota
Class: Zygomycetes
Order: Mucorales
Family : Mucoraceae
Genus & Species:
1.Rhizopus atrocarpi
(Jack fruit rot)
2. Mucor
(Sugar Fungi)

17. 3.Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum 2: Ascomycota ( Sac fungi)
1.Taphrinomycetes
6 Classes
2.Dothidiomycetes
5.Sordariomycetes
3.Eurotiomycetes
4.Leotiomycetes
6.Pezizomycetes

18. General characteristics of Ascomycota
• Because the sexual spores (ascospores) are generated in a sac-like
body called an ascus, these fungus are referred to as “sac fungi”
• Well-developed, widely branching, and septate mycelium
• Ascocarps are either flask or cup-shaped and indehiscent, and
ascospores are enveloped in a sheath of sterile hyphae.
• Eight ascospores are commonly found in an ascus.
• Conidia, which are exogenously created spores, are used in asexual
reproduction.
• There is complete absence of motile spores

19. 3.Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum1: Ascomycota
Class: Taphrinomycetes
Order: Taphrinales
Family : Taphrinaceae
Genus & Species:
1.Taphrina deformans
(Peach leaf curl)
Naked asci

20. 3.Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum 2: Ascomycota ( Sac fungi)
Class 2: Dothidiomycetes
O1: Capnodiales
F1: Capnodiaceae
G1: Capnodium
F2: Mycosphaerellaceae
G1: Mycosphaerella
G2: Septoria
O2:Pleosporales
F1: Venturiaceae
G1: Venturia
F2: Pleosporaceae
G1: Cochliobolus
G2: Alternaria
O3:Botrysphaeriales
F1: Botryosphaeriaceae
G1: Botriyodiplodia
G2: Macrophomina

21. Alternaria Helminthosporium oryzae

22. Teleomorph: Mycosphaerella Musicola
Anamorph: Cercospore Musae
Banana sigatoka leaf spot
Pseudothecium
Venturia inaequalis
Apple scab

23. 3.Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum1: Ascomycota
Class 3: Eurotiomycetes
Order: Eurotiales
Family : Trichocomaceae
Genus & Species:
1.Eurotium niger
(Groundnut collar rot)
2.Talaromyces digitatum
(green mould rot of fruits)
Conidiophore
Conidia
Vesicle

24. 3.Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum : Ascomycota ( Sac fungi)
Class 4: Leotiomycetes
O1:Helotiales
F1: Sclerotiniaceae
G1: Sclerotinia
O2: Erysiphales
F1: Erysiphaceae
G1: Erysiphe
G2: Leveillula
G3: Unsinula
G4: Sphaerotheca
G5: Phyllactinia
G6:Podosphaera
G7:Oidium
Powdery Mildew Fungi
Ascocarp:
Cleistothecium
2 Order

25. Multi Asci
Cleistothecium
Bulbous appendages
Phyllactinia corylea
(Mulberry powdery mildew)
Myceloid Appendages
Erysiphe Polygoni
(Pulses Powdery Mildew)
Leveillula Taurica
(Chillie Powdery Mildew)

26. Single Asci
Cleistothecium
Myceloid Appendages
Sphaerotheca Pannosa
(Rose Powdery Mildew)
Podosphaera
Dichotomously branched

27. 3.Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum : Ascomycota ( Sac fungi)
Class 5 : Sordariomycetes
O1: Microascales
F2: Ceratocystaceae
G1: Ceratositis
O2: Glomerales
F1: Glomeraceae
G&S : Glomerella cingulata
(Mango Anthracnose)
O3: Xylariales
F1: Amphisphaeriaceae
G1: Pestalosphaeria
G2: Pestalotia
O4: Incertae Sedis
F1: Magnaporthaceae
G&S : Magnaporthe grisea
(Rice Blast)
Ascocarp :
Perithecium
5 Orders

28. Pestalotia palmarum
Grey blight of coconut, plam tree
Pestalotiopsis csidii- cankar guava

29. 3.Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum : Ascomycota ( Sac fungi)
Class 5 : Sordariomycetes
Order 5: Hypocreales
F1: Hypocreaceae
G1: Hypocrea
(Trichoderma)
F2: Nectriaceae
G1: Nectria
G2: Gibblerella indica
( Foot rot of Rice)
F3: Clavicipitaceae
G1: Claviceps
G2: Ustilaginoidea
F4: Cordycipitaceae
G1: Verticillium

30. 3.Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum : Ascomycota ( Sac fungi)
Class 6 : Pezizomycetes
Order: Peziziales (Cup Fungi)
F1: Pezizaceae
G&S: Peziza
ostracoderma,
Peziza aurantia
F2: Tuberaceae
G:Tuber
F3: Morchellaceae
G: Morchella
(sponge
mushroom) F4:Discinaceae
G: Gyromitra
F5: Helvellaceae
G:Helvella

31. Peziza ostracoderma
(Peat mould fungi)
Tuber macrosporum
(True truffles)

32. Helvella crispa
(saddle fungi)
Saddle shaped apothecia
Gyromitra esculenta
False morels
Brain like apothecia
Morchella esculenta
Cap- sponge like
Cap bell shape

33. 3.Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum 3: Basidiomycota ( Club Fungi)
1. Agaricomycetes
4 Classes
2. Pucciniomycetes
( Rust Fungi)
3.Ustilaginomycetes
(Smut Fungi)
4.Exobasidiomycetes

34. General Characteristics Of Basidiomycota
• The members are terrestrial and saprophytic or parasitic
• Basidium and basidiospores are the characteristic features of the
group
• Unlike the endogenous production of ascospores, basidium
always bears basidiospores exogenously and typical number of
basidiospores is four per basidium
• The mycelium is well developed, branched and septate. The
mycelium is of primary, secondary and tertiary types.

35. General Characteristics Of Basidiomycota
• In majority species, clamp connections are formed in secondary
mycelium
• Dolipore septa is present in most of the genera except rust and
smuts
• Reproduce asexually by conidia, arthrospores, oidia,
fragmentation or by budding
• No specialized sex organs. Sexual reproduction takes place by
somatogamy and spermatization
• In economic importance, Basidiomycota fungi are harmful as
well as useful

36. 3.Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum 3: Basidiomycota ( Club Fungi)
Class 1: Agaricomycetes
O1: Atheliales
F1: Atheliaceae
G1: Athelium
(Sclerotium)
O2: Cantharellales
F1: Ceratobasidiaceae
G&S: Thanatophorus
(Rhizoctonia)
5 Orders
O3: Polyporales
F1: Ganodermataceae
G&S: Ganoderma Lucidum
(Tanjore Wilt Of Coconut)
O4: Corticiales
F1: Corticiaceae
G1: Corticium

37. 3.Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum 3: Basidiomycota ( Club Fungi)
Class 1: Agaricomycetes
Order 5: Agaricales
F1: Agaricaceae
Agaricus bisporus
F2: Amanitaceae
Amanita
F3: Tricholomatacae
Armillaria
F4: Pleurotaceae
Pleurotus eous
F5: Lyophyllaceae
Calocybe indica
F6: Pluteaceae
Volvariella volvaceae

38. Milky Mushroom
Calocybe indica
Button mushroom
Agaricus bisporus
Pink Oyster Mushroom
Pleurotus eous

39. Paddy straw Mushroom
Volvariella volvaceae
Poisonous Mushroom
Amanita spp
Tanjore Wilt Of Coconut
Ganoderma lucidum

40. 3.Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum : Basidiomycota ( Club Fungi)
Class 2: Pucciniomycetes (Rust Fungi)
Order 1: Pucciniales
F1: Pucciniaceae
G1: Puccinia
(Cereals Rust)
G2: Uromyces
(Pulses Rust)
F2: Melampsoraceae
G&S: Melamspora lini
(Linseed Rust)
F3: Incertae Sedis
G&S: Hemileia Vastatrix
(Coffee Rust)
F4: Phragmidiaceae
G1: Phragmidium

41. TYPES OF TELIOSPORES PRODUCED BY RUST FUNGI
Puccinia- Two
celled
Puccinia
graminis tritici
Rounded end

42. Puccinia
recondita- Flat
end

43. Puccinia
striiformis- pointed
end

44. Phragmidium-
Multi celled-

45. Uromyces-
Single celled

46. Melamspora-
Crust like

47. Ravenelia emblicae
(Pucciniales) newly
found in Thailand -
Parachute like
teliospore

48. Hemileia vastatrix
(Wardia vastatrix)-
turnip like

49. 3.Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum 3: Basidiomycota ( Club Fungi)
Class 3: Ustilaginomycetes
2 Orders
O1: Urocystales (Bunt fungi )
F1: Urocystidaceae
G1: Urocystis
O2: Ustilaginales (Smut Fungi)
F1: Ustilaginaceae
G&S: Ustilago nuda
G&S : Sporisorium sorghi

50. Urocystis cepulae
Onion smut
Urocystis agropyri
Flag smut of wheat

51. 3.Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum : Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)
Class 4: Exobasidiomycetes
2 Orders
O1: Exobasidiales
F2: Exobasidiaceae
G&S: Exobasidium vexans
(Tea blister blight)
O2: Tilletiales
F1: Tilletiaceae
G1: Tilletia

52. Exobasidium vexans
(Tea blister blight)
Tilletia indica
(Karnal bunt)